경계 횡단의 언어와 환대 (불)가능한 장소 -크리스 클리브의 『다른 쪽 손』을 중심으로

최은주 ( Eunjoo Choi ) 한국현대영미소설학회 2018 현대영미소설 Vol.25 No.1

This paper aims to show that the sense of stability and permanence of “belonging” of ethnocentrism is difficult to operate through languages, territories, boundaries, and the host/guest. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the significance of land toward a post-national identity. The status of having ‘no country,’ such as in the cases of the Jews and the Armenians, is a problem of the political structure of the nation state in the twentieth century. It is also the destiny of new modern Nomad that is displaced. In this situation of exile, it is impossible to create a good life with limited stability. As a text for this discussion, Chris Cleave’s The Other Hand (2008) describes language as an element of identity forming the state, and the condition of a possible sense of actual belonging through the eyes of a refugee. In the midst of a massive population shift caused by natural disasters and wars, what all mankind will have to ask is how long the elements of the nation state, that is, the lineage, the origin, and the language should be applied as valid values. Unlike one’s lineage, his/her origin, and language, a host-language can be acquired successively. However, the acquisition of the host-language does not mean that s/he will truly belong to the host country. The Other Hand grasps the dilemma between this new global civilization and the modern nation state by showing the struggle and frustration of trying to simply belong to.

인간․비인간의 난민화와 레푸기아(Refúgĭa)

최은주(Eunjoo Choi) 한국비평이론학회 2022 비평과이론 Vol.27 No.2

본고는 나딘 고디머의 소설 최고의 사파리 (1991)의 배경이기도 한 남아프리카공화국의 크루거 국립공원이 인종분리정책의 역사적 장소에서 생태적 장소로 전회하는 것에 주목한다. 주로 갈등과 내전으로 인해 발생했던 난민은 서식지 파괴와환경오염으로 인한 생태계 파괴와 기후변화로 인해 발생하는 경우가 다수이며, 이로인해 인간 비인간의 이주가 급속도로 증가하였다. 눈에 띨 정도로 동식물종의 이동은 증가하고 있으나 대륙 간의 부동성이 사회문화적으로 정착된 결과로, 이동성은불길하고 부정적인 것으로 해석되어 왔다. 또한 국경을 세우고 자민족중심주의와 국민국가를 고수하는 것은 이주를 불안으로 선동하는 정치와 권력관계에서 기인한다. 따라서 성별, 인종, 민족, 국적 등이 불균등하게 작용한다. 그러나 인간과 비인간은상상 이상으로 긴 이주의 역사를 가지고 있으며, 그것은 자연의 순환작용이다. 제자리에서 쫓겨나는 박탈의 상황에서 이동 이주를 결심하는 것은 오히려 희망의 신호이다. 여러 생물종들이 기후변화의 영향으로 폐사하지만 전치를 겪고도 피난처를 찾는 것은 이동역량이 있다는 것이다. 비교적 기후변화가 적어 동식물군이 살아남을수 있었던 지역을 가리키는 레푸기아(Refúgĭa)는 인접지역을 소외시키는 동시에 자발적으로 인접지역으로부터 소외되는 인클레이브(enclave)와 달리 불평등이 존재하지 않는다. 레푸기아는 크루거 국립공원을 포함한 곳곳에서 지속적으로 발생하고 있다. 전 지구적으로 정주지를 잃고 난민화 되는 현상 속에 레푸기아로 향한 이동은단지 장소성의 의미로써가 아니라 다중들의 ‘공유’ 경험 간 주요 연결점에 걸쳐 생성되는 논쟁적인 장소의 활성화로 이어져야 하며, 확대 지속되어야 한다. This paper focuses on the Kruger National Park in South Africa, the background of Nadine Gordimer’s novel “The Ultimate Safari”(1991), and how the park turned from a historical site of Apartheid to an ecological one. Human and non-human migration, once mainly caused by conflicts and civil wars, are increasingly the result of habitat destruction, environmental pollution, and climate change. Although the movement of flora and fauna is noticeable, the constant movement of humans has been neglected. As a result, immobility between continents was taken for granted by society, and the overall human and non-human mobility was interpreted as ominous and negative. Also, the establishment of borders and adherence to ethnocentrism and the nation-state stems from political and power relationships that incite migration with instability. Therefore, gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality work unevenly. However, humans and non-humans have a longer history of migration than imagined, and it is a natural cycle. It is rather a sign of hope to decide to move in a situation of deprivation when being ousted from one’s home. Many species die due to climate change, but finding shelter even after suffering a displacement demonstrates the capacity to move. Unlike enclaves, which alienate adjacent regions or are alienated from ones, “Refúgĭa,” refers to regions where elements of modern flora and fauna might have survived glacial periods with greatly reduced numbers and distributions. Even now, “Refúgĭa” continues to occur in many places, including Kruger National Park. In the background of losing domicile and increasing refugeeism worldwide, the move to Refúgĭa should not just mean places, but should lead to the act of creating controversial places across major connections between multiple “sharing” experiences.

