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황두현(Doohyun Hwang) 한국지역학회 1991 지역연구 Vol.7 No.1
A simple partial equilibrium model shows that a local economy with a large share in national market of commodities or raw materials could transfer the burden of local taxes to other local economies. The degree of the tax exportation depends on the production and consumption shares and on the price elasticities of demand and supply in the region and the other regions. A more generalized model, under which a local economy maximizes her tax exportation with Satisfying a buget balance, results in the equality of "marginal tax revenue" among local taxes for the maximization, which leads to the same implications as the partial equilibrium model. From the application of the model to the tobacco consumption tax in Korea for the year of 1989, we obtain that local economies with relatively large tobacco production (Taejon, Kwangju, and Taegu cities; Kangwon, Choongbuk, and Cheonbuk Provinces) did export lager share of the burden of the tobacco tax to other regions. And we also find that local economies with frequent population inflow from other regions, due to the concentration of socio-economic activities (Seoul, Pusan, Taegu, and Inchon cities) and industrial sites (Kyunggi and Kyungnam Provinces) and natural leisure resources (Kangwon and Cheju Provinces), did reveal larger export rate of the tobacco consumption tax.
Skin sensitization test of potassium hydroxide in guinea pigs
황두현(Du Hyeon Hwang),김석(Suk Kim),김의경(Euikyung Kim),이후장(Hu-Jang Lee) 한국예방수의학회 2020 예방수의학회지 Vol.44 No.4
This study was to evaluate the skin sensitization of potassium hydroxide (KOH) by the guinea pig maximization test. In the preliminary test, the induction and challenge dose of KOH were determined as 1.0 and 0.2%, respectively. Guinea pigs were sensitized with intradermal injection of 0.1ml KOH for 24 h. After 1 week, 1.0% of KOH was treated on the site of injection and 0.2% of KOH was challenged 2 weeks later. The average skin reaction evaluated by erythema and edema on the challenge sites and sensitization rate in the KOH-treatment group at 24 h were 0.0 and 0%, respectively, which are substantially low compared with in the 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-treatment group (positive control group) (average skin reaction: 3.0, sensitization rate: 100%) and identical with in the distilled water-treatment group (negative control group), representing a weak sensitizing potential. The average skin reaction and sensitization rate observed at 48 h were 0.0 and 0% in the KOH-treatment group, respectively, and 2.0 and 100% in the positive control group, respectively. It was concluded that 1.0% of KOH classified to Grade I, induced no sensitization when tested in guinea pigs.
Skin Sensitization Test of Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil in Guinea Pigs
Du Hyeon Hwang(황두현),Eun-Kee Park(박은기),Chang-Yeul Yoo(유창열),Suk Kim(김석),Euikyung Kim(김의경),Hu-Jang Lee(이후장) 한국예방수의학회 2019 예방수의학회지 Vol.43 No.3
Despite the various effects on the health of Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil (COEO), an adverse effect on the skin has recently been reported. Therefore, in this study, the skin sensitization test of COEO was conducted to confirm the skin safety of the essential oil by the guinea pig maximization test. Guinea pigs were sensitized with intradermal injection of 0.1ml COEO for 24 h. After 1 week, 5% of COEO was treated on the site of injection and 2% of the essential oil was challenged 2 weeks later. The average skin reaction evaluated by erythema and edema on the challenge sites and sensitization rate in the COEO-treatment group at 24 h were 0.0 and 0%, respectively, which are substantially low compared with in the 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-treatment group (positive control group) (average skin reaction: 3.0, sensitization rate: 100%) and identical with in the olive oil-treatment group (negative control group), representing a weak sensitizing potential. The average skin reaction and sensitization rate observed at 48 h were 0.0 and 0% in the COEO-treatment group, respectively, and 2.0 and 100% in the positive control group, respectively. It was concluded that 5% of COEO classified to Grade I, induced no sensitization when tested in guinea pigs.