CV 음운론 고찰

유연숙 연세대학교 한국어학당 1995 외국어로서의 한국어교육 Vol.20 No.1

기획특집 : 아시아-태평양 지역의 이주와 트랜스내셔널리즘 ; 한국여성의 에스닉 비즈니스의 기업요인과 자원동원 : 일본 수도권 지역의 사례조사를 중심으로

유연숙 국제비교한국학회 2010 비교한국학 Comparative Korean Studies Vol.18 No.3

본 연구는 70년대 말 이후부터 90년대까지의 기간에 일본에 이주해서 수도권 지역에서 에스닉 비즈니스를 기업(起業)한 기업가 여성을 대상으로 그들의 기업 요인과 자원 동원 과정에 대해서 살펴보았다. 비즈니스를 가능하게하는 자원으로서 에스닉 자원, 가족 자원, 계급 자원을 들 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 계급 자원 중에서도 특히 도일 전부터 갖고 있던 사업경험과 기능, 도일 후에 축적한 학력에 초점을 맞추었다. 분석 결과, 한국여성의 기업요인과 자원동원과정에서 기존의 에스닉 비즈니스 연구 경향과는 다른 경향을 나타냈다. 즉 지금까지의 구미 지역을 중심으로 한 에스닉 비즈니스 연구에 있어서 이주여성은 가족과 커뮤니티 내의 희생적이며 수동적인 존재로 그려져 왔지만 한국인 뉴커머 여성은 단신으로 이주해서 일본에서 행위 주체자로서 기업하고 있다. 단신으로 이주한 한국여성 중에는 도일 후 일본인과 국제 결혼하는 경향이 강한데 일본인 남편은 여성들의 기업 활동에 있어서 사회적, 문화적, 경제적 자원으로서의 역할을 담당할 뿐만 아니라 여성들이 기업한 회사의 사원으로서 일하는 등 전면적으로 사업에 가담하기도 한다. 한국여성의 일본에의 이주와 기업은 글로벌 시대를 살아가기 위한 하나의 생존 전략이면서 또한 트랜스내셔널 액터로서의 주체 형성의 한 단면이라고 볼 수 있다. The phenomenon of 'feminization of migration' centering in the Asian region is drawing people's attention. In the past, women's migration in Western regions was mainly a family migration and women following their husbands. However, women's migration in the Asian region can be characterized by a sole migration by themselves. The emigration of Korean women that started from the late 1970s can be understood in the same context. First, migration of Korea women and ethnic business in Japan is a phenomenon of the one of "feminization of migration" and "feminization of survival" Second, the characteristics of Korean women's international migration can be explained as 'mobility as migration'. Newcomer Korean women in Japan do not aim for adaptation or integration. Newcomer Korean women find it easier to come to Japan because of the social networks between Korea and Japan. Third, migrants of Korean women and ethnic business in Japan are subjective constructions.