인간 예외주의로서의 장례와 환경적 사유

최은주(Eunjoo, Choi) 경희대학교 인류사회재건연구원 2021 OUGHTOPIA Vol.36 No.1

장례는 인류의 오랜 전통으로 가까운 사람의 죽음을 애도하고 시체를 보존하려는 집단 정서에서 비롯되었다. (죽은) 몸을 인격 또는 물건으로 볼 것인지에 대한 상반된 견해에도 불구하고, 죽음 처리 방식을 둘러싼 인간 예외주의는 생태계를 뒷전으로 하고 존속되어왔다. 그러나 인간이 환경으로부터 결코 단절될 수 없는 물질성에 거주한다는 점을 고려할 때, 인간 존엄과 환경오염이라는 각각의 문제 앞에서 장례 방법에 대한 재고와 사회적 인식 전환이 요구된다. 코로나 19로 인한 장례식 절차는 더욱 간소화될 전망이고, 다수가 화장을 통한 자연장에 긍정적이라고 조사되었다. 그러나 수목장 등의 자연장은 알려진 것처럼 친환경적이라고 보기에는 어려운 측면이 있다. 화장을 통한 골분(뼛가루)을 나무 밑에 ‘안치’한다는 점에서, 화장시설의 화장로에 따라 발생될 수 있는 여러 물질들은 대기오염을 비롯해 환경에 영향을 미치는가 하면, 골분의 상태에 따라 나무의 성장에도 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문이다. 따라서 지자체 운영의 화장시설에 대해 화장로 설치부터 환경오염의 관리·감독은 물론 장례 절차에 대한 인식 변화가 근본적으로 이루어질 필요가 있다. Funerals are a long-standing tradition and are based on the collective sentiment of mourning the death of a close person and preserving the body. Despite conflicting views on whether the dead body should be viewed as a person or as a material, human exceptionalism surrounding the funerals has survived neglecting the ecosystem. However, humans reside in a sense of materiality that can never be disconnected from the environment. As a result, humanity is currently in the process of rethinking and changing the social perception of funeral methods in the face of the problems of respecting human dignity and alleviating environmental pollution. Funeral procedures due to COVID-19 have further simplified; this discussion as many grieving families have now turned to eco-friendly funeral practices in which bone dust from the cremation is placed under a tree. The various substances that can be generated from the crematorium could affect the environment, including air pollution, and the growth of the tree, all of which depend on the condition of the bone dust. Therefore, it is necessary to fundamentally change the perception of funeral procedures as well as the management and supervision of environmental pollution from the installation of cremation facilities operated by local governments.

