仁川市의 工業發達과 工業地域 構造

鄭孟錫 동국지리학회 1983 東國地理 Vol.- No.4

This study concerns the Industrial Development of the City of Inchon which takes the leading place in the metropolitan area industry of the capital city of Seoul in terms of its stage by stage developments industrial landscape particular to port-oriented industry. Sumary of the study follows; 1. Stages of Development : Following opening of the port in 1883, there began settling of a few minor factories for ship repairs and for processing rice for export to Japan in Inchon, which had been a mere village on the estuary of the Han River, During the Macnhurian Incident and the Sino-Japanes War and through the Pacifid war, Inchon became the Staging depot of military supplies for the Japanese invasion of the Asian Continent and consequently there located a group of factories supplying the military. However, this modest beginnings of industrial development in Inchon not initiated through any conscious independent national effort kept it sindustry in doldrums in the course of the postindependent years and the Korea war and this inert state continued up until the year of 1960. The start of real and significant development of industry in Inchon follows implementation in 1962 of the first phase of the Five-Year Economic Development Plan whereupon utilization and upgrade of existing industrial facilites as well as intensive capital investment ensued and the city of Inchon became prominent as high-growth industrial area exceeding consistently those of nation-wide average growth. In particular, in the most recent ten year period(1969-1979), the number of factories in Inchon nearly doubled while those employed in the industry increased to fourfold. 2. Increased Labor Producitivy : One of the incices of labor productivity is the employment coefficient. It is readily learned from the national average drop in the employment coefficient of 1. 95 to 0.23 in the past 10 years or so while for the same period the drop is from 2.98 to 0.23 for Inchon that there had been real rapid investment in technology upgrade, machinery and equipments 3. Change of Industrial Structure : In terms of industrial employment, proportionate share of national industry by Inchon is to be 7.8 percent of the nation as a whole. This indicates the increase of Inchon's industrial shapre of 5.2% of the national industry in 1969. About the same increase can be seen in outputs as well as in value added. Although textile and limber are the two leading industries providing majosr employment in Inchon in the past 10 years or so consistently shows predominently heavy chemical-oriented industry compared to nation-wide industry as a whole. This relative dominance of large scale heavy chemical industral base established in Inchon found to be in line with the industry-wide rush effort in the nation in the same period towards restruction for heavy chemical industry. It is during this time that smooth and continued progress and development to this effect had been realized in Inchon. 4. Change of Location : In the early stage of its development, industry in Inchon was largely located in the Eastern and Central Districts and clustered along the shores of the inlet. This predominent character of Inchon as an industrial city continues to be the case. However, following announcement in 1965 of areas bounding on Inchon-Seoul axis as the Governmentdesignated Special Development Region and the building and completion of the first auto expressway in Korea between Inchon and Seoul as well as revamping of the existing rail system of the Seoul-Inchon line to double track system and electrification, there had begun in Juan, and Bupyung areas development of industrial nucleus other than portrelated industries. With the coming of the Juan Industrial Park on the site of abandoned old salt beds and Bupyung Industrial Park for export Industry, industrial areas of Inchon, newly extended to include Hyosung, Takjin and Galsan-Dong in the North District, had finally become differentiated itself into the old mucl ei industrial areas in the planned zone. From the previous status of being a mere port of the entry to the Capital City, Inchon had become a part of the Capital City and its functioning had accelerated development of these old and new industrial nuclei caused by the export booms in 60's and 70's, and improved accessibility, rehabilitation and expansion of port facilities. 5. Lanescape of the Port Industry : The industrial landscape produced by the combination of the technological stndard of the era and the natural condition, will take on different aspects according to the quantitative expansion and the growth of diversities. As the scale of producing becomes great and diverse, The flow of production will also change from the straight line S pattern to the U pattern and, as a conquence, the appear ance and arrangement of buildings will form different patterns. 6. Future Prospect : Subject of quantitative analysis such as industry distribution patterns and movement of industrial nuclei are touched but briefly in this study while change in industrial landscape as intra-industry problem areas are entirely kept out of the present discussion. Those discussion asn studies shall be addressed elsewhere in their proper is not only in itself a huge producing entity but also a consuming entity. It is likely that, in the case of Inchon with ready availability of large lands for industrial use from fill reclaimed lands from the sea and land developments in the outer southern boundary of the city, it would share increasingly larger portion of industrial function of the Capital City of Seoul. It is also probable that the building of new industrial city of Banwol will undoubtedly hel in further localization of the industrial functions inside the Capital City. It is in this connection that the large-scale regional studies encompassing the cities of Anyang, sungnam and Banwol is desired.

