한국인 학습자의 영어 접속사 발화에 나타난 가장자리성조 패턴

이주경,Lee, Joo-Kyeong 한국음성학회 2005 음성과학 Vol.12 No.4

This paper shows the tonal patterns of English conjunctive utterances produced by Korean speakers of English, presenting that Korean speakers realize either the H - phrase tone or the H% boundary tone at the phrase-final part of the conjunctive utterances. Based on Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg's (1990) claim that either H- or H% tone indicates that a phrase is related to the following one, Korean speakers seem to produce the satisfactory patterns of edge tones in conjunctive sentences. In the experiment, we made up conjunctive sentences including both coordinate conjunctions such as and, but, or, and so and subordinate conjunctions like if, when and though. We varied the stimuli according to the existence of a comma and the lengths of connecting words and phrases. We also divided the subjects into two levels of English proficiency based on their English written test scores to see if Korean speakers' performance ability of edge tones is related with their general competence of English. Results show that Korean speakers produced 84% of the H- phrase tone in intermediate phrases and H-L% and L-H% boundary tones in intonational phrases. Also, coordinate and subordinate conjunctions show little difference in their tonal contours, and the existence of a comma or the lengths of connecting words and phrases do not affect Korean speakers' production of the H- phrasal tone and the H% boundary tone. This may suggest that pitch accents, rather than edge tones, should be put more focus on in teaching English intonation in Korea as much work has already shown that Korean speakers have serious problem with producing pitch accents in speaking English.

영어 접어, 부사전치사, 전치사 구문의 운율 특성

한혜승(Han, Hyeseung),이주경(Joo-Kyeong Lee) 한국음운론학회 2009 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.15 No.3

Han, Hye-seung, and Joo-Kyeong Lee. 2009. Prosodic features in the English phrases including particles, adverbial prepositions and prepositions. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 15.3. 499-514. This study attempts to investigate prosodic features in the English phrases including particles, (e. g., the second element in a verb phrase such as give up the exam), adverbial prepositions (e. g., the second element of jump off the wall) and prepositions (e.g., the second element of study in the room). A phonetic experiment was conducted to see if there are any differences and /or prosodic structures among those three phrases. The stimuli were varied with two different objects, noun and pronoun and two kinds of rate, slow and fast, and pitch accent distribution and phrasing were measured within the phrases. Results showed that pitch accents were very frequently realized on both the particles and the adverbial prepositions, but that prepositions were rarely implemented a pitch accent. When the objects were a pronoun, a pitch accent consistently moved to particles, adverbial prepositions, and prepositions. Moreover, there are more phrase involved in the boundaries of the particle + the following noun phrase and the preceding verb + adverbial preposition and the adverbial preposition + the following noun phrase. It was interpreted as stating that such patterns reflect the differences in semantic weight among the three elements and the degree of semantic cohesion with the preceding verbs and the following noun phrases, and that adverbial phrases show distinct prosodic features from both particles and prepositions. This suggests that adverbial prepositions should constitute their own category semantically and/or prosaically. (University of Seoul)

한국인 학습자의 영어 가장자리 성조 발화와 영어원어민의 지각실험

이주경 ( Joo Kyeong Lee ),이혜원 ( Hye Won Lee ) 현대영어교육학회 2008 현대영어교육 Vol.9 No.3

This paper attempts to analyze Korean speakers` production of English edge tone patterns and its perceptual assessment of native speakers of English. It presents that Korean speakers successfully produce either the H- phrase tone or the H% boundary tone at the phrase-final conjunctive utterances, and that it is consistent with the native speakers` perception. In the production experiment, we made up conjunctive sentences including both coordinate and subordinate conjunctions. In the perception experiment, native speakers listened to the Korean speakers` recording stimuli and judged them by 1 to 5 levels. Results show that Korean speakers produced 84% of the H- phrase tone in intermediate phrases and H-L% and L-H% edge tones in intonational phrases. Also, native speakers perceive the Korean speakers` overall patterns of English edge tones to be between good and fair as the average perception score is 3.6 over the 5.0 scale. This can be interpreted as stating that Korean speakers show satisfactory patterns of edge tones in both production and perception, and that teaching English intonation should focus on other tonal patterns than edge tones such as pitch accents.

