Effects of Attentional Focus on Reaction Time in Sprint

백준형 한국체육학회 2019 International journal of human movement science Vol.13 No.3

Reaction time (RT) is one of the most important factors when looking at successful performance in multiple sports. Sports that require fast RTs include track and field, swimming, tennis, football, and so on. All these sports require good RT because it determines the overall performance of the athlete. Of the number of factors influencing RT, researchers have stated that the focus of attention provided by the instructor in the form of instruction or feedback can have a great impact on motor skill learning and performance. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of different focus of attention condition on RT in the sprint. Thirty college students participated in this study. They were divided into two groups instructing with two different attentional focus conditions. The results found that participants in the external focus of attention group improved their RT. Although the sample size of this study is small, this study showed the evidence that the use of external attentional focus would decrease RT even for college students.

테크놀로지융합 체육교육에 대한 고찰

백준형,윤성준 한국홀리스틱융합교육학회 2019 홀리스틱융합교육연구 Vol.23 No.4

The purpose of this article is to discuss a variety of educational technologies and their possible application strategies into physical education(PE) classes. For the last few decades, there has been a rapid growth in technology. The rapid development of smart phone and wireless network has changed not only many aspects of human life but also the ways to teach and learn in the field of education. Educational scholars have suggested that use of technology in education can move away from traditional education system (passive learning style) and facilitate student-student and teacher-students interaction which in turn results in active learning style. Researchers in the field of PE have found that technology use in PE can increase motivation, knowledge about physical activity and sports, and physical activity levels. In respond to this, Korean government have encouraged teachers to implement technology into their teaching and learning, but there has been a lack of technology use by PE teachers. Therefore, this article discussed a variety of educational technologies and their possible use in PE classes to encourage PE teachers to implement them to use in their PE classes.

팀 스포츠교육을 통해 인지된 내적동기 및 기대가치

백준형 한국홀리스틱융합교육학회 2020 홀리스틱융합교육연구 Vol.24 No.1

본 연구는 연령, 성별, 인종이 다른 미국 중학생들의 팀 스포츠에 대한 내적동기와 기대-가치를 조사하고 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 위해 미국 남서부에 위치한 3개의 중학교에 재학 중 인 학생들을 모집하였다. 총 252명(여학생 135명, 남학생 117명)의 다인종 학생들이 참여하였다. 참 여한 학생들은 3가지의 팀 스포츠 중 하나의 팀 스포츠를 3주간 교육받았다. 3주간의 팀 스포츠 교 육이 끝난 후 내적동기와 기대-가치를 측정하는 설문지를 작성하도록 요청받았다. 내적동기수준을 측정하기 위해 Intrinsic Motivation Inventory(IMI)(McAuley, Duncan, & Tammen, 1989)와 기대-가치를 측정하기 위해 Expectancy-Value Questionnaire(Eccles & Wigfield, 1995)가 사용되었다. 자료는 일원변 량분석(ANOVA)를 사용하여 분석하였으며 F검증에 유의한 차이가 있을 경우 사후검정분석을 실시하 였다. 팀 스포츠를 대하는 중학생들의 내적동기와 기대-가치를 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결과가 나 타났다; 1)저학년에서 고학년으로 올라 갈수록 팀 스포츠에 대한 내적동기(Intrinsic motivation)가 감소 하였다. 2)남학생들은 여학생에 비해 팀 스포츠에 더욱 큰 흥미를 가지며 팀 스포츠 참여에 더욱 노 력을 한다고 인지하였다. 3)저학년에서 고학년으로 올라갈수록 팀 스포츠에 대한 주관적 과제가치 (Subjective Task Value)는 낮게 평가되었다. 4)남학생들은 여학생들에 비해 팀 스포츠에 대한 자신의 능력과 성공기대를 높게 평가하였다. 연령, 나이와 상관없이 모든 학생들의 체육 수업참여를 증진시 키기 위해 체육교사는 학생들의 특성을 이해하고 그들의 다양한 욕구를 충족시키기 위한 다양한 교 육내용과 교수방법을 고민하고 활용할 필요성이 있다. The purpose of this study was to investigate middle school students’ intrinsic motivation and expectancy-value towards team sports. For this study, students attending three different middle schools which are located in Southern-Western region of United States were recruited. Total of 252 middle school students with different age, race, and gender participated in this current study. They engaged in a team sport for three weeks. After three weeks, they were asked to complete a survey measuring intrinsic motivation and expectancy-value with respect to team sport. ANOVA was used to analyze the collected data, and post-hoc test were performed when significance was found. This study found followings: 1)Students’ intrinsic motivation about team sports were decreased as they moved from 6 grade to 8 grade. 2)Male students’ interest and efforts to participate in team sports were higher than that of females. 3)Perceived importance of team sports were decreased as they get older. 4)male students’ beliefs about their ability to perform a team sport and their expectation for success were higher than female students. The results of this study indicates that physical education teachers should understand the diverse characteristics of students and use a variety of activities and instructional strategies to meet the diverse needs of students.

