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Playing Tetris Game with Reinforcement Learning
정택현,김기천 (사)한국컴퓨터게임학회 2019 한국컴퓨터게임학회논문지 Vol.32 No.2
This paper is implemented the architecture for solving the Tetris game which are defined as a complex problem in general through reinforcement learning. Tetris games require the actor's quick judgment ability and speed of response because the blocks must be stacked in an optimal location quickly, taking into account the shape and rotation of randomly appearing blocks. Also, since the number of cases is very large due to the various block types and order, if the subject of performance is a person, there is a limit to performance by simply relying on memory and memorization. therefore, the reinforcement learning architecture implemented in this study is applied not only to the implementation of the learning model but also We apply the Heuristic to increase the decision accuracy as the weighting method of reward. As a result, we were able to obtain high scores. Although it is not yet possible to say that he has completely conquered the tetris game, In several experiments, reinforcement learning was able to play better than some people. However, we also identified the disadvantage that heuristics are more influential on performance than learning models. In this paper, the structure of these architectures and the techniques and algorithms used are described in detail and the direction of approach is given.
主要國의 通商政策決定過程과 韓國 通商政策의 效率化 方案
玄定澤;洪珍榮 법무부 2004 통상법률 Vol.- No.59
This study examines how trade policy is formulated and implemented. The decision making process of the U.S., China, Japan, and the EU is analyzed, and the efficiency of Korea's trade policy mechanism discussed. Trade policy is a product of political activity involving coordination of the interest of various groups affected by changes in trade rules and regulations In the U.S., the Constitution gives Congress the power to regulate trade, and various committees of the Congress and executive branches including the USTR participate in the political process of trade policy. In the EU, trade policy is made through a multi-faced and multi-dimensional process of the Commission, European Council and European Parliament. Even in Japan, a country known for its bureaucrats' influence, discussion channels with private sectors and interest groups are widely utilized and the Diet (Japanese Parliament) also deliberates trade legislation. In China, this interactive political process of trade policy formulation hardly exists, and major decisions are made by party leaders. The main problem concerning Korea's trade policy is that its system can not properly coordinate the conflicting views of different sectors and groups, and this delays trade talks with trading partners, as evidenced by the Korea-Chile FTA case. The Korean government has tried to concentrate trade functions within a single agency, with the purpose of reducing confusion and duplication of responsibilities and works of government ministries. For this purpose, the Office of the Minister for Trade was established under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade in 1998. Although this change has corrected some problems arising from rivalry among ministries and eliminated competition for the role of government representatives for trade negotiation, monopolizing trade functions within a single agency is impossible and more importantly, inefficient Trade policy is related to almost all functions of the government and topics of trade negotiations cover agriculture, the manufacturing industry, finance, telecommunications, tourism and legal services. Since trade talks discuss national policies as well as cross border movements, every ministry in charge of the relevant sector is important. Therefore, Korea should encourage each government ministry to take greater responsibilities concerning trade issues. The idea of setting up a special trade representative, put forward by a few scholars and government officials, can not be a solution. The major problems are not with the trade negotiating body, or negotiation strategy, but in the trade policy making process. In this regard, establishment of a trade coordination committee in the National Assembly and an inter-ministerial committee under the Office of the President should be considered.
글로벌경제위기이후의 한․중 경제관계와 중국시장에 대한 접근전략
현정택(Jung Taik Hyun),홍진영(Jin Young Hong) 인하대학교 산업경제연구소 2009 경상논집 Vol.23 No.1
최근의 글로벌 경제위기는 세계경제와 무역구조에 큰 충격을 가져왔다. 본고는 이 글로벌 경제위기 이후의 한중경제관계의 변화 요인과 한국이 취해야 할 접근전략을 다루고 있다. 한중무역 구조는 한국이 중간재 또는 부품을 중국에 수출하고 중국은 이를 가공하여 최종재를 미국 등 선진국에 수출하는 형태를 중심으로 발전하여 왔는데, 위기 이후에는 이러한 패턴이 지속되기 힘든 것으로 분석되었다. 상품 구조가 점차 경합구조로 바뀌고 있고 중국 자체의 자본재나 최종재의 수입이 확산되는 경향이 앞으로 더욱 가속화될 것으로 전망되고, 글로벌 임밸런스(global imbalance)의 해소에 따라 미국 소비시장의 중요성은 감소되는 반면 중국 내수지붕이 점차 확대될 가능성이 높기 때문이다. 관건은 중국정부의 정책인데 중국의 고용 사정으로 인하여 수출을 늘려나가야 할 필요성이 있는 것이 사실이지만, 소득의 절반을 저축하고 있는 현재의 구조에 비추어 위기 이후 내수확대 정책이 불가피한 측면이 있다. 민간 저축률이 매우 낮은 수준에 있는 한국으로서는 위기 이후 한국자체의 내수를 늘리려 하기보다는 중국 내수 시장을 겨냥한 전략수립이 바람직하며 그러한 의미에서 한중FTA의 조기 추진이 필요하다. The world economy experienced a global shock after the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in fall 2008. In this paper, we examine the impact of global economic crisis on Korea-China trade. The typical pattern of trade before the crisis was that Korea exported parts and intermediate goods to China, and China manufactured final goods and re-exported to U.S. and other advanced countries. We find that this pattern is likely to change after the crisis recovery. The difference in level of technology between Korea and China is being reduced, and consequently composition of export goods is changing. Due to the adjustment of global imbalance, U.S. market as final demand source will not be expanding as fast as before and China has to rely more on domestic demand. Current excessive savings of China(savings of more than half of GDP) will be reduced and domestic cunsumption will be increased. Therefore, China's market will become increasingly important for Korea. Korea needs to target China's market, and in this regard, Korea should make efforts for a bilateral free trade agreement with China at the earliest possible time.