디지털 미디어에서 유통되는 기후 변화

최은주 ( Eunjoo Choi ),이은정 ( Eunjung Lee ),채선규 ( Sungeu Chae ),심지원 ( Jiwon Shim ) 중앙대학교 인문콘텐츠연구소 2020 인공지능인문학연구 Vol.6 No.-

디지털 미디어에서 기후변화의 문제는 큰 비중으로 왜곡되고 있다. 이러한 배경에 힘입어 미디어 리터러시의 중요성이 전국 여러 기관에서 강조되고 있으나 정작 그 접근 방법은 미디어의 포괄적인 분석을 통한 탈진실의 문제 인식 정도로만 그치고 있다. 특히 기후 변화 문제는 국가 및 이익단체의 필요에 따라 자신들에게 유리한 자료만 활용하는 식이며, 검증에 대해서도 굴절된 기준을 마련하면서 과학적 증거를 교란시키고 있다. 또한 미디어의 역사가 디지털화되면서 미디어의 기존 속성인 ‘의도’(intention)는 디지털 환경의 ‘추천 알고리듬’ 등을통해 더욱 심각해지면서 편파적이 되고 있다. 환경 캠페인과 단체가 꾸준히 벌여온 노력에도 불구하고 기후 변화를 인식하는 사람이 미국의 경우 27%에 불과하며, 나머지는 기후 변화가 실재한다는 사실조차 인식하지 못하고 있다. 기후 변화로 인한 심각성은 차지하더라도, 기후 변화가 실재한다는 사실조차 날조되고 있으므로 일반인들은 혼란을 겪고 있다. 디지털 미디어가 인간 주체에 영향을 미치고 변화시키는 만큼 제대로 된 삶의 터인 환경에 대한 ‘앎’에 접근할 수 있는 스스로 권리를 찾도록 하는 데 이 연구의 필요성이 있다. In digital media, the problem of climate change is distorted to a large extent. Due to this, the importance of media literacy is being emphasized by various institutions nationwide, but its approach is limited to recognizing the problem of post-truth through a comprehensive analysis of the media. In particular, climate change issues are based on the needs of the state and interest groups, using favorable data, and disrupting scientific evidence by setting refractory verification standards. In addition, as the history of the media has become digital, the existing attribute of the media, “intention,” is becoming more serious and biased through the “recommended algorithm” of the digital environment. Despite the ongoing efforts of environmental campaigns and organizations, only 27% of people in the United States are aware of climate change, and the rest are unaware that climate change is real. Although the seriousness of climate change is accounted for, the fact that climate change is real is being fabricated, and the general public is confused. As digital media affects and alters human subjects, this research is necessary to help them find their own right to “know” about the environment, which is a proper place to live.

포함과 배제로서의 난민 공간과 시적 상상력

최은주(Choi, Eunjoo),정흠문(Chung, Heum Mun) 한국수사학회 2016 수사학 Vol.0 No.27

This paper aims to study the spatiality of temporary refugee settlements by creating another value for this (theoretically) temporary space within the poetic imagination. In this era, society is confronted with international terrorism and a tremendous refugee crisis. The prolonged situation in Syria demonstrates the serious challenges for efforts of global humanitarianism. Like the example of Bantustan, a state created by South Africa’s apartheid government to relocate native Africans, Syrian refugees are treated as criminals and are confronted with the threat of being expelled to an ‘elsewhere.’ Though Bantustan was actually a real site, there are also actual ‘non-places’ such as an international airport, hotel chains, resort clubs, and shopping malls that also serve temporary places of transit and temporary settlements. The 2004 film, “The Terminal,” demonstrates how such a space built for transit may also be used to replace the stereotype of stability of space. The main character, Victor Navorski, is a foreigner who is denied entry to the USA and is forced to survive in a closed-off section of the terminal. There, as he settles and waits for entry to the USA, he violently displaces the destroyed area to a heterogeneous space. His experience demonstrates how the new values of the heterotopia, which are absolutely temporal and contradicts all the other sites, have been mixed, and how the stability of the space in which one lives can be overthrown at any time. This film and worldwide projects for refugees such as the ‘Refugee camp projects’ and the ‘Design for refugees’ mirror the perceived temporality of refugee settlements through a paradoxical image from Bantustan.

