IncotermsⓇ2020의 주요 개정 내용에 관한 고찰

신학승,김동윤 한국무역연구원 2019 무역연구 Vol.15 No.5

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to check the revision done relative to the new Incoterms®2020 rules. With the release of the new Incoterms®2020, the clauses of delivery, transfer of risk and allocation of cost as well as any problems arising from such clauses need to be re-examined. Design/methodology/approach - This study reviewed and compared the articles of Incoterms® 2010 and the ICC‘s draft and publication of the Incoterms®2020. Findings – The review revealed that one of the D terms are revised such that the term “DAT” is deleted and insteda, the term “DPU” is newly adopted. Moreover, the C terms’ insurance conditions on the practice usage are changed. Insurance applicable scope(choice of coverage) is widely for the user’s convenience. In addition, the ICC gives a warning about the F term’s misuse on the business practice. The ICC suggests the recommendation for accurate using FCA term, when the Container cargo carried and issuing the on board B/L. Finally, VGM has left on next discussion. It was difficult that obligations and costs relating to VGM were too specific and complex to add in the Incoterms®2020. Research implications or Originality – The ICC Incoterms® rules govern the use of international trade and it is available for use by sales parties so that they are able to divide risk, costs and obligations. Since ICC’s first codified a set of trading terms, this was globally accepted on the contractual standard and modified continuously. Now, with the revision of previous Incoterms® rules. Incoterms®2020 rules offer a simpler and clearer presentation of all the rules for international sales parties. Nevertheless, we can apply accurate terms for use in the overseas market and international contracts.

정기용선계약에서 제3자 화물손해 책임에 관한 연구

신학승 한국통상정보학회 2013 통상정보연구 Vol.15 No.2

By the revision of the Commercial Code of Korea in 1991 and 2007, some provisions for the regulation of Time Charterparty have been introduced into our own maritime law system. But, those provisions are in their nature mainly the reproduction of the provisions prescribed in the standard forms of time charterparty which are widely used, such as BALTIME Charter and NYPE Form, and the subject matters of their regulation are restrictive, so that the applicability of the provisions is not desirable. The cargo is lost or damaged, the cargo owner should seek compensation form, or sue, the carrier as, traditionally, under the COGSA, the cargo carrier is responsible for loss of damage of cargo. However, it is difficult to determine who is the responsible carrier under charters. There is no test to determine the carrier, but the courts in every country generally consider the bill of lading. Although the master has general authority to sign bills of lading on behalf of the shipowner, he can also sign bills of lading for, and on behalf of, the charterer. In this case, the charter is considered the carrier. Furthermore, the charterer is authorized to contract with third parties on behalf of the shipowner and, as such, the responsible carrier is the shipowner. Therefore, when determining the carrier we should examine carefully the all factors and the circumstances surrounding the case. Also, negligence of a captain of a time-chartered ship causing damages to a third party. It will analyze the legal character of a time-charter contract, review judicial precedents on time-charter. The Inter-Club Agreement was drawn up and is intended to be a somewhat easier way of allocating liability for cargo claims between owners and charterers and, although there is still scope for disputes to arise, the Inter-Club Agreement does in fact to some extent make the allocation of liabilities for cargo claims easier. Finally, it will also make legislative suggestions to resolve complex issues involving maritime transportation contracts under the current Commercial Code. 우리나라의 정기용선 관련법은 2007년에 상법의 기존 규정에 대해 근본적으로 바꾸지 않고 유지하는 방향으로 개정함으로써 본 계약에서 중요한 제3자에 관한 권리․의무의 문제는 제외하였다. 따라서 현재, 정기용선과 관련하여 제3자에 대한 책임 문제를 해결하는데 상법을 통한 해결 방법의 도출보다는 법적·실무적인 사례들의 검토를 통해 논의하는 것이 적절하다 판단되고 있다. 정기용선계약은 당사자인 선주와 용선자 간에 이뤄지는 사적계약이며 계약의 특수성에 의해 제3자의 운송물에 손해가 발생하였을 때에 책임 주체를 명확히 하는 것이 어렵다. 이에, 선의의 제3자에 대한 운송물의 재산적 권리 보호를 위해 정기용선계약 하에서 선주와 용선자 중 누가 운송인인지를 구분․확정하는 것에 대한 법적·실무적인 기준의 정립이 필요하다. 현재, 정기용선 계약에서 당사자 간의 유책자 판단에 대해 법적 성질을 이용한 확정 방법은 그 명확성에 대해 논쟁 중인 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 정기용선계약의 특성에 입각하여 제3자의 화물 손해에 대한 책임 주체의 자격 확정을 어떻게 할 것인가에 목적을 두고, 이에 따라 제3자 손해의 책임 주체를 찾아내기 위해 정기용선계약에서 논란이 되어 온 법적 성질을 검토·고찰하고 운송인의 자격을 확정할 수 있는 이외의 방법이 있는지, 또 운송 계약 하에서 책임 주체로서 운송인 확정을 위한 방법이 무엇이 있는지 검토 한다. 본 연구는 제3자 손해에 대한 구제 방안으로 당사자 간의 운송인 확정의 방법, 용선계약 내에 Inter-Club Agreement의 포함을 통한 제3자의 손해에 대한 책임 분담의 방법, 제3자의 구제 방안에 대한 규정의 상법에의 도입 또는 개정을 통한 방법을 검토하며 이러한 방법들이 정기용선계약 하에서 발생한 제3자의 손해 처리에 용이한 도움이 될 것이라 제시해 본다.

