수입되는 식용대두의 등급문제

심영근 한국콩연구회 1989 韓國콩硏究會誌 Vol.6 No.1

Korea requires to import soybeans for covering the shortage of domestic production to meet the current demand. In 1987, soybean importation was about 1,131 thousand tons of which 14.9% was used for processing human foods such as bean curd, soy sauce, soybean milk, and so on. The other 85.1% of the total imposts was crushed to obtain soybean meals and oil. Far the processing of foods, we used to import the US No. 1 grade of soybeans. However, the quality of this soybean could not dive satisfaction to the users or manufacturers because it contains a high rate of foreign materials. It means that the grading system for soybeans in the US is not quite adoptable for food use, but it must be food for the soybeans to be crushed. In this viewpoint, it would be desirable to think of some kind of adjustment to have a grading system that can match the raw materials for food use. As a matter of fact, it is possible to wade the quality by excluding foreign materials as much as possible so as to ensure a suitable quality of soybeans good fog processing food. In doing so, it would be helpful to give recognition to the quality effects so as to promote export by the USA. At the same time the Korean government should pay a serious attention to finding the best way of importing soybean that will satisfy the end users here.

포장육 산업의 당면 과제

심영근,Sim, Yeong-Geun 한국육가공협회 1987 肉加工 Vol.1 No.-

수입되는 식용대두에 관한 경제분석

심영근 한국콩연구회 1988 韓國콩硏究會誌 Vol.5 No.1

韓國에서는 年間 約90萬屯의 大豆를 美國으로부터 輸入하고있는데 1985年의 경우 그중에서 13萬屯은 食用으로 供給되었다. 食用이라 함은 大豆를 原料로 하여 두부, 豆乳, 장유등으로 加工하는 것을 말하는데 그중에서 두부의 比重이 가장 높고 食用消費總量의 80% 內外가 된다. 食用大豆 이외의 80萬屯 가까운 數量은 大豆油를 搾油한 후 大豆粕은 家畜의 飼料로 使用하였다. 여기에서의 關心事는 두부用으로 輸入된 約10萬屯의 大豆이다. 食用大豆의 輸入은 우선 全國에 散在되어 있는 527個 製造業者로 하여금 組織된 軟食品協會에서 각 製造業者로부터 注文量의 申請을 받아 農協에 대해 輸入을 請求한다. 農協에서는 政府의 輸入許可를 받아 輸入하게 되고 이는 軟食品協會를 通해 業者의 生産施設, 販賣實績등을 감안하여 配定하게 된다. 이러한 過程에서 業者중에는 原料供給의 不足이 있다는 不滿이 있을수 있으나 이는 政府의 輸入政策에서 數量이 決定되므로 쉽게 增加될 수는 없는 일이다. 