코로나 시대의 건강관리

백준형 한국웰니스학회 2020 한국웰니스학회 학술발표회 Vol.2020 No.11

COVID-19로 인해 초등교사가 경험한 온라인 체육수업 계획과 실천의 어려움과 극복방안 탐색

백준형,윤성준 한국홀리스틱융합교육학회 2020 홀리스틱융합교육연구 Vol.24 No.4

본 연구는 일곱 명의 초등 교사가 COVID-19 동안 온라인 체육 수업을 계획하고 실천하면서 겪 었던 어려움과 극복 방법을 탐색하는데 목적이 있다. 이 논문은 COVID-19로 시행된 온라인 수업 준비 및 수행하면서 초등 교사들이 겪었던 다양한 감정과 경험을 심층적으로 이해하였다. 경기, 인 천지역에 근무 중인 7명의 초등 교사를 대상으로 반 구조화된 인터뷰를 하였다. 전사된 인터뷰 자 료는 Braun과 Clarke(2006)가 제시한 6단계 주제 분석을 통해 분석하였다. 온라인 체육수업의 계획과 수행 과정에서 겪었던 어려움과 관련된 주제 분석에서 다음의 4가지 주제를 찾아내었다: 1) 새로운 교육 형태의 경험 부족에서 일어난 두려움, 2) 온라인 체육수업에 대한 의구심, 3) 학생들의 참여율 을 증진시킬 수 있는 수업 구성의 어려움, 4) 교사의 교과 내용 지식 부족. 온라인 수업과정의 어려 움 극복과 관련된 분석에서는 다음의 3가지 주제가 도출되었다: 1) 교과서, 2) 교육청 자료, 3) 교사 학습공동체 커뮤니티. 자료분석에서 도출된 결과는 심층적으로 논의되었으며 포스트 코로나 시대에 필요한 교육방안에 대해 제시하였다. The purpose of this study was to understand the difficulties that in-service elementary teachers had when planning and teaching online physical education (OLPE) during COVID-19 and their strategies to overcome the difficulties. Seven elementary teachers who work in Gyeonggi-do and Incheon province participated in this study. They participated in semi-structured interview approximately for 25-30 minutes. All interview were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcription was analyzed by the thematic analysis. Four themes emerged from the data regarding difficulties to plan and perform OLPE. During planning phase, two theme emerged: 1) dreading about OLPE due to lack of OLPE, 2) suspicious feeling about OLPE. In the teaching OLPE phase, two themes emerged: 1) difficulty to develop OLPE to encourage students’ participation, 2) difficulty due to lack of content knowledge. With respect to strategies to overcome the difficulties, participants utilized three resources: 1) instructor guide provided by textbook, 2) information from department of education, 3) teacher learning community. The results were further discussed.