한글의 機械化를 통한 事務의 合理化方案 硏究

兪蓮淑 이화여자대학교 법정대학 비서학과 1982 비서학연구 Vol.- No.2

"The Mechanization of Korean Language" is a much-heard and longtalked-about subject. For more than 30 years, ever since the Korean typewriter was introduced in 1948, Korean people have hoped to accomplish the great task of mechanizing their language. The small, private letter-producing machine, the typewriter, aroused much interest and curiosity among people and they looked foward to the device with high expectations of what it would bring to the future of Korea. Nobody doubted that this machine would enable them to accomplish the task of mechanizing their language. Until today, however, it remains as an unfinished and uncertain problem; it has not progressed so smoothly and rapidly as it should have or as people had expected. The worst part is that prospects are not so bright; in the lapse of more than thirty years of time people, losing their interest in and concern for the task, have forgotten and become indifferent to the problem. However, in the light of the economic conditions in which Korea is presently situated, the task of Korean language mechanization is too important and urgent to be forgotten or delayed. In the world market of acute competition, Korea has many big internal and external difficultes like the rising costs of living and wages, the OPEC oil price increase, the expanding trends of protectionism in the advanced nations, and the keener competition between the old and newly rising countries. To cope with these grave difficulties, all our efforts should be focused on the development of competitive power. The rationalization of office work that contributes to the cultivation of competitive power can be realized when the office productivity is improved. Today's industry is challenged by the growing demand for information processing, and the business atmosphere is rapidly changing in order to meet the challenge. Typing also, so often regarded as a necessary evil, begins to be seen in a new light as a productive function serving a company's business needs. In consideration of its importance to the development of the nation, the mechanization of Korean language by means of typewriting should not be left alone to its present sluggish pace of progress. This study is to diagnose the present condition of Korean language mechanization, to find out the barriers that hinder and slow down the pregressing speed, and to determine ways to expedite the mechanization that would directly improve office productivity and eventually would effect the work rationalization. The findings of the survey and the recommendations based on the findings are as follows: A. Findings 1. Only 23.8% of the 464 office workers could use Korean typewriters while 54.3% of them could type English. This means that English typing manpower exceeds that of the Korean by about 2.3 times. The rate that the Korean correspondence is typewritten is 81.7% whereas English papers are typed by 94.1%. 2. Typewriting is still, in most cases, an office skill possessed maninly by wemen office workers, but not, as in the States, an everyday activity in common use. Besides, there are many office workers who can type but do not type their work when not required because they are more accustomed to handwriting and think handwritten letters convey a more intimate feeling than typewritten letters' do. These and other facts reveal that the main reason of the delay in the mechanization of Korean language is that Korean typewriting has not yet been popularized and has not become a part of writing activities in our daily lives. 3. The delayed mechanization of Korean language is partly because of the problems connected with the Korean typewriter itself; namely: a. Because typewriters are imported from abroad, only a very few persons can afford to own one. Most typewriters used in offices and in typing classrooms are manual, and both electric and power typewriters are not yet widely used. As long as there exist machine shortages, the skill to use them cannot become general. b. Several different keyboards existed until 1969 when the government invented a unified one. c. The characers do not look balanced vertically and horizontally in a regular tetragon. d. Together with Korean characters, many Chinese characters are used in written communications. But as Korean typewriters can type only Korean characters, it poses a big problem for mechanizing the Korean language. Either machines that type both Korean and Chinese characters should be invented or communications when written should be done in Korean characters alone. 4. The majority (96%) of white collar workers who cannot type are beginning to regard typing skills as a necessary and a useful office skill and are wishing to learn, if possible, and master typing techniques to the level that they can use the skill to compose their reports and letters on the machine. This means that the need for improving their paper work is being felt, and this awareness of the typing as a useful technique shows in high degrees the readiness for rationalization of office work. B. Recommendations From the nature and the importance of the task of mechanization of the Korean language and of the rationalization of office work, it is recommended that the task be a govern ment project. The success that the government achieved in unifying the several different keyboards shows that the accomplishment of this great task can be expedited when it is carried out on the government level. To be more specific, it is desired that the government take a strong initiative in carrying out the following measures: 1. Make a research study for manufacture of modern Korean typewriters. When the manufacture of such modern Korean electric standard or selectric typewriters is made possible, the typewriters will come into general use. It will solve the problems of high price and lack of typewriters both in business offices and in classrooms. The interchangeable elements used on the selectric typewriters could be a solution to the look of the characters of the present Korean manual type-bar typewriters. 2. Encourage teaching typing skills at both boys' and girls' middle or elementary school levels. Teaching typing skills at earlier years will eventually increase the typing manpower and help people to use their typing skills in their writing activities fom their earlier years, thus expediting the poularization of typing skills and establishing the basis on which the mechanization of the Korean language can be accomplished. 3. Establish many more business education departments in colleges and universities. Typing skills should be taught only by the teachers who majored in business education. To equip students to operate more sophisticated machines and to qualify them for responsible positions in the word processing environment are professional duties that can be fulfilled only by qualified professinonals of this particular major field.