한국인 영어 학습자와 원어민의 긴장 및 이완 모음 발화이해도

이주경(Lee, Joo-Kyeong),이연우(Lee, Yeon-Woo) 한국음운론학회 2011 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.17 No.3

This study attempts to investigate how correctly Korean learners can perceive native speakers’ production of the English high front tense and lax vowels /i/ and /I/ and high back tense and lax vowels /u/ and /U/ and also see how intelligible Korean speakers’ production of the tense and lax vowels is to native listeners. Two perception experiments were conducted. In the Korean learners’ identification task, 20 Koreans participated in identifying the target vowels which were produced by native speakers of English. Results showed that Korean learners identified the high back lax vowel significantly better than the corresponding tense vowel, but that the high front tense and lax vowels did not show a statistical difference. This might be due to the fact that the Korean high front vowel /i/ is more similar to the English tense vowel /i/ in terms of spectral features (F1 and F2) and that it is more likely to pattern with the English lax vowel /I/ in terms of duration. The spectral and durational conflict between the English front vowels /i/ and /I/ and the Korean vowel /i/ may negatively lead to Korean listeners’ confusion in identifying the English tense vs. lax vowels /i/ and /I/. In native listeners’identification task, the same stimuli recorded by Korean learners were identified by native listeners of English to measure Korean learners’ speech intelligibility of the English tense and lax vowels. Results showed that native listeners identified the lax vowels /I/ and /U/ more correctly than the tense vowels /i/ and /u/. This indicates that native listeners tend to rely more on the durational cues than spectral cues in identifying the English tense and lax vowels as Korean high vowels /i/ and /u/ are more similar to the English lax vowels in terms of duration rather than acoustic/spectral properties.

한국인 학습자의 영어 저성조 피치액센트 발화의 문제점

이주경(Joo-Kyeong Lee) 한국음운론학회 2005 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.11 No.2

This paper investigates the acoustic characteristics of L* in English and compares them with those of Korean speakers of English, discussing some relevant problems that Korean speakers inevitably entail in their production of the English L* pitch accent. In the phonetic experiment, three acoustic properties of L*, pitch range, amplitude, and duration, were examined and compared between native speakers and Korean speakers. The recording stimuli were composed of three types of questions, all involving L*: yes-no question, alternative question, and incredulity question. Results show that the pitch range is significantly greater in native speakers' utterances than in Korean speakers'. The amplitude in L* syllables is significantly lower in native speakers' utterances, and the duration of the L* syllables is also statistically longer in native speakers' utterances than in Korean speakers'. These findings can be interpreted as saying that Korean speakers do not drop the pitch of L* as much as native speakers and do not produce the L* syllables as long and loud as native speakers. This may consequently reduce the prominence of stressed/accented syllables and also curtail the rising effect toward the end of the questions, which will surely give a perceptual impression of much deviance from English per se. The acoustic patterns of L* produced by Korean speakers seem to effectively reflect the prosodic structure of Korean phonology; that is, the pitch range is not comparatively small in Korean and amplitude and duration do not play a significant role due to the lack of stress. Therefore, such differences might be attributed to their mother tongue transfer, which should be remedied through education of English intonation.