대도시 삶에서의 관계의 운명과 감정의 발굴

최은주(Eunjoo Choi) 한국비평이론학회 2013 비평과이론 Vol.18 No.2

This paper attempts to study emotions in metropolitan life. According to Georg Simmel, the metropolitan type creates a protective organ for itself against the profound disruptions which threaten it. Punctuality, calculability, and exactness are not only intimately connected with its capitalistic and intellectualistic character but also with its color and the content of life. In addition, there is perhaps a psychological phenomenon which is so unconditionally reserved to the city-the blase outlook. This is not only indifference but more frequently a slight aversion, a mutual strangeness and repulsion. Our minds respond, with definite feeling, to almost every impression emanating from another person. The same mental experiences in the metropolis are described by the narrator in Herman Melville's "Bartleby, the Scrivener." Although the novel focuses on Bartleby's negative potentialities by the answer "I would prefer not to," this paper explores the narrator's emotions which are interpreted as a failure of the affective relationship between Bartleby and the narrator. In the first part of the novel the narrator mentions he is an eminently safe man and therefore does not allow anything to invade his peace. Bartleby's invasion, however, changed his whole sense. The narrator falters as his feelings are moved by Bartleby's non-replies. Although the comments about the narrator whose attempts to build a meaningful relationship with Bartleby fails, the narrator himself is not a failure. He was strangely disarmed, touched and disconcerted, perplexed and distressed. Finally, the narrator stays by Bartleby's deathbed in the possible act of building an inoperative community. As Jean-Luc Nancy says "community is revealed in the death of others; hence it is always revealed to others." Community is what always takes place through others and for others.

의료화의 담론 변화와 한국 사회의 노화 인식

최은주(Choi, Eunjoo) 고려대학교 한국학연구소 2018 한국학연구 Vol.65 No.-

본고는 질병의 의료화에 대한 담론 변화와 노화 인식을 한국 사회에 비추어 분석하고자 한다. 의료화는 질병의 치료 목적보다 질병의 범주를 확장하여 병을 유포한다고 하는 비판의 담론 장 속에 있었다. 의학을 통해 도구화되지 않는 주체로 서 있어야 한다는 철학적 주장은 사회 전반의 공공의 감수성에 영향을 미쳤으나 시대가 변화함에 따라 의학기술에 대한 노출과 매체의 발전, 능동적인 환자의 출현으로 의료화에 대한 비판적 시각도 바뀌었다. 과학의 발견을 수용으로부터 참여로, 과학에 동의하는 동시에 맞서는 과정을 거쳐 자율적인 지식형성의 과정으로 나가게끔 하여, 주체가 의료화에 의해 도구화되는 것이 아니라 반대로 의료화를 주도하기에 이르렀다고 바라보는 것이다. 분명한 것은 최근 의료화에 대한 담론의 동향이 3~40년 전에 비해 훨씬 낙관적으로 바뀌었다는 점이다. 특히, 인간 몸의 노화를 자연스러운 것으로 보는 입장을 뒤엎는 의학연구와 담론에 의하여 노화 또한 의료화의 중심에 놓이면서, 노화는 단순한 미용의 차원을 넘어 의학 차원의 정복 가능한 개념이 되었다. 한국 사회에서 건강, 미용, 젊음은 대중적 관심의 중심에 놓여 있으므로, 항노화의 기술 수용은 상당히 적극적이다. 일상생활에서 일단 문제가 있으면 의학문제가 되는 것은 아주 고전적인 의료화과정의 예다. 이것을 ‘좋은 의료화’의 예라고 주장하는 것은 의학이 개인의 몸에 초점을 둔 고통 감소라는 선한 의지 때문이다. 고통이 생산된다는 주장과 고통의 영향력이 커진다는 우려와 함께 의료화의 부적절한 면도 지적되지만, 유효한 의학진단과 그렇지 않은 의학진단 간의 차이를 어떻게 추정할지는 모호하다. 과학과 의학의 지식은 갈수록 심화되며 이에 따른 일상적 지침은 조정되게 마련이다. 더불어 자연적인 변화를 긍정하는 어떤 규범들은 분명 현재에 처해있는 총체적 상황에 맞는 다른 규범들로 대체되게 마련이다. 따라서 참된 진단인지 거짓된 판단인지 그 차이를 추정할만한 가치중립적인 구분은 불가능하다 것을 전제로 논의가 시작되어야 할 것이다. This paper aims to analyze the changing discourse on medicalization and its perception with the aging of Korean society. Medicalization was in the critical discourse that has been extended to disease rather than merely therapeutic purposes. Therefore, the philosophical position to stand as a non-instrumental subject through medicine has brought about a public sensitivity that has increased not only with the growth of medicalization but also with its resistance. However, over time, the critical view of medicalization began to change as exposure to medical technology, external gaze, media development, and the emergence of active patients led to the replacement of top-down medical care with bottom-up medical care. With these changes, the subject has not been instrumentalized by medicalization but has allowed the discovery of science to move from acceptance to participation, acceptance of science and at the same time through the confrontation process to the process of autonomous knowledge formation. Obviously, the trend of recent discourse on medicalization is changing much more optimistically than it did three or four decades ago especially as aging has been put at the center by medical research. In Korea, health, beauty, and youth are at the center of public interest, not merely in some privileged areas, so the acceptance of anti-aging technology has been quite positive. These phenomena are also related to the negative image of old age. The rapid aging of the population has brought about a welfare crisis in Korean society as well as issues with the social position, economic power, appearance, and manners of elderly people as a whole. In daily life, having a medical problem is an example of a very classic medical process. To claim an example of “good medical care” is due to the good outcome of medicine to reduce pain focuses on the individual body. In other words, the modern welfare state internalized neoliberal standards based on the duties and responsibilities of delivering health to citizens. Although this suggests inadequacies in medicalization exist because pain still exists, it is unclear how to estimate if a medical diagnosis is valid. As the knowledge of science and medicine grows deeper and everyday guidelines are adjusted, some norms that affirm natural change are surely to be replaced by other norms appropriate to the collective circumstances of the present. Therefore, a discussion should be made on the assumption that it is impossible to distinguish between true diagnosis and false judgment.

