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魚字考 : 象形文字의 起源일 As an Origin of the Hieroglyphic character
鄭文基 서울대학교 1959 서울대학교 論文集 Vol.8 No.-
The main part of my life has been devoted to the field of fishery sciences. In course of my study I have come across a few additional subjects attracting my interest. One of them concerns the Chinese hieroglyphic letter "魚" (fish). The Chinese hieroglyph is the initial form of the Chinese character. The evolution of all Chinese hieroglyphs may be traced back to the character which stands for "Fish". The origin of ancient culture must have evolved at some tropical region or at some subtropical estuarian area where man could find a suitable climate and geographical condition. There he must have caught fishes with ease, and they became his principal food. He also needed an easy access to drinking water. Buddhism with about 25,000 years' history has been using the fish-shaped wooden gong as one of its service instruments. It has been professed that, by sounding the wooden gong, the wondering souls of sea life are led into Sukhavati. Also in the first chapter of Genesis of the holy Bible, it is stated that God created fish on the fifth day of creating the universe, and man on the sixth day. His first creature of the animal is the fish. In addition to these religeous aspects, such backward races as the Eskimoes still live on raw salmons and trout. Furthermore, not a small part of presentday side dishes of human diet come from fishes. All this illustrates the unchallengeable fact that there has been an unseparable relationship between human life and fishes from the very begining of creation. On the other hand, the utilization of hieroglyphic characters as a means of communication was commenced as human population increased and it become distributed more widely, with the passage of time. Now, a question arises what was the first object in making characters? There are many answers to this question. I have, however, assumed that it might have been fish for it has been so closely related with man's everyday life. To clarify this problem I attempted to find the oldest form of Chinese character of fish and sought after every literature in that connection. In 1995, I enjoyed a happy opportunity of consulting Dr. Tung, Tso Pin, an authority on Chinese scripts, at his welcoming party at Seoul. After his return home, I asked for his help in collecting necessary materials. In response Dr. Tung sent me a copy of his manuscript entitled The Development of the Chinese Character of "魚" (fish), as well as letter. Again, he sent me a copy of his reprint of An Example of Chinese Characters' Transformational History which had originally appeared in Journal of New Asian Society, Volume Ⅱ, Part 2, Feburary, 1957. Professor Chu, Chun Yuan, University of Hong Kong, also kindly sent me a reprint copy of his A Study on the Fishing Techniques of Ancient China with Special Reference to the Oracle Bone Inscription. An examination of these reference materials led me to the following conclusion. The character "Fish" has had a long history of evolution and a greater variety of form than any other Chinese character. Surveying all available literature, I have found thus far 57 different forms of the character "魚" (see Table 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). It is not easy to assertain the origin of each form, nor the acculate implication of each. After a careful study of latest work of Dr. Tung, Tso Pin, and the past works of Mr. Roswell Britton, Mr. James Mollen Wenzies, the present paper introduces five tables to show the evolution from the oldest form of the character of the Yin dynasty which was engraved on a copper-ware to its fixed and balanced ideographic form in practical use today. The illustrated Table 1, 4, 5, and 6 showing the various forms of "魚" in chronological order prepared by Dr. Tung, and Table 2 of the character of "魚" and Table 3 of the character of "漁" (fishing) by me, are introduced here with the explanation of meanings. This is a clue to prove my contention. The final, Table 6, synthesized from the previous five, has led to conclude the followings: Firstly, Chinese characters have been stablized from the picture-drawing style of the primitive hieroglyphic form into the present symbolic character. Secondly, the character "魚" is typical of the Chinese character, and shows a clear evolutional tendency of it. Thirdly, the character "魚" is the origin of the hieroglyphic character, and it could be traced back to about 3,459 years ago. Finally, since even the oldest form here bears artistic beauty to an extent, it would have undergone a long period of evolutional process. Therefore, I assume that there must have been yet more primitive forms. My contention is that it will be confirmed that the character "魚" is the very origin of the hieroglyph, by further study of earlier prehistoric forms than those illustrated here as well as of the hieroglyphic drawing in Europe and the other parts of the world.
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정문기,박종석,이영환 대한기계학회 1986 대한기계학회논문집 Vol.10 No.1
본 연구에서는 가압경수형 원자로심을 모의하는 3*3배열로 된 모의연료 봉다발의 실험장치를 이용하여 재완수과정의 유동특성과 열전달특성을 파악하였으며, 재완수과정중 연료봉의 온도거동을 예측하는 REFLUX코드를 최근 개발된 연구자료를 토대로 수정하여 본실험결과와 비교하였다. To predict the fuel clad temperature during the reflooding phase of a LOCA, one may need a knowledge of reflood heat tranfer mechanism in a rod bundle. For this purpose reflooding experiments have been carried out with an electrically heated 3*3 rod bundle. Using the method for the determination of local heat transfer coefficient from the measured wall temperature the parametric effects of coolant flow rate, initial wall temperature, coolant subcooling and heat generation rate on the propagation of rewetting front were investigated. Prediction of the wall temperature histories for these experiments was discussed using REFLUX code with modification of the rewetting temperature correlation. Through this modification, better agreement between experiment and prediction was obtained.
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