오늘날 業者들의 심각한 不滿은 大豆의 數量보다 오히려 기왕에 輸入되어 配定되는 것이라면 두부製造에 適合한 좋은 品質의 大豆를 供給해야 한다는데 있다. 現在 輸入되는 食用大豆는 美國의 等級으로 一等品이 되고 있지만 많은 업자들은 食用大豆로서는 適合한 品質이 아니라고 생각하는데 있다. 왜냐하면, 食用은 加工했을 때의 製品率, 맛, 蛋白質含量등이 고려되어야 하는데 이를 감안하지 않고 다만 大豆油, 大豆粕등의 利用을 基準으로 美國의 等級制度가 되어 있기 때문이다. 이 硏究에서는 全國의 두부業者가 輸入되는 食用大豆의 等級 또는 品質에 대해 어떻게 생각하고 있으며 그들이 願하는 것이 무엇인가를 把握하는 데 目的을 두고 設問調査를 하여 얻어진 資料를 分析하였다. 이를위해 全國의 두부業者에 527個의 設問書를 郵送하여 應答을 얻는 方法을 使用하였는데 應答率이 낮았을 뿐만이 아니라 回信된 것 중에는 應答이 不實한 것이 있었기 때문에 이를 除外한 131個 두부業者의 資料만을 分析하였다. 왜냐하면 輸入된 大豆가 食用으로 使用되었을 때 要求되는 品質 또는 等級을 判斷하는 것은 앞으로의 原料를 보아 合理的으로 供給하는 方法을模索하는데 도움이 될 수 있을 뿐만이 아니라 生産農家의 所得增加의 方法으로서도 도움이 될 수 있다고 믿어지기 때문이다. 應答者에서 51.9%는 두부의 原料로 供給되는 美國의 輸入大豆는 그 品質이 언제나 一定하지 못하고 配定될 때마다 좋고 나쁜 差異가 있을 뿐만이 아니라 異物質, 반활태의 含量에 있어서도 一定하지 않다는 應答이 있었다. 異物質에는 어떤 것이 많은가의 設問에 대한 應答에는 加重値를 使用하여 評點했는데 應答者의 28.0%는 콩깍지가 많다는 것이고 잡초씨와 콩이외의 다른 穀物이 包含되어 있다는應答도 각각 26.5%와 21.8%있었다. 이러한 異物質이 包含된 大豆를 配定받았을 경우 두부 工場에서 原料로 쓰기 전에 精選을 해야 한다는 應答이 總數의 66.6%있었다. 異物質의 含量이 購買總量에 대해 얼마나 되는가의 程度에 대한 設問에는 平均 2.5%로 應答되었고 이와함께 반활태의 比率은 平均 7.3%가 된다는 應答이였다. 이를 合하면 9.8%의 異物質과 반활태는 두부의 製造業者의 立場에서는 必要한 것이 아니므로 事前에 이를 除去하고 供給되기를 바라고 있었다. 異物質과 반활태가 美國에서 輸出에 앞서 除去된다면 그에 따른 勞賃을 비롯한 추가된 經費가 所要 될 것이므로 輸出價格은 적어도 그 費用만큼 增加되지 않을 수 없다는 것을 감안하여 精選되어 供給되는 경우 大豆의 價格은 上昇하게 되는데 上昇하더라도 이를 願하느냐의 說問에 대한 應答은 調査對象의 工場중에서 75.6%는 이를 贊成하였다. 다시 이들에 대해 精選되었을 때 價格引上이 어느 程度되는 것이 바람직한가를 設問했는데 5%引上이 되더라도 購入하겠다는 應答이 99個 工場중에서 62.6%가 되는 62個 工場에서 應答했고 그 밖의 31個 製造業者는 10%되더라도 購入하겠다는 應答을 하였다. 다시 말해서 93個의 두부工場에서는 價格引上이 되더라도 精選된 콩의 供給을 바라고 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 오늘날 두부製造에는 주로 輸入大豆가 原料로 쓰이고 있으므로 이들에 대해 輸入大豆가 지니는 利點을 물어보았다. 應答者중에서 36.8%는 國內産의 大豆보다 低廉한 價格으로 供給된다는 점에서 輸入大豆에 대한 關心이 높고 거기에다 原料購入을 위해 市場에서 蒐集하는 勞力 또는 費用이 節約될 수 있을 뿐만이 아니라 한번에 적어도 3個月 使用할 수 있는 數量을 供給받을 수 있기에 原料確保가 容易하다는 應答이였다. 輸入大豆는 價格上의 有利性이 있기 때문에 두부 業者는 되도록 많은 數量의 配定을 받는 것을 願하고 있다 N/A

가소제를 첨가한 소화약제의 독성분석에 관한 연구

심영근,이해평,박영주,한종희 한국화재소방학회 2014 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.춘계

