현대 프랑스 연극에 나타난 '극(劇) 시간'의 양상

조효석 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2002 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.10

대중교통의 운행정보기반 최소시간 통학방법의 탐색

조효석,김영대,김동용,박영철 한국정보과학회 2016 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.12

극 텍스트와 공연의 관점에서 본 다다 연극 - 트리스탕 차라의 <가스 심장>을 중심으로

조효석 외국문학연구소 2009 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.34

플라즈마 침질탄화처리된 강의 화합물층 특성에 관한 연구

조효석 한국표면공학회 1999 한국표면공학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.1999 No.-

방사선 조사가 백서구치법랑질발육에 미치는 영향에 관한 전자현미경적 연구

조효석,유동수 서울大學校 齒科大學 1995 齒大 論文集 Vol.19 No.2

‘극 시간’의 특이한 구조와 기능

조효석 현대미학사 1997 공연과 리뷰 Vol.10 No.-

방사선조사가 백서구치법랑질발육에 미치는 영향에 관한 전자현미경적 연구

조효석,유동수,Cho Hyo-Suck,You Dong-Soo 대한영상치의학회 1995 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.25 No.2

Mandibular first molars of the rats were undertaken to observe the radiosensitivity of amelogenesis. Twenty four Sprague-Dawley rats received 396cGy radiation with the MK Cell irradiator using Cs-137, and twenty four rats served as control. They were devided into two groups; Group 1 which received radiation at the 14th day after gestation and group 2 which received radiation at the 19th day after gestation. Light Microscopy and Transmitted Electron Microscopy investigation was undertaken in the group 1 at the 15th, 18th, 20th, 22nd(2 days after birth), and 25th day(5 days after birth) after gestation, and in the group 2 at the 21th(birth day), 22nd(2 days after birth), and 25th(5 days after birth) day after gestation. The following histopathologic findings were obtained. 1. Compared with control group, experimental group showed a delayed formation of enamel and dentin due to slow rate of differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. 2. In the experimental groups, the arrangement of the inner enamel epithelium was irregular and there were many vacuoles in the cytoplasm. There were dilated rER and mitochondria, increase of the intercellular space, and loss of the cellular polarity. 3. In the group 1, early enamel without Tomes' process, and early organic matrix was observed at the 25th day after gestation. 4. In the group 2, histopathologic changes were similar to those of the group 1, but the degree of changes was more severe than that of the group 1.

질소-프로판-암모니아 가스분위기에서 침탄질화시 공기첨가량이 침탄질화특성에 미치는 영향

조효석,이준범,노용식,이상윤 동아대학교 공과대학 부설 한국자원개발연구소 1993 硏究報告 Vol.17 No.1

This study has been performed to find out some effects of air and ammonia addition to a given quantity of nitrogen and propane gas mixture on the carbonitriding characteristics of low carbon steel after carbonitriding for one hour and two hours at 870℃. Carbon potential analysis has shown that the carbon potential decreases with increasing air addition at a given amount of ammonia and also with increasing ammonia addition at a given amount of air. Microscopical observation has revealed that the depth of internal oxidation increases with increasing air addition to a given gas atmosphere and the formation of surface abnormal layer considerably occurs in the gas mixture of more than 2.5% ammonia addition. If has been found by hardness measurements that the effective case depth increases with increasing air addition to a given gas mixture, whereas in more or less decreases with ammonia addition.

극 텍스트와 공연의 관점에서 본 다다 연극

조효석 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2009 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.34