19세기말 풍속화가 기산 김준근이 그린 삽화 속 어린이 놀이문화와 복식에 관한 연구

최은주 ( Eunjoo Choi ) 한국의류산업학회 2016 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.18 No.3

This study surveys children``s costumes and games from the 11 Genre paintings by Junkeun Kim in the book “Korean Games(Stewart Culin 1858-1929)”. The character of the general dress-costumes, games and the culture of life from the late 19th century in genre painting of Junkeun Kim are as follows. The study results on the games are as follow. The boy’s games are kite-flying, spinning tops, playing shuttlecock with the feet, blindman’s buff, yut(“Four-Stick Game”). Girl’s games are seesaw with board, blindman’s buff, marbles. Combined games are mount shoulder, sledge, tightrope walking for men with boy. The strengthen one’s body type were seesaw with board, tightrope walking, the compete score type were playing shuttlecock with the feet, marbles and the multi complex type were yut(“Four-Stick Game”), kite-flying. Through genre painting in the 19 th century we know a boy’s ‘Jeogori ’and ‘Ba-ji’ were similar to a modern man’s and boy’s ‘Hanbok’ with a traditional method of wearing. We believe that the originality of a traditional costume was an unchangeable characteristic. Girl’s ‘Jeogori’ and ‘Chi-ma’ changed in length and width, and method of wearing; however, the basic shape did not change. The analysis for artist’s genre painting which was ordered by a foreigner and the late of 19th century’s children’s costume and game of life culture is useful to match the counters and show how to wear a modern Korean costume used to understand the ‘Hanbok’ and establish a costume of life.

