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공유자산인 시각적 예술저작물의 자유이용에 관한 국제동향
정문기(Jeong, Mun-Gi) 한국저작권위원회 2021 계간 저작권 Vol.34 No.4
디지털 기술의 발달과 오픈액세스 운동은 문화･예술 분야에 있어 문화 향유의 저변을 확대시켰고, 새로운 지식 창출을 촉진함으로써 창조산업 발전을 이끄는 동력이 되었다. 문화 향유에 대한 강한 욕구는 문화유산에 대한 보다 적극적인 오픈액세스 운동을 이끌었고, 과학기술과 복제 매체의 발달은 사진 복제물의 독창성에 강한 의구심을 낳았다. 공중 일반이 위대한 문화유산의 이미지를 온라인을 통해 쉽게 접하고 향유할 수 있게 된 것은 분명 반길만한 상황이나 여전히 지적재산권 및 관람 계약 위반 등 분쟁으로 이어질 수 있는 법적인 문제들이 남아 있다. 최근 세계 유수의 박물관과 미술관이 소재하고 있는 유럽과 미국의 법원에서는 공유자산의 사진 복제물과 관련하여 중요한 의미를 갖는 판결을 내놓았다. 영국과 미국은 사진저작물의 독창성 판단에 있어 유럽 대륙법에 비하여 상대적으로 낮은 수준의 기준을 가지고 있기 때문에 ‘사진 복제물의 독창성’ 인정 여부가 주요 쟁점이 되었다. 독일은 저작권법이 독창성이 결여된 사진에 대해서도 저작인접권으로 보호하고 있으므로, ‘공유자산’일 경우에도 제72조의 적용 범위에 포함될 수 있는 것인지가 문제 되었다. 2019년, 유럽연합은 회원국 간 공유자산에 속하는 시각적 예술저작물의 복제에 대한 법적 불확실성을 해소할 필요성에 따라 DSM 지침 제14조를 입법화하였다. 이들 사례와 입법례를 기초로 국내법에 시사하는 함의를 되짚어 보았다. 디지털 이미지 복제물이 우리 저작권법상으로도 독창성이 인정될 가능성은 희박할 것으로 보이기 때문에 부정경쟁방지법 제2조 제1항 (카)목의 ‘성과도용’ 규정의 적용 가능성을 검토해 보았다. 또한 헌법 제21조의 ‘표현의 자유’ 내지 ‘액세스권’으로 소유권의 정당한 행사가 제한될 수 있는지도 검토해 보았다. 표현의 자유가 상위 기본권이라 하더라도 재산권의 본질적 내용을 침해하는 경우까지 보호할 수는 없을 것이다. 디지털 이미지 복제를 둘러싼 여러 쟁점은 우리에게도 당면한 과제라는 점은 분명하다. 그러므로 외국의 선행 입법례를 통해 우리의 법 현실을 반추해 볼 수 있으며, 지적재산권법 전체를 고려한 대응 방안도 모색할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. The development of digital technology and the open access movement expanded the base of cultural enjoyment in the cultural and artistic fields and became a driving force to lead the development of the creative industry by promoting the creation of new knowledge. The strong desire for cultural enjoyment led to a more active open access movement to cultural heritage, and the development of science and technology and reproduction media has given rise to strong doubts about the originality of photographic reproductions. It is certainly welcome that the public can easily access and enjoy the images of the great cultural heritage online, but there are still legal issues that can lead to disputes, such as violations of intellectual property rights and admission contracts. Recently, courts in Europe and the United States, home to world-renowned museums and art galleries, have issued important judgments regarding photo reproductions in the public domain. Since the UK and the United States have relatively low standards compared to continental European Civil Law in judging the originality of photographic works, whether or not to recognize the ‘originality of photographic copies’ has become a major issue. In Germany, since the copyright law protects photos lacking originality as a neighboring right, it was questionable whether they could be included in the scope of application of § 72 even if they belong to the ‘public domain’. In 2019, the European Union legislated Article 14 of the DSM Directive because of the need to resolve legal uncertainty about the reproduction of visual art works belonging to the public domain among member states. Based on these cases and legislation, the implications for Korean law were reviewed. Since it is unlikely that digital image copies will be recognized for their originality under our Copyright Law, this thesis reviewed the applicability of the ‘exploitaion of accomplishment’ provisions of § 2 (1) (Ka) of the Unfair Competition Law. In addition, it was reviewed whether the legitimate exercise of ownership could be restricted by the ‘freedom of expression’ or ‘Right of Access’ under Article 21 of the Constitution. Even if freedom of expression is a higher constitutional right, it will not be able to protect it to the extent that it infringes on the essential content of property rights. It is clear that the various issues surrounding digital image reproduction are also challenges for us. Therefore, it is expected that we will be able to reflect on the reality of our law through precedent legislative examples in foreign countries and find countermeasures taking the entire intellectual property law into consideration.
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표지법상 명성 보호에 관한 비교법적 고찰 -유럽연합상표법과 유럽사법재판소 판례를 중심으로-
정문기 ( Jeong Mun-Gi ) 안암법학회 2022 안암 법학 Vol.- No.65
Trademark law extended the traditional concept of confusion in accordance with the need to protect trademarks with reputation. In the 1990s, the extraordinary development of science and technology and the popularization of the Internet led to the emergence of new sales and advertising techniques. As trademarks began to be used online in various forms, it was difficult to adequately deal with trademark infringement and various unfair competition activities only with the origin function, which is an essential function of a trademark. The specific content and scope of ‘protection’ will be determined according to the purpose and function of trademarks and signs more important. However, the specific content and scope of protection differs depending on which function of the various economic functions of marks and signs is emphasized by a country’s trademark law system. As Korean companies’ products and services gained considerable recognition and reputation in the international market, Korea has introduced and implemented regulations to expand the scope of protection of mark having a reputaion, and has taken several signi-ficant legislative measures to meet international protection standards. The protection of famous mark and well-known mark at the registr-ation stage is not much different from the mark laws in Europe and Korea. However, despite the fact that well-known mark can be subject to ‘detriment of distinctive character’ and ‘damage to reputation’, they do not reach the level of protection as well as those of well-known marks. In addition, changing the perception of the function of a trademark and finding a realistic solution is an inevitable task in any legal system that operates the trademark law, and Korean theories and cases protect trademark rights against well-known and famous mark only when the origin function is damaged and remain silent when investment function and advertising function are infringed. Accordingly, this thesis sought to reflect on the limitations of the reputation protection of well-known mark under the current trademark law through comparison and review with the EU trademark law’s reputation protection system and case law. In addition, it was attempted to seek the possibility of expanding the protection scope of well-known mark according to ‘prevention of dilution through unification of well-known and famous mark’ and protection of non-origin functions’ in trademark infringement.
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