예비 초등교사의 초등체육경험 및 교사신념 탐구

백준형,윤성준 한국홀리스틱융합교육학회 2021 홀리스틱융합교육연구 Vol.25 No.1

The purpose of this study was to explore pre-service generalists’ beliefs about the purpose of physical education(PE), and their past elementary PE experiences, and their influence on their pedagogical beliefs. Six pre-service elementary generalists were recruited. For this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Three themes emerged from the data: 1)development of social skills and foundation for lifelong physical activity(LPA), 2) mixed elementary PE experiences, 3) influence of the mixed experiences on the perception of teaching elementary PE. Understanding pre-service teacher’s past PE experience and their pedagogical beliefs about PE is important because the beliefs formed by the experience significantly influence the way they learn and teach, and water down all training that teacher education provides. Thus, PE teacher educators should understand past PE experiences and pedagogical beliefs of pre-service teachers and help them build good pedagogical beliefs. This would provide quality PE to students who want to be PE teachers.

데이터를 활용한 운동 및 건강관리

백준형 한국웰니스학회 2021 한국웰니스학회 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.9

최근 건강과 운동에 대한 일반인들의 관심은 지속적으로 증가되고 있다. 여기에 코로나 19로 인해 일어난 장기간의 사회적 거리두기는 일반인들의 건강 및 운동에 대한 관심이 급격히 높혔다. 이러한 사회적 현상은 헬스케어 기능이 있는 정보통신기기에 대한 수요로 이어지고 있다. 최근 스마트 헬스케어와 그와 관련된 콘텐츠산업인 스마트 워치, 헤드마운트 디스플레이, 스마트 밴드, 스마트 패치와 같은 건강과 관련된 웨어러블 기기들은 지속적인 성장을 보이고 있다. 이러한 스마트 헬스케어 기기들은 사용자의 신체활동량, 심박수, 혈압, 체내 수분량 및 산소량 등 다양한 정보를 모니터링할 수 있게 하며 건강의 이상 징후를 초기에 발견하고 대처 가능케 한다. 이에 본 발표는 스마트 헬스케어 시대에 건강관리 데이터를 제공할 수 있는 다양한 스마트 기기들과 이들이 제공하는 데이터와 활용방안에 대해 논하고자 한다.

태권도 수련생 학부모들의 태권도 수련결정 및 지지 동기와 만족도에 대한 심층탐구

백준형 국기원 2020 국기원태권도연구 Vol.11 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate and understand Taekwondo trainee parents’ expectations about Taekwondo education and their satisfaction on Taekwondo. For this study, of parents whose child or children have attended a Taekwondo institution located in Kyeong-Gi province, the researcher selected twelve parents by using the simple random sampling method. The parents participated in a semi-structured interview for 15-20 minutes. All interviews were audio- recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcription was analyzed by using six steps of thematic analysis suggested by Braun and Clarke(2006). To ensure the trustworthiness of the data, member check, peer debriefing, and detailed description of the phenomenon were utilized. As a result of thematic analysis, three themes emerged from the data in terms of parents’ expectation of Taekwondo education: 1) Development of self-confidence, 2) Development of physical condition and 3) Parents’ own Taekwondo training experience. With respect to satisfaction of Taekwondo education, three themes were found: 1) Development of physical fitness, 2) Development of self-confidence, and 3) Development of social skill. This current study found that Taekwondo trainees who participated in this current study showed a positive development of self-confidence, physical fitness levels, and social skills. However, Taekwondo instructors should keep in mind that all these benefits do not occur automatically. The effects of training can differ based on the instructor’s teaching philosophy, instructional methods, and learning environment that the instructor created. Thus, Taekwondo instructors should intentionally select and teach learning content and design the meaningful learning environment. 본 연구는 태권도 수련생 학부모들의 태권도 수련결정 및 지지 동기와 기대, 그리고 태권도 교육에 대한 만족도를 조사하고 이해하는데 목적이 있다. 연구 참여자는 경기도 A 시에 거주하며 H 태권도장에서 수련하고 있는 초등학생들의 학부모 중 12명을 단순무작위표본 방식으로 선정하였다. 연구에 동의한 학부모들은 반 구조화된 인터뷰에 참여하였다. 전사된 인터뷰는 Braun & Clarke(2006)의 6단계 주제 분석으로 분석되었으며 연구의 진실성 확보를 위해 구성원 간 검토, 동료 간 협의, 그리고 심층적 기술 방법이 활용되었다. 주제 분석 결과 학부모들은 태권도 수련을 통해 자녀들의 ‘자신감 향상’과 ‘신체건강 발달’을 기대하였고 ‘학부모들의 과거 태권도 수련경험’이 자녀들의 태권도 수련을 결정하고 지지하는데 큰 역할을 한 것으로 나타났으며, 모든 학부모들은 태권도 교육결과에 만족을 보였으며 자녀들의 ‘신체건강’, ‘자신감’, ‘사회성’의 주된 변화에 만족감을 나타내었다. 비록 본 연구는 태권도 수련이 신체적 건강과 자신감, 그리고 공동체 생활습관 형성 및 도덕적 행동 함양이라는 긍정적 효과를 밝혔지만 태권도 지도자들은 모든 태권도 수련이 자동적으로 이러한 긍정적인 교육적 효과를 이끌지 않는다는 것을 인지해야 하며 태권도의 교육적 효과는 지도자의 교육철학, 역량, 지도방법, 그리고 교육내용에 따라 달라질 수 있으며 의미 있는 교육효과가 나타나기 위해선 지도자들은 교육목표와 교육내용을 의도적으로 계획하고 긍정적인 교육환경에서 지도해야 한다.