韓國 經營人의 秘書觀

兪蓮淑 이화여자대학교 법정대학 비서학과 1981 비서학연구 Vol.- No.1

While more and more women in Korea are becoming career oriented in parallel with our rapid economic development, their opportunities for social debouchment are still limited in many ways. Women with higher education find it especially difficult to find jobs in their fields of specialization, and few are employed. Compared with other occupations, secretarial job for women are more extensively open to them as a result of technical business improvement and modernization. It can therefore be said that the secretrial career is becoming one strategic factor in women's social advancement which may enetually lead to an enhancement of women's status in socity as a whole. Some colleges and universitied, foreseeing the rapidly developing industrial needs of society, havw developed female labor resources by rasing secretrial atandards through education. The level and degree to which their efforts will succeed in making actual contributions depends largely upon the employers use of womanpower resources. The manner in which business executives perceive secretrial roles and the responsibilities and duties executives assugn their secretaries will have a strong influence on secretarial education and positions. The purpose of this survey is to study Korean executives' concepts of their secretaries' status and performance. Questionnaires were given to 500 Korean executives covering domestic and foreing financed firms in Seoul. A random sampling of 435 individuals was made. A brief summary of the results show following: (1) Korea has achieved phenomenal economic and social growth over the past dacade as a result of its Five-Year Economic Development Plans. Its business society today is playing a major role in the raoid transition to industrialization and has close contact with the rest of the world. This behavior is characterized by a complex structural duality; that is, modernity and tradition. This duality is also fiund in the secreterial images Koream executives. The survey reveals that many executives regard their secretaried in a modern sense as an indispensable office partner for the attainment of company goals. They expect their secretaries to bring to the secretaial position more intelligence, more formal education at the college level, more initiative, better judgment, better office skills, and better appearance. But in the actual assigment of duties to their secretaries, quite a number of executives reveal traditional attitudes in their treatment of female workers. According to the survey, executives prefer single young secretaries, and they rank loyalty and obedience rether than secretarial office skills as the mostimportant qualifications for a good secretary. Furthermore, they do not have confidence in their secretaries by Western standards. In addition, only a very small number of secretaries are given the opportunity to participate in management decision processed, or to prove their ability in handling administrative and executive responsibilities. (2) The tendencies indicated by this survey are that the better the executives' education, the more likely they are to regard the secretary as a key person on the office staff, and that the secretarial images of the younger executives in their 30's are more modern and progressive than those of the late 40's age group. The professional managers who pursue the rationalism of modern management are willing to share responsibilities with their secretaries on an equal basis. The professionalism of the secretarial career is also more highly respected in the more educated executive group. Since our sicioeconomic progress is expected to continue at a speedy pace during the coming decade, the increasing demand for well-trained secretaries will expedite the upgrading of secretarial position in Korean business socity. (3) Severe competition in international markets and structural changes in our economic socity in the coming years can only be successfulty met with technical innovations in industrial development, with the fullest possible use of potential manpower. In these circumstances, rationalized management, increased employee productivity, and the efficiency of management by specialized women's professions will inevitably occur. With rapid economic growth, the demand for professional managers who understand the discipline of management and who also have knowledge in all disciplines that have relevance to management will increase at an unexpectedly rapid pace. Therefore, the demand for able secretaries who can demonstrate initiative, provide more assistance, and assume many secretarial resposibilities performed by male workers, will become more apparent in view of the manpower scarcity that has recently begun to appear. (4) The coming era is said to be an age of apecialization, and to develop specialized manpower will take a long time. In a specialized socity, secretaries will have to meet greater performance demands. The ability of a technician will be required to increase in relationship to pur scientific and technological progress, which has already brought about tremendous changes. As trade and communication among nations increase, and industrial firms become multi-national in character, the education of secretaries of excellent caliber, intelligence, and skills should be platarial standards and meeting the demand for secretaries, secretarial education has a double value: developing surplus female labor which can be mobilized immediately to meet the nation's economic needs and industrial advance on one hand, and an enhancement of women's social status in society on the other.

Productivity를 向上시키기 위한 數打字 指導法에 關한 實驗的 硏究

兪蓮淑 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1982 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.41 No.-