9.11테러로 본 미국 정보기관의 정보실패 사례 분석 및 대응방안 고찰

정맹석,홍성표 한국테러학회 2016 한국테러학회보 Vol.9 No.3

정보실패라 함은 정보기관에서 수행하는 비밀 정보활동의 일부로서 ‘보이지 않는 손(the hidden hand)을 활용하여 세계를 변화시키는 영향력을 행사하는 공작’을 수행하는 과정이나 결과로서 목표를 이루지 못하고 실패할 가능성이 있거나 실패한 경우를 말한다. 모든 국가에는 대통령을 포함한 정부수반과 정책 결정권자에게 정책을 조언하고 특히 안보정책을 수립하고 시행하는데 영향을 미치는데 지대한 역할을 하는 정보기구가 존재한다. 특히, 미국의 정보활동을 설명할 때에는 정보계(Intelligence Community)라는 개념이 사용된다. 정보계가 다양한 정보를 수집ㆍ분석해서 적시에 정확한 정보를 국가 결정권자에게 제공함으로써 국익에 도움을 주는 것이 정보계의 성공적인 운영방향이라고 하겠다. 그러나, 9.11 테러사건 이후 정보기관의 정보실패에 대한 논의가 전세계적으로 크게 부각되었다. 미국역사상 최초로 미국의 본토가 공격당하는 엄청난 일을 당했음에도 정보기관은 어떤 역할을 했는지 그리고 정책결정권자는 무엇을 했는지 등에 대한 논의가 엄청난 재앙을 초래한 원인을 찾고 그 해결책을 찾는데 한동안 화두가 되었던 게 사실이다. 정보실패는 국가존망을 결정짓는 중요한 요소이다. 그래서 전세계 국가들은 정보역량을 키우기 위해 최선을 다하고 있으며, 선진국일수록 이런 노력은 더욱 강조되고 있다. 고도의 첨단정보 환경속에서 어떻게 하면 정보실패를 최소화하면서 정보역량을 강화시킬 수 있는가 하는 문제는 매우 긴요한 문제라 할 수 있을 것이다. 미국에는 정보기관인 CIA와는 별도로 국방부 및 국무부, 재무부, 자원부 산하의 정보기구와 FBI와 해안경비대(Coast Guard) 등 16개의 정보기관들이 산재해 있어 각각의 정보체계와 예산으로 운영되다 보니 정보통제에 많은 어려움이 있어 왔다. 따라서, 다양한 정보기구들 간의 역할은 중복될 수밖에 없었고 협력의 문제도 발생했다. 원활한 정보공유가 이루이지지 않아 9.11 테러사건을 사전에 막지 못하였다는 조사결과가 이를 반영하고 있다. 정보실패는 정보가 정책에 구속되면 정보의 왜곡을 불러일으키고 이러한 왜곡된 정보에 기초할 때 나타난다. 미국 정보기관의 정보실패가 가져 온 국가적 위기사례와 이를 극복하기 위해 법과 제도를 정비하고, 정보기구를 개편하는 등 재발방지를 위해 노력해 온 Know-how를 살펴봄으로써 북한이라는 상시적인 테러 위협대상을 마주하고 있는 우리나라에 정보실패를 최소화 할 수 있는 방안을 연구해 보는 것은 매우 유익하다 하겠다. Intelligence Failure is a sort of covert operation in which influenced changing the world in capable of Intelligence Agency in using the hidden hand. Every nation has Intelligence Agency that giving advices and influencing making security policies. Especially, it is mentioned Intelligence Community in explanation of operation of the U.S. It is suitable the intelligence community is collecting intelligence to give a higher decision maker of the country. However, it is mentioned about Intelligence Failure in the world after 9/11 terror. It facts that what the intelligence agency is doing when the territory of the U.S. attacked from terrorist. It is a key factor to decide whether a success or failure. Therefore, the nations are trying to make competence and even more the advanced countries. There are 16 intelligence agencies in the U.S. which are belonging to DOD and the Department of State and so on but it has difficulty to operate the control of intelligence to use separate budget and intelligence mechanism. Therefore, it happens the overlapped roles and cooperation of agencies. Not because of flexible information sharing, it couldn't stopping 9/11 before which revealed investigation after incident. The intelligence failure appeared that it distorted when the intelligence is confined policies and when depended on this skewed intelligence. In finding Know-how and the U.S.'s efforts to overcome and prevent the crisis in maintenance the law and system and re-construct the whole intelligence agencies, it is very helpful the Korea fronted of the North Korea, a common threatening enemy, is thinking about the methods to minimize to intelligence failure.