국제 해운 온실가스 배출량 보고 제도 시행에 따른 해운 선사의 대응 방안에 관한 연구: MRV와 DCS를 중심으로

신학승,김동윤 한국무역연구원 2020 무역연구 Vol.16 No.5

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze the new marine environmental regulations, MRV and DCS. Through this, the government will review regulatory trends in eco-friendly shipping policies and provide information to shipping companies. Design/Methodology/Approach This study reviewed and compared the articles of EU’s MRV and the IMO‘s DCS and publication of the UN and marine pollution research papers. Findings The background and purpose of the establishment of the DCS, the background and purpose of the establishment of the MRV and the connection of the two systems and the impact on shipping policy were reviewed. Each country and international organization were compared to achieve eco-friendly goals. Furthermore, the port authorities’ eco-friendly policies were compared with those of shipping companies. Various schemes and methods for achieving these environmental goals were cross-comparated. Finally, we will examine whether these eco-friendly policies will act as environmental and technical barriers to trade. Research Implications Various studies have been conducted, including the enactment of international regulations on the shipping environment, port policies of individual countries, and eco-friendly regulations on shipping companies with international characteristics, but there is a lack of research to unify them to compare the changes in the system and the characteristics of each system, and we have focused our research on them. Furthermore, not only the trend research on eco-friendly policies, but also the method of sustainable management of shipping companies was reviewed.

국제무역에서 신용장의 운송서류 요건 중 본선적재부기의 실무적 사용에 관한 연구

신학승,김동윤 한국무역보험학회 2023 무역금융보험연구 Vol.24 No.6

국제매매계약을 통한 거래에서 신용장을 통한 대금 거래의 경우, 일반적으로 신용장을 발행한은행이 수익자(매도인)으로부터 서류를 받아 대금을 지급하고, 이후 발행의뢰인(매수인)으로부터 상환을 받는 형태로 진행이 된다. 대부분의 문제는 국제매매계약에 따라 물품의 운송이진행되는 동안 은행은 서류만을 검토하고 대금을 지급하여야 하기 때문에 지급한 대금에 대한회수가 가장 중요한 문제가 된다. 이에 따라 신용장통일규칙에는 운송과 관련된 서류의 검토기준이 제시되어 있는 바, 은행과 수익자는 이를 정확하게 인지하여 서류 제시 절차를 진행하여야 하며, 은행은 서류의 확보를 통해 지급에 대한 대금 상환의 안전을 확보하게 된다. 이에본 연구는 현재까지도 무역 실무 상에 있어 해석의 논란이 되고 있는 본선적재부기 일자에대해 신용장통일규칙의 조항의 해석과 실무적 사용 사례를 통해 이에 대한 문제점을 검토하였다. 국제상업회의소의 의견과 신용장통일규칙을 통해 운송서류의 본선적재부기의 해석에 대한 문제점 및 서류 불일치에 대한 문제 해결의 목적을 달성하기 위한 해결 방안과 운송서류의사용 상의 시사점을 제시하였다. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to examine and inform the correct use of the on board notation as a condition of transportation documentation in the use of letters of credit. Research design, data, methodology : The paper uses the literature research and ICC’s Guidance Papers and article analyzes. Also analyze various cases of other transport documents and UCP 600 regulations and ISBP on bank practices. Results : It sets out the correct use of the on board notation on transportation documents used in the letter of credit method of trade practice. In addition, the various transportation document provisions of UCP 600 are revisited to review their proper use.. Conclusions : The ICC's opinion and UCP 600 are reviewed, and a solution to the problem of interpreting shipping documents for the purpose of solving the problem of documentation discrepancies and the implications for the use of shipping documents are presented