In terms of clarity and legibility typewriting has made a prominent contribution toward the efficiency of written communication ever since it was devised. Today, this remarkable contribution of typewriting aims at another new target-productivity : mailability : usability. In advanced countries the word processor (CRT) has been invented, and above all things typewriting speed is required for its productivity in the word processing center. However, in Korea where manual typewriters are still more prevalent than the electric, accuracy together with speed in the beginning course is considered as a main factor to improve typewriting productivity. Through many years' teaching experience of beginning English typing at college level and observation on students' performance, it was noticed that there is a strong relationship between numeric key typing and students' low-productivity in typewriting. Except for fewer than 10% of the students who continue their study in the intermediate typing course, the majority (90%) of the students who have taken the beginning course only and work in society in real life situations without receiving follow-up training on figure keys have poor technique and efficiency on numeric keys. Thus, even though the speed is lowered, they make a large number of and various kinds of errors. The big problem with making errors when typing numbers is that the incorrect numbers caused by mis-typing are more serious and critical than letter errors because they are neither so obvious nor self-explanatory to be corrected as the alphabetical spelling errors in words in their context in sentences. Sometimes even, when the errors caused by typing numbers are found, they are non-correctable. When the students with poor number technique come up with numbers, they have to look up frequently at the numeric keys on the key board, taking their eyes form the book as figures appear. Right after typing numbers, their eyes and fingers have to return to the former positions; that is, the eyes to the copy and the fingers to the home-key position on the second row. But here in the course of returning to the former positions, serious and non-correctable errors are incurred. As a result of the wrong return of eyes to the copy, such errors as either skipping a whole line or repeating the same line if the numbers are at the end of a line are made. Other possible errors here are either skipping a few works or skipping the last part of a line and jumping to the next line if the numbers are at the middle of a line. The wrong return of fingers, not to the correct home keys on the second row, but either to the wrong rows or to the wrong position on the second row incurred series of incorrect words, and sometimes a whole line of incorrect words resulted. These typographical errors caused by poor finger control of number keys are mostly non-correctable and are very costly. This point comes up against the productivity of typewriting. Some causes for lack of proficiency in typing the top row where numeric keys are located are : (1) insufficient practice at the time of initial learning to develop efficient motion patterns of figures; (2) inadequate follow-up practice on figures: (3) too infrequent demonstrations of correct motion typing figures. As the core cause which has generated all the above-cited problems related to number typing, the timing of teaching and learning number key typing in currently used textbooks is considered. A. Purposes The purposes of this research are to: 1. prove experimentally the empirical idea that the timing of numeric key introduction (almost at the end of the beginning course) may be a key factor that causes low-productivity in the beginning English typing class at the college level. 2. establish a base for the new course plan demanded for a beginning, but also the last, typewriting for most of the Korean college students who take English typing as one of the electives, and 3. increase overall effectiveness and productivity of typing. B. Statement of the Problems In order to accomplish the above-stated general research purposes, the following specific problems will be analyzed: 1. Comparison of the number of figure errors with that of letter errors made in the controlled group and the relationship between the number of figures which appeared in testing materials and the number of errors in each test. 2. The same in the experimental group. 3. Comparison of the typing speed of letter-only material with that of letter-plus number material in the controlled group. 4. The same in the experimental group. 5. Analysis of characteristics of the errors caused by typing numbers. 6. The same in the experimental group. C. Data Gathering method Based upon the procedure below, the necessary data have been accumulated. 1. Twelve intact classed (678 students) were utilized for this research. 2. Students were divided into two large groups - a controlled group and an experimental group. 3. In the controlled group prevalent teaching method of typing numeric keys (introducing numeric keys around the end of the course) was used whereas in the experimental group new timing (from the beginning stage of the course) was tried. 4. Pretest was skipped under the consideration of the facts that (a) the beginning typing course unlike English, mathematics, and other science course in a new learning experience for students, (b) all learners start essentially from ground zero, and (c) all have a fresh opportunity to experience success in an activity that is quite different from any of the activities in which they have engaged before. 5. As an ending procedure of the experiment, three kinds of tests were conducted in each group. 6. Test a consisted of letters only test b included not only alphabetical letters but also numbers, and test c was comprised of both letters and numbers which were relatively more difficult to type than those in test b. 7. This research has been done in the situation where students have not realized that they were objects of experimental research. D. Findings 1. GWAM (Gross Words A Minute) On each of three tests a, b, c, the experimental group scored GWAM 30.2, 27.0 and 23.7 which are lower than GWAM 32.5, 26.4 and 24.0 of the controlled group. However, on each decreasing rate of typing speed from test a to b and then to c, the experimental group marked lower rates 19.6% and 21.52% than 18.775 and 26.15% of the controlled group. This means that though the experimental group is inferior to the controlled group in overall typing speed, it has better handling power on numeric keys than the controlled group. 2. NWAM (Net Words A Minute) Compared with GWAM which considers the number of errors together with speed is a practical method to estimate students typing ability. On each of three tests a, b, c in the experimental group 112, 95 and 53 students scored 20 NWAM or more whereas in the controlled group 92,69 and 47 students marked the same score. Accordingly, the experimental group is better than the controlled group in NWAM. 3. Quantity and Quality of Errors a) On each of three tests a, b, and c the experimental group marked error percentages of 5.42, 5.35 and 6.49 of the total typewritten words, which are lower than the percentages of 7.54, 7.52 and 7.48 of the controlled group. b) On each of two tests b and c the experimental group made 357 and 282 numeric errors which are fewer than 585 and 324 of the controlled group. c) On each two tests b and c, 24.5% and 18.19% of the total errors are numeric errors in the experimental group whereas 28.70% and 17.59% numeric errors have been recorded in the controlled. d) In the experimental group, there were more students in the error range of -04 while on the other hand the largest number of students was in the error range of 5-14. e) On each of two tests b and c letter errors caused by typing numeric keys amounted to 437 and 520 in the experimental group whereas in the controlled group they amounted to 648 and 642. f) On each of two tests b and c the controlled group made a larger number of non-correctable errors such as skipping or repeating lines after typing, numbers and omitting some words following numbers, and malpositioning of fingers from the home keys after typing numbers as compared with the experimental group. In this specially important analysis of errors affected by typing numbers, it has been shown that the experimental groups excels over the controlled group by making 133 cases of such errors, 62 fewer than the controlled group. The foregoing analysis of the quantity and the quality of errors proves that the experimental group produced better results with higher accuracy and usefulness(usability) than the controlled group. As a result of this experimental study, the hypothesis that introducing numeric keys from the beginning of the course is better than introducing them at the end of the course in terms of productivity: mailability ; usability has been proved.

