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A vision for Weed Science in the twenty-first century
Breen, John,Ogasawara, Masaru The Korean Society of Weed Science and The Turfgra 2011 Weed Biology and Management Vol.11 No.3
Weed Science, particularly in Japan, needs to return to a focus on "undesirable plants." In three major eras until the present, the discipline has shifted from an exclusive focus on agriculture to land uses with more complex weed management goals. The goals of Weed Science, once clearly understood and universally recognizable, in the present era appear to lack clarity. This is due to various factors including: a perceived lack of unmet technical needs in weed management, a lack of funding for research, a frequent lack of understanding and respect of our discipline from fellow scientists and academic administrators, and a bad reputation for herbicides among non-scientists. We present a future vision for the discipline that includes a return to the basics for Weed Biology, an integrated approach to Weed Management, and a need to educate both scientists and non-scientists about the importance of Weed Science.
International trade implications of pesticide residues in food
J. L. Breen 한국농약과학회 2007 한국농약과학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
The continued expansion of the international food trade is critical for both farmers and consumers around the world. There are significant barriers to a smooth system of food trade, and the regulation of pesticide residues in food can be one such barrier. Unharmonized MRLs among trading partners occur when different countries have different MRLs, combined with a lack of farmer knowledge about the differences. Off-label use of pesticides is a very serious issue, because in addition to being illegal, the farmer who practices off-label use hurts both himself and potentially the downstream buyers of the produce. It also creates extra work for the government and unneeded confusion by the consumer. A final issue is unintended loopholes in regulations. For example, animal feed is sometime de-emphasized in MRL setting, especially for crops that are mainly used for human food, but sometimes fed to animal as a secondary use. If there is no MRL set in feed, then violations can occur, especially if there is no MRL set in the meat product. Many of the issues described above can be seen during the one year of experience with the positive list system in Japan. Some examples and reasons for violations are discussed. Ways to prevent trade issues include speedy approval of MRLs, harmonized MRLs across countries globally, and the availability of databases to search good agricultural practices (GAPs). The GAP concept is a powerful concept which nearly everyone can understand. Good education and implementation of GAPs will be the key to a smoothly functioning agricultural production and trading system in the near future. Until MRL harmonization occurs, farmers who do not understand and implement GAPs will not be able to survive in a global marketplace. The pesticide industry needs to continue its educational efforts on the importance of GAPs.
Michael G. Breen 서울대학교행정대학원 2018 Asian Journal of Political Science Vol.26 No.3
In 2008, Nepal reintroduced democracy and elected a Constituent Assembly whose first act was to declare a secular federal democratic republic. The Assembly was tasked with engaging the public in a participatory and deliberative process as it drafted, debated and decided a new federal constitution. This article asks how evaluates how deliberative the process was in practice, and whether the deliberative components influenced decision-making. It demonstrates that, although the political parties assumed the primary role of negotiating the constitution, deliberation occurred at the local level and through the Assembly’s structures and systems. After more than seven years of once polarized debate about whether ethnicity or territory should be the basis of the new federal provinces, the political elite reached a decision that was consistent with the deliberated outcomes that permeated upwards. The experience of Nepal’s constitution-making process demonstrates that deliberative practices, in combination with consociational features, can be effective in a divided society and regarding fundamental constitutional issues, ultimately moderating extreme positions, influencing key decisions and building popular support for their adoption. The Nepali experience also provides lessons for Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and other countries, which are embarking on similar processes towards federal constitutional change.
Michael G Breen,Baogang He 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2020 International Area Studies Review Vol.23 No.1
Myanmar is in an important phase of its political transition. The opportunity for substantive federal reform, which is central to peacebuilding and democratisation, is present and being progressed through parallel elite level forums. However, these elite negotiations have serious limitations, as they fail to reach out to citizens, and contribute to polarisation and the perpetuation of extreme views regarding federalism. To address the absence of public deliberation on federalism in Myanmar, we organised five deliberative events based on the Deliberative Polling® methodology. This paper discusses some of the key findings and demonstrates how they can contribute to federal constitutional reform in Myanmar. It shows that when debating fundamental issues relating to identity and national sovereignty, public deliberation has moderation effects even in conflictridden deeply divided societies. Indeed, questions that related to the institutions associated with identity and religion had the highest quality of deliberation, opinion change and moderation. These more moderate and considered deliberated perspectives are of great value for dealing with the polarisation issue that Myanmar faces and demonstrate the potential of deliberative democracy tools to supplement and moderate electoral democracy and elite-driven constitutional change processes.
Enhancing a Dictionary for Transfer Rule Acquisition
( Francis Bond ),( Eric Nichols ),( Jim Breen ) 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2007 언어연구 Vol.24 No.2
The JMdict/EDICT Japanese-English Dictionary is a freely available dictionary distributed in XML (JMdict) and text (EDICT) formats. It is widely used as a source of lexical material in dictionary systems and text-processing projects. We propose two refinements to make the dictionary more computationally tractable: marking entries where the English is not a translation equivalent and expanding contracted entries. We then propose and apply semi-automatic methods to refine existing entries. The resulting dictionary is shown to be more suitable for the construction of machine translation rules.
Dominique A. Cadilhac,Joosup Kim,Geoffrey Cloud,Craig S. Anderson,Emma K. Tod,Sibilah J. Breen,Steven Faux,Timothy Kleinig,Helen Castley,Richard I. Lindley,Sandy Middleton,Bernard Yan,Kelvin Hill,Bret 대한뇌졸중학회 2022 Journal of stroke Vol.24 No.1
Background and Purpose Changes to hospital systems were implemented from March 2020 in Australia in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, including decreased resources allocated to stroke units. We investigate changes in the quality of acute care for patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack during the pandemic according to patients’ treatment setting (stroke unit or alternate ward). Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted with stroke or transient ischemic attack between January 2019 and June 2020 in the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry (AuSCR). The AuSCR monitors patients’ treatment setting, provision of allied health and nursing interventions, prescription of secondary prevention medications, and discharge destination. Weekly trends in the quality of care before and during the pandemic period were assessed using interrupted time series analyses. Results In total, 18,662 patients in 2019 and 8,850 patients in 2020 were included. Overall, 75% were treated in stroke units. Before the pandemic, treatment in a stroke unit was superior to alternate wards for the provision of all evidence-based therapies assessed. During the pandemic period, the proportion of patients receiving a swallow screen or assessment, being discharged to rehabilitation, and being prescribed secondary prevention medications decreased by 0.58% to 1.08% per week in patients treated in other ward settings relative to patients treated in stroke units. This change represented a 9% to 17% increase in the care gap between these treatment settings during the period of the pandemic that was evaluated (16 weeks). Conclusions During the first 6 months of the pandemic, widening care disparities between stroke units and alternate wards have occurred.