부산항의 일반 화물 물동량 분석을 통한 항만 경쟁력 확보에 관한 연구

신학승,조상리 한국항만경제학회 2023 韓國港灣經濟學會誌 Vol.39 No.4

Busan Port, as Korea's representative trading port, handles a variety of port cargo from bulk cargo to container cargo. Busan Port is currently functioning as a container specialized port for North Port and Busan New Port, and Gamcheon Port is also handling container cargo mainly in bulk cargo. This study intends to examine the overlapping cargoes and specialized cargoes between these ports and Busan Port as the amount of import and export cargoes in ports designated as trade ports in Korea is increasing. In order to understand the characteristics of the major cargoes handled in the port, the quantitative change is confirmed through the total cargo volume of major domestic ports and the trend of changes in import/export cargo between Busan Port and major ports is analyzed. There are many specialized investigation methods, but as the most basic method, we will examine quantitative changes and causes by simply examining the data for 10 years as the amount of change by cargo. In addition, the causes of these fluctuations should be reclassified into domestic and foreign causes by identifying changes in customers in different ports and shipping volumes, changes in consumption areas, and transshipment volumes. Through the analysis of the major cargo volume of each port, the characteristics and fluctuation trends of major cargo handled in Busan Port and other ports are identified, and the competitive cargoes of each port are verified. Through this, the characteristics and competitiveness of the port are inferred, and implications for the cargo volume of Busan Port and future countermeasures are suggested.

항공 운송인의 화물 파손 책임에 대한 연구

신학승 한국무역통상학회 2022 무역통상학회지 Vol.22 No.1

Advances in aviation have led to the establishment of international rules of air transport. In present, the Montreal Convention is the new International Aviation Rule. Montreal convention stipulates the responsibilities between passengers/shippers and carriers. Therefore, the purpose of the introduction and the revision process of this international convention related to aviation is confirmed. Two points are analyzed in this paper. First, comparison and analysis of liability for cargo damage in Montreal Convention and air transport regulations in our country's commercial law. Second, analyze of liability cases for damage. Through, it examines how the international air transport rules interpret and apply liability for cargo damage.

정기용선계약에서 용선자의 지시에 관한 연구 - 영국 법원의 판례를 중심으로 -

신학승 한국무역통상학회 2009 무역통상학회지 Vol.9 No.3

A very large proportion of the world trade is carried in chartered vessels. The right granted to charterers by most standard form time charters is to give orders as to the employment of the vessel. Until recently, definition on the distinction between orders as to employment and as to navigation was ambiguous and difficult. The difficulty involved in drawing the line between employment and navigation has been highlighted by the recent case of Hill Harmony. The trend in recent cases has been to recognize and give effect to the width of the charterers' power to give orders to the vessel. As it is the charterers who pay for the vessel, they are entitled to use the vessel as they see fit. The purpose of this article aims to analyse cases on the employment order and navigation order in time charter, and specially to review recent developments and trends in English law in relation to the nature and effect of time charterers' order. A very large proportion of the world trade is carried in chartered vessels. The right granted to charterers by most standard form time charters is to give orders as to the employment of the vessel. Until recently, definition on the distinction between orders as to employment and as to navigation was ambiguous and difficult. The difficulty involved in drawing the line between employment and navigation has been highlighted by the recent case of Hill Harmony. The trend in recent cases has been to recognize and give effect to the width of the charterers' power to give orders to the vessel. As it is the charterers who pay for the vessel, they are entitled to use the vessel as they see fit. The purpose of this article aims to analyse cases on the employment order and navigation order in time charter, and specially to review recent developments and trends in English law in relation to the nature and effect of time charterers' order.