동경의 코리아타운과 한류: 오쿠보지역을 중심으로

유연숙 재외한인학회 2011 在外韓人硏究 Vol.25 No.-

사동문의 두 유형 분석

유연숙 연세대학교 영어영문학회 1988 영어영문학연구 Vol.10 No.-

한글의 機械化를 통한 事務의 合理化方案 硏究

兪蓮淑 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1981 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.38 No.-

"The Mechanization of Korean Language" is a much-heard and long-talked about subject. For more than 30 years, ever since the Korean typewriter was introduced in 1948, Korean people have hoped to accomplish the great task of mechanizing their language. The small, private letter-producing machine, the typewriter, aroused much interest and curiosity among people and they looked forward to the device with high expectations of what it would bring to the future of Korea. Nobody doubted that this machine would enable them to accomplish the task of mechanizing their language. Until today, however, it remains as an unfinished and uncertain problem; it has not progressed so smoothly and rapidly as it should have or as people had expected. The worst part is that prospects are not so bright ; in the lapse of more than thirty years of time people, loosing their interest in had concern for the task, have forgotten and become indifferent to the problem. However, in the light of the economic conditions in which Korea is presently situated, the task of Korean language mechanization is too important and urgent to be forgotten or delayed. In the world market of acute competition, Korea has many big internal and external difficulties like the rising costs of living and wages, the OPEC oil price increase, the expanding trends of protectionism in the advanced nations, and the keener competition between the old and newly rising countries, To cope with these grave difficulties, all our efforts should be focused on the development of competitive power. The rationalization of office work that contributes to the cultivation of competitive power can be realized when the office productivity is improved. Today's industry is challenged by the growing demand for information processing, and the business atmosphere is rapidly changing in order to meet the challenge. Typing also, so often regarded as a necessary evil, begins to be seen in a new light as a productive function serving a company's business needs. In consideration of its importance to the development of the nation, the mechanization of Korean language by means of typewriting should not be left alone to its present sluggish pace of progress. This study is to diagnose the present condition of Korean language mechanization, to find out the barriers that hinder and slow down the progressing speed, and to determine ways to expedite the mechanization that would directly improve office productivity and eventually would effect to work rationalization. The findings of the survey and the recommendations based on the findings are as follows : A. Findings 1. Only 23.8% of the 464 office workers could use Korean typewriters while 54.3% of them could type English. This means that English typing manpower exceeds that of the Korean by about 2.3 times. The rate that the Korean correspondence is typewritten is 81.7% whereas English papers are typed by 94.1%. 2. Typewriting is still, in most cases, an office skill possessed mainly by women office workers, but not, as in the States, an everyday activity in common use. Besides, there are many office workers who can type but do not type their work when not required because they are more accustomed to handwriting and think handwritten letters convey a more intimate feeling than typewritten letters' do. These and other facts reveal that the main reason of the delay in the mechanization of Korean language is that Korean typewriting has not yet been popularized and has not became a part of writing activities in our daily lives. 3. The delayed mechanization of Korean language is partly because of the problems connected with the Korean typewriter itself ; namely: a. Because typewriters are imported from abroad, only a very few persons can afford to own one. Most typewriters used in offices and in typing classrooms are manual, and both electric and power typewriters are not yet widely used. As long as there exist machine shortages, the skill to use them cannot become general. b. Several different keyboards existed until 1969 when the government invented a unified one. c. The characters do not look balanced vertically and horizontally in a regular tetragon. d. Together with Korean characters, many Chinese characters are used in written communications. But as Korean typewriters can type only Korean characters, it poses a big problem for mechanizing the Korean language. Either machines that type both Korean and Chinese characters should be invented or communications when written should be done in Korean characters alone. 4. The majority (96%) of white collar workers who cannot type are beginning to regard typing skills as a necessary and a useful office skill and are wishing to learn, if possible, and master typing techniques to the level that they can use the skill to compose their reports and letters on the machine. This means that the need for improving their paper work is being felt, and this awareness of the typing as a useful technique shows in high degrees the readiness for rationalization of office work. B. Recommendations From the nature and the importance if the task of mechanization of the Korean language and of the rationalization of office work, it is recommended that the task be a government project. The success that the government achieved in unifying the several different keyboards shows that the accomplishment of this great task can be expedited when it is carried out on the government level. To be more specific, it is desired that the government take a strong initiative in carrying out the following measures : 1. Make a research study for manufacture of modern Korean typewriters. When the manufacture of such modern Korean electric standard or selectric typewriters is made possible, the typewriters will come into general use. It will solve the problems of high price and lack of typewriters both in business offices and in classrooms. The interchangeable elements used on the selectric typewriters could be a solution to the look of the characters of the present Korean manual type-bar typewriters. 2. Encourage teaching typing skills at both' and girls' middle or elementary school levels. Teaching typing skills at earlier years will eventually increase the typing manpower and help people to use their typing skills in their writing activities from their earlier years, thus expediting the popularization of typing skills and establishing the basis on which the mechanization of the Korean language can be accomplished. 3. Establish many more business education departments in colleges and universities. Typing skills should be taught only by the teachers who majored in business education. To equip students to operate more sophisticated machines and to qualify them for responsible positions in the word processing environment are professional duties that can be fulfilled only by qualified professionals of this particular major field.

