http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
신입간호사를 위한 e-learning 예비교육 프로그램 개발 및 적용
김수영,최선숙,김연희,곽월희,김미순,현미숙 임상간호사회 2004 임상간호연구 Vol.10 No.1
Purpose: To develop and apply an e-learning orientation program that enables the new nurses to be acquainted with their works more rapidly so that they could perform their abilities more efficiently in the field. Method: The study was designed with 4 stages in the order of demand survey done by 159 new nurses, program development based on Network Instructional System Design Model, program application done by 433 other new nurses and user evaluation. Result: The total of the following 18 courses have been thoroughly developed in the order listed as follows: oxygen therapy, suctioning, peripheral intravenous therapy, emergency drugs, drug management, drug dosage calculation, clinical drugs Ⅰ, clinical drugs Ⅱ, blood transfusion, medication administration, tube feeding, enema, urinary catheterization, vital sign checking method, infection control, safety control, overview of clinical pathology and emergency nursing. The overall average score of the evaluation was 4.13 out of 5 points in satisfaction. Conclusion: In order to continuously develop and promote the e-learning program, the applicants study demand and clinical nursing practice must be reflected to the program.
Sentinel Lymph Node in Breast Cancer: Review Article from a Pathologist’s Point of View
Sophia K. Apple 대한병리학회 2016 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.50 No.2
Breast cancer staging, in particular N-stage changed most significantly due to the advanced technique of sentinel lymph node biopsy two decades ago. Pathologists have more thoroughly examined and scrutinized sentinel lymph node and found increased number of small volume metastases. While pathologists use the strict criteria from the Tumor Lymph Node Metastasis (TNM) Classification, studies have shown poor reproducibility in the application of American Joint Committee on Cancer and International Union Against Cancer/TNM guidelines for sentinel lymph node classification in breast cancer. In this review article, a brief history of TNM with a focus on N-stage is described, followed by innate problems with the guidelines, and why pathologists may have difficulties in assessing lymph node metastases uniformly. Finally, clinical significance of isolated tumor cells, micrometastasis, and macrometastasis is described by reviewing historical retrospective data and significant prospective clinical trials.
Ratnākaraśānti as Philosophical Opponents with attention to Yuktiṣaṣṭikā, verse 34.pdf
James B. Apple 금강대학교 불교문화연구소 2018 불교학 리뷰 Vol.23 No.-
This article examines philosophical differences between Atiśa Dīpaṃkaraśrījñāna (982-1054 CE) and Ratnākaraśānti (ca. 970-1030 CE) based on evidence from newly published Tibetan manuscripts. Traditional Tibetan historians describe Atiśa as Ratnākaraśānti’s student in the study of Mahāyāna works at Vikramaśīla. Ratnākaraśānti is also recorded in these sources as being a tantric master in a number of lineages upheld by Atiśa. Yet, as this paper demonstrates, these two important Indian Buddhist scholars had significant differences in their philosophical views. The paper compares doctrines found in the works of Ratnākaraśā nti and Atiśa to clearly demonstrate how they differed on a number of points of thought and exegesis. Although both Atiśa and Ratnākaraśā nti claimed to follow the Middle Way (madhyamā pratipat) of Nāgārjuna, Atiśa’s thought was influenced by Candrakīrti, while Ratnākaraśā nti expounded his system based on Yogācāra sources. As a specific example to illustrate the differences between these two scholars, the article draws attention to Nāgārjuna’s Yuktiṣaṣṭikā (verse 34), where Atiśa interprets the verse in terms of mere appearances that dependently arise while Ratnākaraśānti framed his interpretation on mental qualities whose ultimate nature consists of the “mere luminosity of non-duality” (advayaprakāśamātra). The paper concludes that these differences between Atiśa and Ratnākaraśānti impacted their relationship at Vikramaśīla monastery in eleventh century India.
Fred S. Apple,Paul O. Collinson 대한진단검사의학회 2014 Laboratory Medicine Online Vol.4 No.1
Background: Cardiac troponins I (cTnI) and T (cTnT) have received international endorsement as the standard biomarkers for detection of myocardial injury, for risk stratification in patients suspected of acute coronary syndrome, and for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. An evidence-based clinical database is growing rapidly for high-sensitivity (hs) troponin assays. Thus, clarifications of the analytical principles for the immunoassays used in clinical practice are important. Content: The purpose of this mini-review is (a) to provide a background for the biochemistry of cTnT and cTnI and (b) to address the following analytical questions for both hs cTnI and cTnT assays: (i) How does an assay become designated hs? (ii) How does one realistically define healthy (normal) reference populations for determining the 99th percentile? (iii) What is the usual biological variation of these analytes? (iv) What assay imprecision characteristics are acceptable? (v) Will standardization of cardiac troponin assays be attainable? Summary: This review raises important points regarding cTnI and cTnT assays and their reference limits and specifically addresses hs assays used to measure low concentrations (nanograms per liter or picograms per milliliter). Recommendations are made to help clarify the nomenclature. The review also identifies further challenges for the evolving science of cardiac troponin measurement. It is hoped that with the introduction of these concepts, both laboratorians and clinicians can develop a more unified view of how these assays are used worldwide in clinical practice.
Peacock W. Frank,Maisel Alan S.,Mueller Christian,Anker Stefan D.,Apple Fred S.,Christenson Robert H.,Collinson Paul,Daniels Lori B.,Diercks Deborah B.,Somma Salvatore Di,Filippatos Gerasimos,Headden 대한응급의학회 2022 Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine Vol.9 No.2
Objective To determine the utility of a highly sensitive troponin assay when utilized in the emergency department.Methods The FAST-TRAC study prospectively enrolled >1,500 emergency department patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome within 6 hours of symptom onset and 2 hours of emergency department presentation. It has several unique features that are not found in the majority of studies evaluating troponin. These include a very early presenting population in whom prospective data collection of risk score parameters and the physician’s clinical impression of the probability of acute coronary syndrome before any troponin data were available. Furthermore, two gold standard diagnostic definitions were determined by a pair of cardiologists reviewing two separate data sets; one that included all local troponin testing results and a second that excluded troponin testing so that diagnosis was based solely on clinical grounds. By this method, a statistically valid head-to-head comparison of contemporary and high sensitivity troponin testing is obtainable. Finally, because of a significant delay in sample processing, a unique ability to define the molecular stability of various troponin assays is possible.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00880802