7차 교육과정을 수료한 대학생들의 영어 억양패턴에 나타난 의사소통 능력 평가

이주경 ( Joo Kyeong Lee ) 현대영어교육학회 2008 현대영어교육 Vol.9 No.1

영어 뉴스와 자연발화에 나타나는 고성조 피치액센트의 차이점

최윤희,이주경,Choi, Yun-Hui,Lee, Joo-Kyeong 한국음성학회 2005 음성과학 Vol.12 No.2

This paper argues that news speech entails a distinct intonational pattern from natural speech, effectively reflecting that it primarily focuses on providing new information. We conducted a phonetic experiment to compare the tonal contours between news speech and natural speech, examining the distributions of pitch accents and the overall pitch ranges. We utilized 70 American Press (AP) radio news utterances and 70 natural utterances extracted from TV dramas. Results show that news speech involves 3.38 H*'s (including L+H* and !H*) within an intonational phrase (IP) or intermediate phrase (ip) whereas natural speech, 1.8 in average. The number of IP/ip's per sentence is 3 in news speech, which is shown in the highest rate of 32.07% of the news speech, but it is merely 1, taking up the highest 41.42% in natural speech. Next, declination tends to be prevented in news speech, and the pitch range is much greater in news speech than in natural speech. Finally, a secondary stress syllable is comparatively frequently given a pitch accent in news speech, explicitly distinct from natural speech. These results can be interpreted as stating that news has the particular purpose of providing new information; every content word tends to be given a H* or its related pitch accent like L+H* or !H* because news speech assumes that every word conveys new information. This definitely brings about more IP/ip's per sentence due to a human physiological constraint; that is, more H*'s will cause more respiratory breaks. Also, greater pitch ranges and pitch accents imposed on secondary stress may be attributed to exaggerating new information.

영어의 절 발화에 나타난 한국인 화자의 경계실현 양상

한혜승 ( Hye Seung Han ),이주경 ( Joo Kyeong Lee ) 현대영어교육학회 2008 현대영어교육 Vol.9 No.3

This paper attempts to investigate the phrasing patterns in Korean speakers` production of English that-clauses For this, the patterns of Koreans were compared with those of English native speakers through the acoustic experiment. The tonal phrasing patterns of two different that-complement clauses and that-relative clauses were examined in terms of the phrase accents and boundary tones. Two kinds of that clauses which are complement and relative clauses, are used in three forms such as that-retention, that-deletion, and adverb insertion before that. Both advanced learners and beginners of English participated in the experiment. In the case of the advanced, their phrasing patterns are similar to those of native speakers in that they distinguish complement clauses from relative ones with making no phrase after that in the relative clauses. However, advanced learners` frequency of phrasing was comparatively low, which can be interpreted as stating that they focus more on reading English sentences than comprehension. In the case of beginners, their local phrasing in the relative clauses was considerably different from native speakers` such that they frequently put phrase boundaries after that. Also, at the level of global phrasing, they produce comparatively more phrases over a whole sentence.

영어 that 전/후의 구설정 패턴

한혜승(Hyeseung Han),이주경(Joo-Kyeong Lee) 한국음성학회 2007 음성과학 Vol.14 No.4

This paper attempts to verify the theoretical claims in Syntax (Bo?kovi? & Lasnik, 2003; Kim, 1999, 2004) about the phrasing in English that-clauses, presenting an acoustic experiment conducted to observe the patterns of edge tones at the boundaries of that. In the experiment, two different that clauses, complement and relative clauses, were varied in forms (that-retention, that-deletion, adverb insertion before that) and length. Results showed that edge tones, if occurred, mostly showed up before the complement clauses in that-deletion sentences (67%), and that their positions polarized in adverb insertion sentences (56% before that and 44% after that). In the relative clauses, phrasing mostly occurred before that as opposed to after that in that-retention (73%) and adverb insertion sentences (87%). Additionally, phrasing tends to occur more frequently as the sentences get longer. The results suggest that the previous claims based on syntax are not consistent with the results of the current phonetic experiment. This may be interpreted as stating that syntactic boundaries do not always indicate phonetic phrasing, and that there may be some other factors to determine phrasing patterns, for example, rhythmic phrasing operating at the surface level of speech.

중의적 문장 인지에 있어서의 구경계의 영향

강선미(Sun-mi Kang),이주경(Joo-Kyeong Lee),김기호(Kee-ho Kim) 한국음성학회 2007 음성과학 Vol.14 No.4

This experimental study is designed to investigate the acoustic cues produced by English native speakers in order to disambiguate the ambiguous sentences. This study also investigates whether Korean learners of English and English native speakers can perceive the appropriate meanings from the sentences produced with those acoustic cues. In the perception test, English native speakers successfully found out the proper meaning, utilizing the intonational cues, while Korean learners had difficulties in distinguishing the differences in meaning. The break interval was manipulated in order to see whether the pause duration facilitates or interferes with disambiguation. Though phrasing played an important role in disambiguation, the break interval itself did not have influence on it. The result, therefore, suggests that the tonal realization of phrasal accents and boundary tones seem to be more significant than the break interval in the perception of phrasing.