다다(dada) 연극은 전통극의 구성 법칙을 무시하고, 대사는 언어의 문법체계를 부정하며 대부분 말장난이나 ‘블랙 유머’를 사용하여 불연속적이고 불안한 상태를 조성한 무대에서, 배우들의 고함이나 원초적인 폭력으로 ‘관객의 지성이 아닌 감각에 호소하는 연극’이다. 다다 연극의 대표작으로 불리는 트리스탕 차라(Tristan Tzara)의 󰡔가스 심장󰡕은 작품의 제목 그 자체와 등장인물들의 이름만으로도 독자나 관객에게 충격을 준다. 비논리성이 뚜렷한 이 작품의 주제, 사용된 언어, 그리고 내･외부 구조들을 이해하기 위해서는 두 가지 관점으로 다가가야 한다. 하나는 극 텍스트(희곡) 그 자체를 분석해보는 것이고, 다른 하나는 무대에서 공연되고 있는 상황에서, 즉 연극적 차원에서 이해해볼 필요가 있다. 󰡔가스 심장󰡕에서는 차라가 풍자적인 의도로 표현하고자 했던 사랑이라는 주제에 대해 대부분 패러디 언어와 상징 언어(혹은 시 언어)를 사용하는데, 그것은 독자나 관객을 위한 것이 아니라 단지 자신을 위한 많은 문장들만 양산하는 결과를 낳는다. 결국 독자나 관객은 모욕과 같은 난해함에 충격을 받게 된다. 차라는 󰡔가스 심장󰡕의 내부 구조를 주로 등장인물들의 성격과 그들 간의 심리적 갈등에 초점을 맞추고 있고, 외부 구조는 등장인물들의 등･퇴장 방법과 대화의 갑작스런 단절이나 엉뚱한 연결로써 보여주고 있다. 극 텍스트로서의 󰡔가스 심장󰡕에는 전통극의 내･외부 구조가 때로는 분명하게, 때로는 숨겨진 방법으로 존재하기 때문에 차라가 무대 공연에 필요한 연극 규칙들을 무시했다고 말 할 수는 없다. 그러나 극 텍스트 상의 분석은 어디까지나 가정의 영역에 머무를 뿐, 실제 공연 현장에서는 상당히 다를 수밖에 없다. 󰡔가스 심장󰡕의 공연에는 연극 요소가 진짜로 준비된 것은 아무 것도 없기 때문에 그 어떤 관객도 납득할 수 없는 유사(類似) 연기로 전개된다. 게다가 등장인물들은 각각의 성격이나 그들 간에 엮어진 관계에도 불구하고 정체성이 모호하며, 주고받는 대화에는 논리적인 일관성이 부족하고, 그들이 등･퇴장 하는 순간도 정확하게 감지할 수 없다. 따라서 󰡔가스 심장󰡕은 극 텍스트의 관점에서는 분명히 한 편의 연극이 될 수 있다. 하지만 공연의 관점에서 본 󰡔가스 심장󰡕은 그저 허공에 울려 퍼지는 이해할 수 없는 시구(詩句)에 지나지 않는 것일까... 판단은 전적으로 오늘날의 관객 의 몫이다. 결론적으로 다다 연극은 이야기의 논리적 전개를 거부하고 무대에서 언술행위만 강조한 연극으로, 난해하고 일관성이 부족한 면이 있어 작품의 완성도가 그다지 높지 않았던 것이 사실이다. 하지만 그 당시 새로운 사회 형태와 세계 인식에 대응할 수 있는 표현방법을 탐색했던 차라의 연극적 모험과 그의 무대 미학은 초현실주의 연극으로 계속 이어지고, 후일 20세기 후반 프랑스 연극에 지대한 영향을 끼치게 된다. Dada theater does not consist of traditional theatrical methodology. Its script ignores correct grammar and often uses wordplay and black humor. The performance's flow is abruptly discontinued between scenes throughout the production. The performance includes scenes of brute violence with little logic and appeals not to human reason but to primitive sense. Many people feel uneasy watching Dada theater's style of performance and have been very unappreciative of this modern art. In a typical Dada play by Tristan Tzara, The Gas Heart, the playwright's cast and content alone have shocked many readers and viewers. One must approach this illogical play from two perspectives to understand the theme of this work, the words used in it and its structure-the inner and outer. One perspective is to analyze the script and the other is to understand the performance on the stage. In The Gas Heart, Tzara intends to express the concept of love in a satirical and cynical way, using parody and symbolic(or poetic) language. At its premiere the dialogue between the characters was so incomprehensible, that the audiences were shocked by the difficulty of understanding the play. It resulted in his play being written for himself and not the audience. The inner structure of this play is focused on the character's personality and the psychological conflict between individuals. The outer structure shows the entrance and exit of the characters, and the abrupt stopping in the performance and absurd changes of topic in the dialog. We cannot say that Tzara rejected theatrical methodology in his script because The Gas Heart has an apparent structure, as described in the inner and outer structure, even though it is not conspicuous. The analysis of the play when considering the script remains to the discretion of the reader, though the analysis in the real performance is very different. The action in the performance is similar to conventional theater, however differs in its lack of commonly accepted theatrical elements. In spite of the characters distinct personalities and relationships, their identities are ambiguous and left up to assumption. The dialog between characters lacks in continuity and in transition from one scene to the other. Also, we cannot recognize clear distinct entrances and exits of the characters in the play-order and timing is very muddled. From the point of view of the script, The Gas Heart could be a theatrical work. However from a spectator's point of view of the performance, the appreciation and value of The Gas Heart would be solely dependent on ones own interpretation. It could even be viewed as a non theatrical work by some people. In conclusion, Dada theater rejects the logical plot of the story and puts emphasis on the actual verbalizing in the play. It is not yet considered as a highly accomplished, complete work of art because it is difficult to understand and lacks transition and continuity. Tzara tried to explore new ways to reflect society's then current form and interpretation of world conditions. His own theatrical adventure and stage aesthetics have since been the leaders in portraying surrealism and heavily influenced French theater in the latter 20th century.

플라즈마 질화처리된 중탄소합금강의 내마모특성에 관한 연구

조효석,노용식,신호강,이상윤 ( H . S . Cho,Y . S . Roh,H . K . Shin,S . Y . Lee ) 한국열처리공학회 1992 熱處理工學會誌 Vol.5 No.4

This study has been performed to investigate into some effects of temperature, gas mixing ratio and time on the optical microstructure, hardness and wear characteristics of medium carbon alloy steel treated by plasma nitriding. The results obtained from the experiment are summarized as follows : (1) Optical micrographs of AISI 4140 steel plasma-nitrided by the double stage technique have revealed that the nitrided layer is composed of the compound layer and the diffusion layer. The variation in temperature at the first stage gives effects, on the formation of compound layer and the growth rate is shown to be relatively fast at 460℃. (2) The thickness of compound layer has been found to increase with increasing nitrogen percentage in the gas mixture and the holding time. It is therefore recommended that a shorter holding time and a lower nitrogen percentage are more effective to produce a tougher compound layer and a diffusion layer only. (3) X-ray diffraction analysis for AISI 4140 steel has shown that the compound layer consist of γ`-Fe₄N and α-Fe and that tough compound layer diffustion layer only can be obtained by the double stage plasmanitriding process. (4) There is also a tendency that the total hardened layer depth increases with increasing temperature, time and nitrogen percentage in the first stage during the double stage plasma nitriding. (5) The wear resistance of plasma nitrided specimens has been found thobe considerably increased compared to the untreated specimens and the amount of increment has appeared to increase further with increasing nitriding temperature, holding time and notrogen percentage of gas mixture in the first stage treatment.