Productivity를 向上시키기 위한 數打字 指導法에 關한 實驗的 硏究

兪蓮淑 이화여자대학교 법정대학 비서학과 1983 비서학연구 Vol.- No.3

In terms of clarity and legibility typewiting has made a prominent contribution toward the efficiency of written communication ever since it was divised. Today, this remarkable contribution of typewriting aims at another new target-productivity: mailability: usability. In advanced countries the word processor (CRT) has been invented, and above all things typewriting speed is required for its productivity in the word processing center. However, in Korea where manual typewriters are still more prevalent than the electric, accuracy together with speed in the beginning course is considered as a main factor to improve typewriting productivity. Through many years' teaching experience of beginning English typing at college level and observation on students' performance, it was noticed that there is a strong relationship between numeric key typing and students' low-productivity in typewriting. Except for fewer than 10% of the students who continue their study in the intermediate typing course, the majority (90%) of the students who have taken the beginning course only^1) and work in society in real life situations without receiving follow-up training on figure keys have poor technique and efficiency on numeric keys. Thus, even though the speed is lowered, they make a large number of and various kinds of errors. The big problem with making errors when typing numbers is that the incorrect numbers caused by mis-typing are more serious and critical than letter errors because they are neither so obvious nor self-explanatory to be corrected as the alphabetical spelling errors in words in their context in sentences. Sometimes even when the errors caused by typing numbers are found, they are non-correctable. When the students with poor number technique come up with numbers, they have to look up frequently at the numeric keys on the key board, taking their eyes form the book as figures appear. Right after typing numbers, their eyes and fingers have to return to the former positions; that is, the eyes to the copy and the fingers to the home-key position on the second row. But here in the course of returning to the former positions, serious and non-correctable errors are incurred. As a result of the wrong return of eyes to the copy, such errors as either skipping a whole line or repeating the same line if the numbers are at the end of a line are made. Other possible errors here are either skipping a few words or skipping the last part of a line and jumping to the next line if the numbers are at the middle of a line. The wrong return of fingers, not to the correct home keys on the second row, but either to the wrong rows or to the wrong position on the second row incurred series of incorrect words, and sometimes a whole line of incorrect words resulted. These typographical errors caused by poor finger control of number keys are mostly non-correctable and are very costly. This point comes up against the productivity of typewriting. Some causes for lack of proficiency in typing the top row where numeric keys are located are: (1) insufficient practice at the time of initial learning to develop efficient motion patterns of figures; (2) inadequate follow-up practice on figures; (3) too infrequent demonstrations of correct motion patterns of the top-row keys because of time limitation; (4) fear of making errors when typing figures. As the core cause which has generated all the above-cited problems related to number typing, the timing of teaching and learning number key typing in currently used textbooks is considered. A. Purposes The purposes of this research are to: 1. prove experimentally the empirical idea that the timing of numeric key introduction (almost at the end of the beginning course) may be a key factor that causes low-productivity in the beginning English typing class at the college level, 2. establish a base for the new course plan demanded for a beginning, but also the last, typewriting for most of the Korean college students who take English typing as one of the electives, and 3. increase overall effectiveness and productivity of typing. B. Statement of the Problems In order to accomplish the above-stated general research purposes, the following specific problems will be analyzed: 1. Comparison of the number of figure errors with that of letter errors made in the controled group and the relationship between the number of figures which appeared in testing materials and the number of errors in each test. 2. The same in the experimental group. 