A Critical Review of Approaches to Ethnicity

설병수 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2008 International Area Studies Review Vol.11 No.2

This article attempts to critically review established approaches to ethnicity and to suggest a new term to it. Most researchers on ethnicity have located their own work conceptually in either the primordial perspective or the circumstantial perspective. However, the dichotomy has been overdrawn. At an analytical level, one the one hand, the synthesis of these two approaches has been emphasized. Ethnic groups form, persist and are related to the wider society because of many factors; some factors derive from cultural heritage and others are of a situational or circumstantial nature. On the other hand, a large number of empirical studies have demonstrated that an ethnic group can be understood in terms of both the primordial dimension and the circumstantial context. In short, any theory or empirical study of ethnicity should take into account not just the instrumental functions of ethnicity in the pursuit of social interests, but also the cultural formulations and the shared sense of descent that people derive from their ethnic identities. Viewed in this way, ethnic expression changes and primordial ties of ethnicity can be transformed into rational and instrumental interests. I also maintain that an ethnic group should be understood in terms of both the expressive dimension and the instrumental aspect, and both aspects should be understood in dialectical relationship with one another. In this paper, I suggest the term ‘mediating reference point’ to help overcome the theoretical limitations of the primordial-circumstantial dichotomy and to provide a richer interpretation of ethnicity. In my view, ethnicity, which mediates between diverse human relations and between different values and norms, is expressed and utilized differently at both the individual and collective levels, whether it influences the life process of ethnic groups either positively or negatively.

해외 이민의 명암 : 호주 내 한인들의 이민 동기와 실제 생활

설병수 재외한인학회 2001 在外韓人硏究 Vol.11 No.1

정기시장에 대한 민족지적 연구

설병수 국립민속박물관 2004 민속학연구 Vol.0 No.14

재외 한인사회 연구와 인류학적 조사방법

설병수 전남대학교 글로벌디아스포라연구소 2004 전남대학교 세계한상문화연구단 국내학술회의 Vol.2004 No.11

The Complexity and Implications of Land Issues in South Africa

설병수 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 아프리카연구소 2011 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.29 No.-

The purpose of the present article is to examine the complexity and implications of land issues in South Africa in terms of its historical experiences during the period from pre-apartheid to post-apartheid. South Africa suffered a long history of colonization, racial domination and land dispossession which resulted in the bulk of the agricultural land being owned by a white minority. Black people resisted being dispossessed but were defeated by the superior arms of whites. That is to say, the South African history concerned with land issues has been stained with domination and exploitation by whites. This implies that there is the history of colonial conquest and land dispossession which lies at the heart of the land question in the state. Post-apartheid South Africa has embarked on market-driven programmes of land reform that can be described both as very ambitious, when measured against existing constraints, and as very modest, when measured against popular demand and need. Their goals appear to be certainly impressive: to redress the injustices of a grossly skewed land distribution system, to reduce poverty, to contribute to sustainable land use and economic development, and to establish tenure security for all. However, the post-apartheid governments have faced with diverse difficulties in developing policies and programs to encourage or protect remnants of traditional land systems in South Africa. As a result, it is said that the land reform policies since the post-apartheid period have been characterized by the following words: failure, ambivalence, vagueness, dilemma and discrepancy. In my opinion, such a phenomenon evidently shows that South Africa did not away with the social order which was established through colonial rule. The main objective of land reform in the country should be to bring a just and equitable transformation of land rights. This objective has the following four dimensions. First, land reform must address the gross inequality in land holding. Second, it must provide sustainable livelihoods in ways that contribute to the development of dynamic rural economies. Third, particular attention must be given to the needs of marginalized groups, especially women, so as to overcome past and present discrimination. Finally, rural people themselves must participate fully in the design and implementation of land reform policies.

