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인공위성(SCIAMACHY) 데이터를 이용한 대류권 SO₂, NO₂ 측정
이철규(Chulkyu Lee),Andreas Richter,John P. Burrows,김영준(Young J. Kim) 한국대기환경학회 2008 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.24 No.2
Anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide in Northeast Asia are of great concern because of their impact on air quality and atmospheric chemistry on regional and intercontinental scales. Satellite remote sensing based on DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) technique has been preferred to measure atmospheric trace species and to investigate their emission characteristics on regional and global scales. Absorption spectra obtained by the satellite-born instrument, SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) have been utilized to retrieve the information of SO₂ and NO₂ over Northeast Asia. SO₂ levels over Northeast Asia were in order of East China, Yellow Sea, South Sea and Korean Peninsula with mean vertical columns of 1.78(±1.0)×10<SUP>16</SUP>, 1.11(±0.67)×10<SUP>16</SUP>, 0.60(±0.63)×10<SUP>16</SUP>, 0.71(±0.65)×10<SUP>16</SUP> molecules/㎠, respectively. NO₂ levels were in order of East China, Yellow Sea, Korean Peninsula, and South Sea with mean vertical columns of 1.2(±0.56)×10<SUP>16</SUP>, 0.38(±0.19)×10<SUP>16</SUP>, 0.48(±0.28)×10<SUP>16</SUP>, 0.26(±0.16)×10<SUP>16</SUP> molecules/㎠, respectively. High levels of SO₂ and NO₂ were observed over East China, in particular in winter by the contribution of heating fuel combustion exhausts. The SO₂ and NO₂ levels over East China were the highest in January with 34% and 42% higher over the annual means. Low levels of SO₂ ranged over Korean peninsula, while NO₂ levels were relatively high, in particular in winter. The SO₂ and NO₂ levels over Yellow Sea were relatively higher compared to those over Korean peninsula and South Sea, which could be mainly attributed to their transport from East China.
Influence of the Solvent Quality on Ring Polymer Dimensions
Gooßen, Sebastian,Brá,s, Ana R.,Pyckhout-Hintzen, Wim,Wischnewski, Andreas,Richter, Dieter,Rubinstein, Michael,Roovers, Jacques,Lutz, Pierre J.,Jeong, Youncheol,Chang, Taihyun,Vlassopoulos, Dimi American Chemical Society 2015 Macromolecules Vol.48 No.5
<P>We present a systematic investigation of well-characterized, experimentally pure polystyrene (PS) rings with molar mass of 161 000 g/mol in dilute solutions. We measure the ring form factor at θ- and good-solvent conditions as well as in a polymeric solvent (linear PS of roughly comparable molar mass) by means of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Additional dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements support the SANS data and help elucidate the role of solvent quality and solution preparation. The results indicate the increase of ring dimensions as the solvent quality improves. Furthermore, the experimental form factors in both θ-solvent and linear matrix behave as ideal rings and are fully superimposable. The nearly Gaussian conformations of rings in a melt of linear chains provide evidence of threading of linear chains through rings. The latter result has implications for the dynamics of ring–linear polymer mixtures.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mamobx/2015/mamobx.2015.48.issue-5/ma502518p/production/images/medium/ma-2014-02518p_0004.gif'></P>
Woo, Seonghoon,Litzius, Kai,Krü,ger, Benjamin,Im, Mi-Young,Caretta, Lucas,Richter, Kornel,Mann, Maxwell,Krone, Andrea,Reeve, Robert M.,Weigand, Markus,Agrawal, Parnika,Lemesh, Ivan,Mawass, Mohamad Nature Publishing Group 2016 Nature Materials Vol.15 No.5
<P>Magnetic skyrmions(1,2) are topologically protected spin textures that exhibit fascinating physical behaviours(1-6) and large potential in highly energy-efficient spintronic device applications(7-13). The main obstacles so far are that skyrmions have been observed in only a few exotic materials and at low temperatures(1-4,6-8), and fast current-driven motion of individual skyrmions has not yet been achieved. Here, we report the observation of stable magnetic skyrmions at room temperature in ultrathin transition metal ferromagnets with magnetic transmission soft X-ray microscopy. We demonstrate the ability to generate stable skyrmion lattices and drive trains of individual skyrmions by short current pulses along a magnetic racetrack at speeds exceeding 100m s(-1) as required for applications. Our findings provide experimental evidence of recent predictions(10-13) and open the door to room-temperature skyrmion spintronics in robust thin-film heterostructures.</P>