3. Comparison of the typing speed of letter-only material with that of letter-plus-number material in the controled group. 4. The same in the experimental group. 5. Analysis of characteristics of the errors caused by typing numbers. 6. The same in the experimental group. C. Data Gathering Method Based upon the procedure below, the necessary data have been accumulated. 1. Twelve intact classes (678 students) were utilized for this research. 2. Students were divided into two large groups-a controled group and an experimental group. 3. In the controled group prevalent teaching method of typing numeric keys (introducing numeric keys around the end of the course) was used whereas in the experimental group new timing (from the beginning stage of the course) was tried. 4. Pretest was skipped under the consideration of the facts that (a) the beginning typing course unlike English, mathematics, and other science courses in a new learning experience for students, (b) all learners start essentially from ground zero, and (c) all have a fresh opportunity to experience success in an activity that is quite different from any of the activities in which they have engaged before. 5. As an ending procedure of the experiment, three kinds of final tests were conducted in each group. 6. Test a consisted of letters only, test b included not only alphabetical letters but also numbers, and test c was comprised of both letters and numbers which were relatively more difficult to type than those in test b. 7. This research has been done in the situation where students have not realized that they were objects of experimental research. D. Findings 1. GWAM (Gross Words A Minute) On each of three tests a, b, and c, the experimental group scored GWAM 30.2, 27.0 and 23.7 which are lower than GWAM 32.5, 26.4 and 24.0 of the controled group. However, on each decreasing rate of typing speed from test a to b and then to c, the experimental group marked lower rates 10.6% and 21.52% than 18.77% and 26.15% of the controled group. This means that though the experimental group is inferior to the controled group in overall typing speed, it has better handling power on numeric keys than the controled group. 2. NWAM (Net Words A Minute) Compared with GWAM, NWAM which considers the number of errors together with speed is a practical method to estimate students' typing ability. On each of three tests a, b, c, in the experimental group 112, 95 and 53 students scored 20 NWAM or more whereas in the controled group 92, 69 and 47 students marked the same score. Accordingly, the experimental group is better than the controled group on NWAM. 3. Quantity and Quality of Errors a) On each of three tests a, b, and c, the experimental group marked error percentages of 5.42, 5.35 and 6.49 of the total typewritten words, which are lower than the percentages of 7.54, 7.52 and 7.48 of the controled group. b) On each of two tests b and c the experimental group made 357 and 282 numeric errors which are fewer than 585 and 324 of the controled group. c) On each of two tests b and c, 24.5% and 18.19% of the total errors are numeric errors in the experimental group whereas 28.70% and 17.59% numeric errors have been recorded in the controled. d) In the experimental group, there were more students in the error range of 0~4 while on the other hand the largest number of students was in the error range of 5~14. e) On each of two tests b and c letter errors caused by typing numeric keys amounted to 437 and 520 in the experimental group whereas in the controled group they amounted to 648 and 642. f) On each of two tests b and c the controled group made a larger number of non-correctable errors such as skipping or repeating lines after typing, numbers and omitting some words following numbers, and malpositioning of fingers from the home keys after typing numbers as compared with the experimental group. In this specially important analysis of errors affected by typing numbers, it has been shown that the experimental group excels over the controled group by making 133 cases of such errors, 62 fewer than the controled group. The foregoing analysis of the quantity and the quality of errors proves that the experimental group produced better results with higher accuracy and usefulness(usability) than the controled group. As a result of this experimental study, the hypothesis that introducing numeric keys from the beginning of the course is better than introducing them at the end of the course in terms of productivity: mailability: usability has been proved.