Elementary Pre-service Teachers’ Past Physical Education Experiences and Their Impacts on Beliefs about the Purposes of Elementary Physical Education.

백준형,김민현,이재용 한국체육학회 2019 International journal of human movement science Vol.13 No.3

For the last few decades, researchers in the field of education have paid attention to the critical role of teachers’ beliefs in teaching and learning (Pajares, 1992; Tsangaridou, 2008). Teachers’ beliefs are explicitly and implicitly embedded in their teaching. By identifying teachers’ beliefs, teacher educators understand why the teachers selected certain contents and instructional strategies in the complex teaching environment. Studies found that teachers’ beliefs are significantly influenced by their past experiences. Especially, teachers’ beliefs are developed through K-12 school experiences. Thus, the purpose of this study was to understand pre-service elementary generalist teachers’ past physical education (PE) experiences and the impacts on the beliefs about the purposes of elementary PE. Six pre-service elementary generalist teachers who have attended a University of Education in South Korea participated in semi-structured interviews. This study found that the participants believed elementary PE should teach children social skills, fundamental movement skills, and interest in physical activity and sports. Regarding past PE experiences, participants expressed mixed feelings about their past PE experiences. The mixed experiences made them perceive how elementary PE should be taught. Participants who experienced positive elementary PE believed that elementary PE teachers should teach social skills and fundamental movement skills because they recognized the importance of those skills in elementary PE. In contrast, participants who had negative experiences believed that elementary PE teachers should teach fundamental movement skills because they did not learn the basic skills during their K-6 years which discouraged them to participate in advanced sports.

블랜디드 러닝을 적용한 교육대학교의 체육실기 강의에 대한 효과적인 운영 방안 탐색

백준형,이희수 한국사회체육학회 2022 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.- No.90

Purpose: The purpose of this study aims to investigate the effective ways to implement a physical activity course based on blended learning at a national university of education. Method: Five participants who actively participated in the course were recruited for this study. Various qualitative data were collected as part of this qualitative research, including in-depth interviews, memory notes, and evaluation outcomes from motor skills and written tests. For data analysis, a constant comparative method for inductively analyzing data was used to categorize themes connected with the research questions regarding limitations and effectiveness on the physical activity course. Results: The results of this study largely derived two broad categories. First,‘limitation on motor skills development’includes ‘the lack of desire and motivation’, ‘low level of fundamental motor skills’,and ‘limitation of class environment.’. Second,‘increasing teaching confidence and interest on the physical activity units.’was connected with ‘confidence on teaching behavior for content development’and ‘development of positive consideration about physical education as a school subject. Conclusion: It will be necessary to implement physical activity courses based on blended learning focusing on not only developing motor skills, but also promoting cognitive and affective learning so as to maximize the effectiveness of physical activity courses, especially for pre-service elementary teachers who have low levels of interest and motor skills.