미국 사이버 전략에 관한 연구 : 북한, 중국, IS에 대한 목표, 방법, 수단의 비교를 중심으로

표상호,정맹석,조관행 국가안보전략연구원 2016 국가안보와 전략 Vol.16 No.4

The proportion of cyber security in the Korean peninsula is expanding. In addition, a variety of analysis, development directions, and the responses to North Korean Cyber threat is being discussed. Existing studies have centered on the concept of responding to the North Korean attack. There have been few discussions on cyber attacks, political sanctions and economic sanctions against North Korea. We discussed the analysis of the US cyber strategy on North Korea, China, and the IS and through this study, we looked at the lessons and implications that we are giving. In conclusion, the United States has set a firm goal with strong momentum around the administration in carrying out the cyber strategy. In order to achieve cyber goals, The United States has used various means and ways, including cyber retaliation, political sanctions, and economic sanctions. We must use our DIME intensively to overcome the quantitative dominance of North Korea Cyber threat. Above all, It is necessary to spread public understanding about the ability to prepare and respond to Cyber warfare. Our cyber security will develop when the strategic management of policy makers and military strategists is based on the support of the people. 한반도 안보에서 사이버전이 차지하는 비중은 확대되고 있으며, 북한의사이버 위협에 대한 다양한 분석과 이에 대응하기 위한 발전방향과 대응방안 등이 논의되고 있다. 기존의 연구들이 북한의 공격에 대해 대응하는 개념을 중심으로 이루었기 때문에 북한에 대한 사이버 공격과 정치적 제재 및경제적 제재 논의는 많이 이루어지지 않았다. 이러한 측면에서 본 연구는미국의 사이버 전략을 북한과 중국과 IS 사례를 통해 분석함으로써 우리에게 주는 교훈과 함의에 대해 살펴보았다. 결론적으로, 미국은 사이버 전략을 수행함에 있어 행정부 중심의 강력한추진력으로 확고한 목표를 설정하고 있다. 이를 위해 사이버 보복 공격, 정치적 제재, 경제적 제재 등 다양한 방법과 수단을 활용하였다. 우리는 북한의 양적인 사이버 우세를 우리의 DIME을 집중적으로 이용하여 극복하기위한 다양한 노력이 필요함을 확인할 수 있었다. 무엇보다 사이버전을 준비하고 대응할 수 있는 능력을 키우는 것에 대한 국민적인 공감대의 확산이필요하다. 그리고 이러한 국민들의 지지를 기반으로 정책결정자와 군사전략가들의 전략적 운용이 이루어질 때 우리의 사이버 안보는 좀 더 나은 평화로 다가갈 수 있을 것이다.