韓國 經營人의 秘書觀

兪蓮淑 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1978 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.32 No.-

While more and more women in Korea are becoming career oriented in parallel with our rapid economic development, their opportunities for social debouchment are still limited in many ways. Women with higher education find it especially difficult to find jobs in their fields of specialization, and few are employed. Compared with other occupations, secretarial jobs for women are more extensively open to them as a result of technical business improvement and modernization. It can therefore be said that the secretarial career is becoming one strategic factor in women's social advancement which may eventually lead to an enhancement of women's status in society as a whole. Some colleges and universities, foreseeing the rapidly developing industrial needs of society, have developed female labor resources by raising secretarial standards through education. The level and degree to which their efforts will succeed in making actual contributions depends largely upon the employers use of womanpower resources. The manner in which business executives perceive secretarial roles and the responsibilities and duties executives assign their secretaries will have a strong influence on secretarial education and positions. The purpose of this survey is to study Korean executives' concepts of their secretaries' status and performance. Questionnaires were given to 500 Korean executives covering domestic and foreign financed firms in Seoul. A random sampling of 435 individuals was made. A brief summary of the results show following: (1) Korean has achieved phenomenal economic and social growth over the past decade as a result of its Five-Year Economic Development Plans. Its business society today is playing a major role in the rapid transition to industrialization and has close contact with the rest of the world. This behavior is characterized by a complex structural duality: that is, modernity and tradition. This duality is also found in the secretarial images of Korean executives. The survey reveals that many executives regard their secretaries in a modern sense as an indispensable office partner for the attainment of company goals. They expect their secretaries to bring to the secretarial position more intelligence, more formal education at the college level, more initiative, better judgment, better office skills, and better appearance. But in the actual assignment of duties to their secretaries, quite a number of executives reveal traditional attitudes in their treatment of female workers. According to the survey, executives prefer single young secretaries, and they rank loyalty and obedience rather than secretarial office skills as the most important qualifications for a good secretary. Furthermore, they do not have confidence in their secretaries by Western standards. In addition, only a very small number of secretaries are given the opportunity to participate in management decision processes, or to prove their ability in handling administrative and executive responsibilities. (2) The tendencies indicated by this survey are that the better the executives' education, the more likely they are to regard the secretary as a key person on the office staff, and that the secretarial images of the younger executives in their 30's are more modern and progressive than those of the late 40's age group. The professional managers who pursue the rationalism of modern management are willing to share responsibilities with their secretaries on an equal basis. The professionalism of the secretarial career is also more highly respected in the more educated executive group. Since our socioeconomic progress is expected to continue at a speedy pace during the coming decade, the increasing demand for well-trained secretaries will expedite the upgrading of secretarial positions in Korean business society. (3) Severe competition in international markets and structural changes in our economic society in the coming years can only be successfully met technical innovations in industrial development, with the fullest possible use of potential manpower. In these circumstances rationalized management, increased employee productivity, and the efficiency of management by specialized womens professions will inevitably occur. With rapid economic growth, the demand for professional manages who understand the discipline of management and who also have knowledge in all disciplines that have relevance to management will increase at an unexpectedly rapid pace. Therefore, the demand for able secretaries who can demonstrate initiative, provide more assistance, and assume many secretarial responsibilities performed by male workers, will become more apparent in view of the manpower scarcity that has recently begun to appear. (4) The coming era is said to be an age of specialization, and to develop specialized manpower will take a long time. In a specialized society, secretaries will have to meet greater performance demands. The ability of a technician will be required to increase in relationship to our scientific and technological progress, which has already brought about tremendous changes. As trade and communication among nations increase, and industrial forms become multi-national in character, the education of secretaries of excellent caliber, intelligence, and skills should be planned and carried out over a long period of time. Finally, it may be noted that by raising secretarial standards and meeting the demand for secretaries, secretarial education has a double value: developing surplus female labor which can be mobilized immediately to meet the nation's economic needs and industrial advance on one hand, and an enhancement of womens social status in society on the other.