양돈산업 진흥을 위한 국제 토론회-돈육상품화에 따른 유통개선

심영근,Sim, Yeong-Geun 대한양돈협회 1984 養豚 Vol.6 No.8

穀物店鋪의 收益性에 關한 分析

沈永根 서울대학교 1968 서울대학교 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

In order to obtain information relevant in understanding the business volume and seasonal variation by type of grain stores, we have kept daily records of their business at one wholesale store and five retail stores for the last three years, These data have been analyzed for the year from November 1966, right after the rice harvest, to October of the following year, when the new crop was produced. The gross margin obtained by the wholesale store was 67 won per bag and average monthly sales volume was 1,103 bags. The gross margin, therefore, of the wholesale store was approximately 74,000 won per month. Gross margin varies by size of store and quantity sold in each month, but the unit margin per bag does not change greatly from month to month. In view of this, it is believed that wholesale stores can increase their income by increasing their volume of transactions, even though the margin per bag is small. The retail sores sell small quantities of rice to consumers; one bag of rice is usually divided into ten small lots. On the average throughout the year, the retail store was 169 won per bag of rice, and the total monthly gross margin per retail store was 12,809 won from rice transactions. The business volume of the retail stores does not fluctuate greatly by month. The retail gross margin of 169 won per bag is mostly return to labor for attending to the frequent but small-quantity transactions at the stores. Also included are cash expenditures such as the electric charge, salary for the boy delivering grain sold or purchased, interest, rent and taxes. Under the present situation, the business scale of grain stores is narrowly restricted. As a result, most retailers can barely live on the income from the store and they are engaged in business almost involuntarily, like the poor farmers who can not choose another line of occupation because of economic reasons. In view of this, grain stores need to find better ways of delivery service. Measuring and packing should be standardized. Such improved methods of business management will enable rice dealers to increase their scale of business and income. Not only is there still great room for improvment in grain marketing, but such efficient marketing is a prerequisite for the agricultural development of Korea.