전자무역계약에서의 준거법 결정 요인에 관한 연구

신학승(Hak Sung Shin),김동윤(Dong Yoon Kim) 한국무역연구원 2014 무역연구 Vol.10 No.6

Many contracts are now made to some extent electronically, and this can only increase in the future. These electronic contracts are made between a person and an electronic agent. To understand applicant law in electronic trade, we need to begin by asking what contract law governs electronic contracts dealing with information as the subject matter. The first concerns what applicable law governs the contract. The issues here involve traditional choice of law or conflicts of law questions. Since many electronic contracts for information assets occur online, the choice of law questions are often made difficult by the capability of online systems to function independent of geographic boundaries that traditionally defined the scope of a given country or state s law. The second dimension of the question asks which body of contract law within a jurisdiction governs the transaction. While contract law is at least within a given jurisdiction, the reality is that both in common law and in statutory or regulatory dimensions of law, numerous sub-fields of contract law exist with their assumptions about applicable law, and other important issues. This article offer to some guidance to resolve in applicable law conflict to make contract on electronic trade.

정기용선계약에서 선박 및 선장에 대한 용선자 지시의 범위와 해석에 관한 연구

신학승(Hak-Sung Shin),이양기(Yang-Kee Lee) 한국무역학회 2014 貿易學會誌 Vol.39 No.1

장애인의 여가활동과 자아정체성 형성의 관계분석

신학승(Hak Seung Shin),이훈(Hoon Lee) 한양대학교 관광연구소 2014 觀光硏究論叢 Vol.26 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 장애인의 여가활동 참여정도를 조사하고 그에 따른 자아정체성 형성의 관계성을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 여가활동의 하위영역으로 문화예술활동, 스포츠활동, 관광활동, 취미오락활동, 휴식활동, 그리고 기타활동으로 구분하였으며, 자아정체성을 하위영역으로 주체성, 미래확신성, 친밀성, 목표지향성, 그리고 주도성으로 나누어 각 여가활동 참여정도에 따른 자아정체성 형성의 관계를 분석하였다. 분석결과 장애인의 여가활동별 참여정도는 휴식활동이 가장 높게 나타났으며 취미오락활동, 기타활동, 스포츠활동, 문화예술활동, 관광활동 순이었다. 각 여가활동 참여정도가 자아정체성 형성에 미치는 영향력을 분석한 결과 문화예술활동, 스포츠활동, 휴식활동, 기타활동이 주체성에 긍정적 영향을, 스포츠활동과 휴식활동 그리고 기타활동이 미래확신성에 긍적적 영향을, 스포츠활동이 친밀성 형성에 긍정적 영향을, 문화예술활동과 기타활동이 목표지향성에 긍정적 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 주도성과 자기수용성에는 여가참여정도가 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 각 장애인의 각 여가활동 참여정도와 장애인의 긍정적 자아정체성 형성을 위한 여가활동 참여의 필요성에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다. This study was to analyze leisure participation for people with disabilities and it’s relation with forming of ego-identity. To meet this purpose, the leisure activities were classified into 6 sub-groups such as culture & art activities, sports activities, tourism activities, hobby & entertainment activities, relaxing activities, and other activities. Ego-identity consisted of 6 sub-groups such as independence, conviction of the future, intimacy, goal directedness, initiative, and self-acception. As a result, the most participated leisure activities were relaxing activities and next came hobby & entertainment activities, other activities, sports activities, culture & art activities, and tourism activities. For the results of relations between participation in leisure activities and ego-identity, culture & art activities, sports activities, relaxing activities, and other activities had a positive effect on independence. Also, sports activities, relaxing activities, and other activities had a positive effect on conviction of the future, and sports activities had a positive effect on intimacy. Lastly, culture & art activities and other activities had a positive effect on goal directedness. On the other hand, no leisure activity had s significant effect on initiative and self-acception. These research results suggest the necessity for people with disabilities to participate in leisure activities to form positive ego-identity.