민족지의 맥락에서 본 정기시장-안동 구담장의 사례를 중심으로-

설병수 한국역사민속학회 2003 역사민속학 Vol.17 No.-

Land Tenure and Transaction Practices in Ghana : A Case Study of the Ejisu-Juaben Municipal Area

설병수 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 아프리카연구소 2012 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.31 No.-

Today, Ghana just like many other African countries is undergoing rapid socioeconomic transformations. Population pressure is increasing, and consequently competition over land is becoming intense more and more. Urban settlements are growing fast, encroaching on agricultural land and attracting youths from rural areas. In many places, local production systems are being incorporated into the global economy which has promoted the commercialization of the agricultural economy and the introduction of cash crops. These phenomena have greatly influenced on local land relations and are influencing on the way customary tenure systems operate. The purpose of the present article is to discuss land issues in Ghana in the context of land tenure, use and transaction practices, focusing on the Ejisu-Juaben Municipal area, Ashanti Region. As discussed in this paper, land issues in Ghana, just like in many other African countries, are very complex and subtle. It seems that many disputes related to land tenure and transaction in the local level have chiefly derived from the following two reasons. One is that the paramount chief and common people have different recognitions of land ownership. The other is that Ghanaian rural people in general have no proper land documentation. On the other hand, even though communal land has been utilized as the most important source for the maintenance of local economic independence, contemporary chiefs have become landowners, and hence have exploitative attribute. Clearly, different recognitions of land ownership between the chief and his people and the absence of land documentation will bring about much more troubles as urbanization, the privatization of land and the commercialization of agricultural economy are advanced in Ghanaian society. Nevertheless, it is also true that the future of the land issues in the country is entirely dependent on Ghanaian people’s own will and judgement, and any outsiders should not intervene in them.

호주 내 한인들의 소규모 사업과 종족 자원의 두 얼굴

설병수 한국문화인류학회 2002 韓國文化人類學 Vol.35 No.2

해체 위기에 처한 보츠와나 산(San)족 사회:종족 역학과 개발 정책의 영향

설병수 한국아프리카학회 2018 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.55 No.-

The purpose of this study is to examine how ethnic dynamics and the Remote Area Development Programme (RADP) in Botswana have influenced on the dissolution of San society. The San are the first natives of Botswana. They began to experience the history of the oppression and exploitation in the late 19th century when the Tswana became the dominant ethnic group. During the British colonial period, the San’s lives became more impoverished because of the dual rule by the Tswana and the colonial government. At the time of Botswana’s independence, approximately three-quarters of the San population were already absorbed into the mainstream society. Until today, the unequal ethnic structure in Botswana has been not ameliorated at all. The san are living as the marginal people, by being incorporated into the bottom of the socioeconomic system of Botswana. More worse, the RADP launched in 1974 has led even the San in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve to destruction. A small number of San remaining in the Reserve are suffering from many difficulties in gaining access to their social services or livelihoods. The San, who were forcibly evicted from the Reserve, have totally lost their traditional ways of life. Diverse social ills and modern diseases are seriously threatening their survival. From the San’s perspectives, the Programme is nothing but a policy to exterminate minorities, which has been conducted in the name of development. There is no doubt that San society in Botswana is faced with the crisis of dissolution. 본 연구의 목적은 보츠와나의 종족 역학과 오지개발프로그램(RADP)이 산족 사회의 해체에 어떤 영향을 미쳐 왔는지를 검토하는 데 있다. 산족은 보츠와나의 최초 원주민이다. 이들은 19세기 후반 츠와나족이 지배 종족으로군림하게 되면서 억압과 착취의 역사를 경험하기 시작했다. 영국 식민지 시대 동안 츠와나족과 식민지 정부의 이중 지배로 산족의 삶은 더욱 피폐해졌다. 보츠와나가 독립했을 무렵 산족 인구 중 4분의 3가량은 이미 주류 사회에 흡수되어 있었다. 오늘날까지 보츠와나 사회의 불평등한 종족 구조는 전혀 개선되지 않고 있다. 산족은 사회·경제 체계의 밑바닥에 편입되어 주변적인 존재로 살아가고 있다. 게다가 1974년부터 시작된 오지개발프로그램은 중앙칼라하리 동물보호구역에 있던 산족마저 파멸로 이끌었다. 보호구역에 남아 있는 소수의 산족은 사회 서비스에 접근하거나 생계를 이어가는 데 많은어려움을 겪고 있다. 강제 이주를 당한 산족은 전통적 생활방식을 완전히 상실했다. 이들은 각종 사회악과 현대 질병에 시달리면서 생존을 위협받고 있다. 산족의 관점에서 볼 때 이 프로그램은 ‘개발’이라는 미명 하에 진행된‘소수 종족 말살 정책’에 불과할 뿐이다. 보츠와나의 산족 사회는 ‘해체 위기’ 에 직면해 있다.

안동권의 場市에 대한 연구

설병수 경북대학교 영남문화연구원 2003 嶺南學 Vol.- No.4