都市 家計의 糧穀消費에 대한 硏究

沈永根 서울대학교 1967 서울대학교 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

The staple food of Korean people is rice with some other grains, Unfortunately, however, few statistical data on food consumption patterns or consumers' market behavior have been available. As a result, we could not carry out marketing activities by the government effectively, and further we are failing to establish a sound policy for grain. Effective policy making for grain requires comprehensive information related to consumption, such as kinds of grain consumed, the relative importance of rice and other grains, how consumers get grains, from where and whom, and how much food grain is held in reserve by consumers and market dealers. This survey was carried out as a case study in an effort to obtain the necessary information. This survey was conducted in Suwon city, Korea, during the winter season of 1966-67 to decribe the attitudes of consumers regarding food consumption; to analyze the consumption patterns by occupation and income groups; to study consumers' market behavior by season; and the determine the preference and suitability of exiting storage facilities of households. To gather the information, a detailed survey schedule was used by students to interview consumers in the city. These interview data were the main sources of this study. The 421 households surveyed do not constitute a representative sample of all the households in the city. Even so, the results from the survey are a valuable source of information, summarized here for persons interested in the consummer behavior aspect of food marketing. 1) The average size of the 421 households surveyed was 5.8 persons. The proportion of females was higher than of males. There was no significant difference in size of households among income groups and various occupations. 2) The average income per family of the 421 households surveyed was 13,723 won per month, including both income of the householder and earnings of other family members. An average of 1.4 persons per household were income earners. There was a significant difference in the amount of earnings among the different income groups. 3) Of the 2,443 members of the 421 households surveyed, 600 persons were engaged in specific jobs. Of these, 73.5 percent were male and 26.5 percent were female. The monthly income of 369 of the households, 87.6 percent of the total, was relatively constant. 4) The average monthly consumption of food grains was 19 liters per person. Although there was not a very great difference among the income groups in the total amount of consumption, the consumption of grains other than rice was substantially higher in the lower income group. 5) the analysis of the monthly consumption of food grain by occupation showed that farmer and laborer households consumed a larger than average quantity. The next was the households of merchants and tradement and of other private businessmen, and the hosueholds consuming less than the average were mainly those of civil workers. 6) About 90 percent of the households cooked other grains with rice at least in some seasons of the year. There were differences in both kind of grains and quantities according to the seasons. The several kinds of other grains consumed by households surveyed were barley, Italian millet, red bean, millet, other beans, and potatoes. The consumption of these other grains varied according to the consumers' income level. Barley, Italian millet, and potatoes were generally consumed by the households of lower income groups, and also the households of farmers and laborers. 7) About one third of all the households surveyed intended to store rice for consumption next summer when the rice price would go up. The total quantity that they intended to store amounted to 8.5 months' consumption for these households, and it was equivalent to 3 months' consumption for all households surveyed. 8) The quantity held on the day of the survey in the individual households that intended to store rice averaged 161 liters per household. This was equivalent to nearly 57 percent of the quantity they intended to store. It amounted to 1.8 months' consumption for all the households surveyed. 9) Total amount of other grains held were much smaller than of rice, and would provide only 0.8 month's supply for all households surveyed. Actually, other grains are not no important for our diet, and also some of them are harvested in summer, and therefore there was no reason to keep much other grains for future consumption. 10) About two thirds of the total households did not intend to store grain for next summer. Of these, 81.7 percent gave the reason that they do not have sufficient money. some others said that they do not have proper facilities for rise storage, and some that they did not expect much price increase in the next summer. 11) The main reasons for eating rice with other grains were both to save living cost, because the price of rice is higher than of other grains, and to make a good taste. Reviewing the reasons by income group, the lower income group emphasized the economic reasons to save food expenses, while the higher income groups emphasized better taste of food. 12) Most of the grain stored by individual households for summer was kept in a room with heated floor. Grain was also stored in unheated rooms or in a separate store house. The lower income group, particularly, stored a large proportion of their grain in a heated room. 13) If the consummers store sufficient grain for the comming summer, it will greatly contribute to the control of market price fluctuations. Only a smaller number of consumers will need by buy rice at market when the supply of rice to market is decreasing, and it will be relatively easier to adjust the market price of grain. On the other hand, if no grain were kept by consumers, there would be more flactuations of market price of grain than at present.

韓牛의 流通構造改善과 價格水準에 관한 硏究

沈永根 서울大學校 農科大學 1977 서울대농학연구지 Vol.2 No.1

It is necessary that the Korean cattle maketing system be performed effectively in order to supply an appropriate quantity of beef for increasing demand. This study intends to examine the present problems involed in Korean cattle and beef marketing, and to find out possible ways to solve these problems by analyzing the Korean cattle marketing system in various functional aspects. Although the total number of Korean cattle in this country has increased during the last 5years, the demand for beef tended to rise even more than the increase rate in supply. Such increasing relative scarcity indicates that higher prices or greater shortages will result in the future. Furthermore, uniform wholesale price ceilings have resulted in beef shortages and extremely high seasonal fluctuation of local prices corresponding with the seasonal agricultural use of draft animals. The new marketing channel of Korean cattle (that is, farmer→central wholesale market→beef retail store→consumer) has stimulated farmers to take this channel since April 1974. However, this channel has not consistently given both farmers and consumers increased benefits so that most farmers still apt to use the old traditional channel. In the local livestock market, sufficient weighing scales should be supplied and through super-vision unlicensed broker should be forbidden to take part illegally in transaction of Korean cattle in order to enhance fair trade. Moreover, legal broker also should be educated to perform their role effectively. The grade-standard was an important problem to protect consumers from unfair selling in retail stores. For this, it is recommended that beef be packaged with label of grade, use and price in retail stores. The present beef price system should be changed to a competitive basis according to the price set in the auction of the central wholesale market. The increased beef price by this system could result in substitution effect on increasing demand for pork and chicken and regulating the supply-demand disparity in beef. For the rapid increase in demand for beef in specific period, government collection of Korean cattle or provision of slaughtered cattle would be a possible way to lessen seasonal fluctuation in price. Even though the Korean cattle marketing system in this country has many problems in addition to what mentioned above. The recommendation in this study would contribute in some extent to improve the Korean cattle marketing system in future.