정상과 비정상의 경계로서의 몸

최은주(Eunjoo Choi) 19세기영어권문학회 2014 19세기 영어권 문학 Vol.18 No.1

This paper focuses on the border of normality and abnormality and aims to interpret illness as a normality. The body-self is simultaneously a physical body and a cultural one defined by the ideals, values, and roles of the culture in which it exists. Therefore, the matter of the normality vs. abnormality of the body is a socio-cultural, psychological, and biological issue to be discussed paradoxically. Illness, in particular, is interpreted as a paradoxical borderline between the normal or abnormal. It is understood as the lived experience of disease and is culturally shaped and socially constructed. Bodies are always social bodies that can be seen as the bridge between the self and the social world making the body a battlefield for ideological conflicts. Charlotte Bronte suffered from her families’ deaths and tins experience affected her to perceive her world. She used representations of disease in her writing, especially to critique the gender and class constraints inherent in Victorian culture. Villette features a woman trying face the social forces behind mental illness. The narrator and protagonist, Lucy Snowe suffers from a malady whose severity is compounded by her poor surroundings. At this point, the illness, neurosis, function as the narrative. In the 19th century, hysteria gained significant prominence as a clinical diagnosis for certain female behaviors. Additionally, medical and self-improvement literature of that era emphasized the importance of self-control which to Victorians demonstrated the true mark of sanity. In Villette, the historical shift from external to internal control over the body was clearly shown. Miss Marchmont, who is not able to overcome her rheumatic disease and is isolated from the society, has an illness which renders her culturally invalid since she cannot fulfill her womanly destiny as wife and mother. Lucy is also unable to achieve this role. Lucy is clearly on the border of normality and abnormality; however, through the illness narrative, she reframes her identity more in keeping with her inner values rather than the culturally imposed ones. Finally, she steps toward health even though she is never able to overcome her illness completely.

침입과 치료, 의사와 테크네, 객관적이고 데이터화된 몸들

최은주(Eunjoo Choi),심지원(Jiwon Shim) 이화여자대학교 생명의료법연구소 2024 Asia Pacific Journal of Health Law & Ethics Vol.17 No.2

본고는 의사의 진단 행위에 의한 질병(disease)이라는 지평에서 치료의 도구적, 방법적 과정을 발달시켜온 의학이 몸을 어떻게 위치 지었으며, 그러한 몸이 의사, 의학지식의 개입에 의한‘살리기’의 의료실천 대안으로, 정상적 또는 바람직한 ‘되기’에 놓이면서 어떻게 객관적이고 데이터화된 몸들에 편입되는지 고찰하고자 한다. 일반화되고 표준화된 건강 기준에 맞춘 의료 실천은환자의 몸을 ‘바로잡기’라는 목표를 지향하므로 환자 개인의 특성이나 환자가 살아가는 삶의 맥락이 간과되는 측면이 있었다. 하물며 무수한 생명공학기술과 생명의 풍경을 눈부신 디지털적 기술의 발전이 바꾸고 있다. 몸은 더 이상 자연적인 수준에 머물 수 없으며 그럴 필요도 없게 된 것이다. 그렇게 ‘살리기’와 ‘바로잡기’에 집중할수록 ‘완치’(치료되었다)를 받아들이는 환자의 생각과의사의 관점에는 점차 간격이 커질 수 있다. 또한 치료의 성공률에 집중된 ‘살리기’를 지향하는 가운데 환자와의 상호작용이 가능한 진료실을 떠나 검사실, 수술실을 거치는 동안 환자의 몸은 데이터화되고 객관성이 강화된 표준에 맞춰져 침입과 치료를 교차하는 의료현장에서 소외되고 무력해진다는 사실이 쉽게 간과될 수 있다. This paper examines how medicine, which has developed instrumental and methodological treatment processes, has situated the body within the context of disease through the doctor’s diagnostic procedure, and how such a body can be “saved” through the intervention of doctors and medical knowledge. As an alternative to medical practice, we would like to consider how it is incorporated into objective and data-oriented bodies while placed in normal or desirable “becoming”. Medical practice, tailored to generalized and standardized health standards aimed at “correcting” the patient’s body, often overlooks the individual characteristics of the patient and the context of their life. The dazzling development of digital technology is changing countless biotechnology and the landscape of life. The body can no longer remain at its natural level, and there is no need for it to do so. As the focus is on “saving” and “correcting,” the gap between the patient’s viewpoints and the doctor’s perspective, which seeks to achieve a “cure,” may gradually increase. Furthermore, with the primary focus on improving treatment success rates, the patient's body is reduced to data as they transition from the treatment room, where personal interaction is possible, to the examination and operating rooms. This transformation reflects a medical field that combines invasive procedures with treatment, striving to adhere to heightened standards of objectivity. The fact that the patient is alienated and helpless can easily be overlooked.