중국의 해양전략과 연계한 중국방공식별구역(CADIZ) 운영 분석과 우리의 대응방안

김동수,정맹석,홍성표 항공우주시스템공학회 2017 항공우주시스템공학회지 Vol.11 No.2

This paper analyzes the intention of the PRC (People’s Republic of China) to establish and operate CADIZ to implement the government's maritime policy and strategy and to project its air power in preparation for maritime provocation and contingency, especially over the area where East Asia countries have claimed to have maritime jurisdiction over one another. This paper is also intended to guide the Republic of Korea's response measures for coping with the maritime intention and threat of China by such measures as reinforcing military power, constructing the strategic air base in Jeju, and expanding the present KADIZ. 본 연구에서는 중국의 해양정책과 전략을 구현하고 특히, 동아시아 국가들이 주장하는 해양 주권과관할권이 중첩된 해역에서 주변국과의 해양 갈등ž분쟁 시 자국의 항공력을 투사하기 위하여 중국방공식별구역(CADIZ)을 설정하고 운영하고 있는 중국의 의도를 분석한다. 또한 이러한 중국의 의도에 선제적으로 대응하고 한국방공식별구역(KADIZ)을 실효적으로 관리하기 위해 군사력 증강, 제주 항공기지 건설, 現 KADIZ 확장 등 다양한 측면에서 우리의 대응방안을 제시하고자 한다.

한국방공식별구역(KADIZ) 발전방안

김동수,홍성표,정맹석,Kim, Dongsoo,Hong, Sungpyo,Chong, Mangseok 항공우주시스템공학회 2016 항공우주시스템공학회지 Vol.10 No.1

Recently, China & Japan have expanded their responding ADIZ(Air Defence Identification Zone) to implement each Government's maritime policy and to project their Air Power in preparation for maritime provocation & contingency, especially over the piled area where East Asia countries have claimed to have maritime jurisdiction one another. So this is to guide the Development Option for Korea Air Defence Identification Zone to cope with the maritime intentions of the neighboring countries, considering the international law for ADIZ, the maritime policy and the maritime sovereign & jurisdiction area of the Republic of Korea, etc.

최근 방공식별구역 운영 개념과 현황 분석

김동수,홍성표,정맹석,Kim, Dongsoo,Hong, Sungpyo,Chong, Mangseok 항공우주시스템공학회 2014 항공우주시스템공학회지 Vol.8 No.4

This thesis analyzes the latest operating concept and status for Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) researching overseas ADIZ CONOPS, international legal basis for ADIZ, the intention & background of proclamation for China Air Defense Identification Zone(CADIZ). Firstly, ADIZ is lawful concerning international connivance for ADIZ where around 20 countries have operated, Article 56 "Rights, jurisdiction & duties of the coastal State" and Article 301 "Peaceful uses of the seas" on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLS). Secondly, ADIZ has been regarded as a support means for national interest & policy as well as military air defense one. Thirdly, Based on legal re-interpretation for UNCLS relating to ADIZ, China proclaimed CADIZ where can ensure national maritime policy and strategy including A2/AD(Anti-Access & Area Defence), inroad into the ocean, claim for Senkaku Islands possession, etc..

트럼프 행정부의 대북정책 전망

홍성표 ( Sungpyo Hong ),정맹석 ( Maengsuk Jung ) 한국군사학회 2016 군사논단 Vol.88 No.-

Mr Donald Trump was elected as the 45th President of the United States of America by general election on November 8, 2016. Trump won the election despite most of the medias` prediction of Clinton`s advantage. During the presidential election campaign, Trump was harshly criticized by the public including the Republicans due to his unpredictable behaviors. However, he overcame all the huddles, and finally won against Clinton. President-elect Trump has named four retired military officers as head of the National Security Council, Defense, Homeland Security and Central Intelligence Agency. All four are hard-liners on foreign and security policy, particularly on counter-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Thus, Trump administration`s policy towards North Korea can be predicted in three categories: First, the possibility of operating surgical strikes to demolish WMDs and to end Kim`s regime is highly probable. The second possibility is to make a deal with Pyongyang by providing economic incentives in exchange of the removal of WMDs. Like Libya and Iran cases, it has already been proven as a very useful solution, bringing a significant benefit to both sides avoiding harmful military conflict. Third, following in the footsteps of the Obama administration can be another option for Trump administration. Whenever North Korea made military provocation, the US played a leading role in the UN Security Council for adopting a resolution against their actions.