食糧安保와 農産物 交易의 展望

沈永根 서울大學校 農科大學 1986 서울대농학연구지 Vol.11 No.1

All of the grains which are produced are used for human comsumption, but production falls short of subsistence needs. The deficit in grains is growing, due largely to increases in population, income and demand for feed grains. This has become a serious problem for the national economy because of the deficit problem of foreign exchange. The self-sufficiency ratio for domestic foodgrain production was as high as 93.9 percent for all grains in 1965. It has since decreased to 48.6 percent in 1985. This ratio was particularly low in wheat and corn with only 0.4 percent and 4.1 percent of consumption supplied domestically. In order to supplement this short fall in demand for grains, import has been necessary for many years. In 1985, total imports of 7.3 million tons of grains consisted of about 3 million tons of wheat and corn each. Moreover, imports will continue to increase in the future unless production levels can be raised. The solution to the deficit problem is to promote incentives that have been provided by the government through market intervention and other supporting policies. When we take into account the shortage of domestic production in staple food crops, it would be better to produce more domestically using the available natural resources rather than that of depending heavily on imports of agricultural products. A strong systematic policy is required in the task of meeting the nation's need to increase agricultural production. Growth in productivity will be a critical factor in the target to achieve a more desirable rate of food self-sufficiency. So far, some of the aggregate impact of agricultural policies have indicated a persistent bias against the food commodityes and increase in domestic production. It is common in most developing countries to adoption of a set of tariffs and other controls which protect domestic production. without such controls Korean farming will not maintain its share in total produciton, and farm employment problems witll increase. Thus it is necessary to think of the possible ways of expanding domestic production in terms of balance of payment, employment, usage of natural resources, food socurity and so forth.

農村指導事業의 公共問題的 指導課題

董烈模,宋海均,王仁謹,沈永根 서울大學校 農科大學 1979 서울대농학연구지 Vol.4 No.2

The agricultural extension programs have been historically undergoing developmental evolution in any cultural settings. As economic, social and political conditions and circumtances change, which affect agricultural and related industries, rural people and rural society, the program emphasis and contents of the agricultural extension service have to be adjusted, and expanded in most cases, to meet the needs of rural people as clientele of the service. Because of the usual problems of adaptation and transfer of alien cultural complexes, there have been noted many variations in the agricultural extension sevice in terms of organization, personnel, and functions according to different countries which, for the most, have adopted the social system from the United States Cooperative Extension Service. The Korean Agriculural Extension Service is not the exception. In this connection, however, we must pay our serious attention to the Cooperative Extension Service when and if we try to critically examine developmental problems of our agricultural extension service. In view of the very rapid national development in Korea, it has been proposed that the Korean Agricultural Extension Service has to adjust its educational program contents. In other words, the program contents should be gradually shifted from the historically-determined strong emphasis on the biological agricultural or food production program. As one of the future and development-oriented program area categories is the so-called "Public Affairs Education Program", which is one of the broader "Social and Economic Development" program area of the agricultural extension service. It aims at the human development in terms of ⒜ enhancement of decision-making capability, and ⒝ social education for citizenship cultivation. Consequently, the authors tried to critically examine ⒜ developmental evolution of the programs of the agricultural extension service, in general, ⒝ fundamental significance of the public affairs education program, ⒞ beneffts and costs of the public affairs education program, and ⒟ elements of strategy for the planning and implementation of the public affairs education program. The second author and Jai Won Chung have already proposed a development problem relating to the Korean Agricultural Extension Service. That is, the activation of the now-defunct "Agricultural Extension Program Planning Committee (County)." Accordingly, the public affairs extension program should be considered the second development and adjustment effort for the Korean Agricultural Extension Service from the developmental perspective.