대한예수교장로회(통합)의 기독교교육학의 형성과 발전

박화경(Hwa-Kyung Park) 한국기독교교육정보학회 2011 기독교교육정보 Vol.31 No.-

This article is the study of the 100 years' history of Christian Education in PCK. It is concentrated on its study since 1960s when it has academically begun, after its short summary of pre-1960s. Firstly, it is divided into the periods of time such as the dawning, the breaking-in period, the time of flowering, the gloomy time and the reconstructing time. And the development of Christian Education's curriculums is checked and researched especially in Presbyterian college and Theological Seminary (so-called Jangsin dae). The forming and the developing process of Christian Education are analyzed according to three periods of time. At the first period of time from 1960 to 1980 the study of Christian Education is formed and set in. The second period of time from 1980 to 2000 is that of the most and best developed level in terms of quantity and quality. The third period of time from 2000 until now is that of considering the past study of Christian Education and of mobilizing its new aim and direction. This article is to find out the new and desirable ways of Christian Education on the basis of the past 100 years' study in PCK. It is firstly concluded that the study of Christian Education should move from its method-centered education to the deeper teaching of theological theory and spirit which provide its theoretical base. It will help that individuals, church and society can be changed according to Christian virtue and spirit. Secondly, our past aim was to convert non-Christians into Christians as church members, but our present desire is to make them more mature, humane and responsible for society. Thirdly, we have to shift Christian Education's aim and goal from concentrating upon individuals' to social-historical dimensions both for church within society and for the world.

기독교 경제교육의 필요성과 방향

박화경(Hwa-Kyung Park) 한국기독교교육정보학회 2012 기독교교육정보 Vol.35 No.-

본 논문은 세계화 시대에 급변하고 있는 경제질서에 대응할 수 있는 기독교 경제교육의 필요성을 논하고 기독교 경제교육의 필요성과 방향을 제시하였다. 먼저, 세계화로 인한 범지구적인 경쟁으로 인해 오늘날 세계에는 수많은 문제점들이 나타났다. 빈부격차가 심해지고, 인간다운 삶을 살아갈 수 없는 사람들이 증가되며, 생태계가 파괴될 뿐만 아니라 가치관의 왜곡현상도 나타나고 있다. 살인적인 경쟁으로 인하여 공동체의식은 깨뜨리고 개인주의적이고 성공지상주의 가치관이 나타났으며, 배금주의 가치관이 날로 강화되고 있고, 신앙은 사적인 영역으로 물러나게 되었다. 이런 가치관이 반기독교적인 가치관임에도 불구하고 현재 교회에서는 기독교 경제교육을 실시되지 않고 있음을 예장(통합)교단의 교재를 통해 분석하였다. 기독교 경제교육이 실시되지않기 때문에 기독교인들도 반기독교적인 경제 가치관에 지배당하고 있음을 논하면서 기독교 경제교육의 필요성을 주장하였다. 다음으로는 교회가 기독교 경제교육을 실시하기 위해서 하나님의 뜻에 상응하는 경제가 무엇인지 알아야 하기 때문에 성서와 에큐메니칼 문서에 기초하여 “하나님의 경제”가 무엇인지 정의하였다. 하나님의 경제란 인간다운 삶을 파괴하는 가난을 몰아내는 경제이며, 인간의 본뉴적 가치와 자유에 근거한 경제요, 공동체성을 추구하는 경제이며, 지구공동체의 생명을 살리는 경제임을 논증하였다. 그리고 난 뒤에 하나님의 경제의 시각에서 오늘날 지배적 경제질서인 신자유주의 경제를 평가하고 문제점들을 지적하였으며, 이를 극복하기 위해 오늘날 제시되고 있는 다양한 경제대안들을 제시하였다. 위의 연구에 기초하여 하나님의 경제를 위한 기독교교육의 방향을 넬슨(C. E. Nelson)의 이론과 필자의 기독교 경제 연구그룹에서 얻어진 경험에 기초하여 제시하였다. 하나님의 경제를 공부하는 성인공부그룹의 필요성을 논하고 난 뒤에 하나님의 경제교육에 반드시 포함되어야 할 교육내용을 모색하고 교육방법을 제시하였다. This article is to suggest the necessity and direction of Christian Economic Education in order to face and adjust new and alien economic order in such global period of time. Firstly, there are a lot of problems arising because of universal competition by means of globalization in the present world. It is easily seen that the gulf between the rich and the poor is bigger and bigger, people are losing the humanly quality of life, the ecosystem of the natural world is being ruined and the world of value is twisting. The awareness of community is weakening and individualizing. Such values as success for success’ sake and mommonism and fetishim are dominating in our society and human’s mind. Faith and Religion are also impropriating and personalizing. However, even though they are anti-christian and remarkably a trend in our time-spirit, our church is not interested in such problems and not considering Christian economic education to overcome them, analyzing our church(PCK) school texts. I insist that it is very necessary for our church to overcome the value of anti-christian economics and to educate the value of Christian economics and its life. Secondly, my study is to show both what God’s economics means on the basis of the Bible and Ecumenical documents and what church does for Christian economic education. It is insisted that God’s economics is that of reducing the poverty ruining humanly life, that of pursuing communal life and that of keeping all kinds of life of global community. Lastly, I judge the views of neo-liberalism’s economics dominating all of us and its problems from the point of God’s economics’s view and suggest some alternatives to overcome them. In conclusion I suggest the desirable ways of Christian education for God’s economics on the basis of C. E. Nelson and Christian economic study group to which I belong. I propose the educational contents to meet God’s economics, after insisting to build the study group for it.

세대 간 교류교육(Intergenerational Education)의 중요성과 교육모델에 대한 연구

박화경(Hwa-Kyung Park) 한국기독교교육정보학회 2010 기독교교육정보 Vol.26 No.-

Korean society experiences the serious division and conflict between generations. This thesis aims both to analyze the cause of the division and conflict phenomena between generations existing within Korean society and church and to propose concrete educational models after examining the theological and educational aspects of intergenerational education. The first cause of the division between generations comes from the change of family structure in modern industrial society. Its second cause comes from the change of the institutions in relation to work places, schools and church, etc. The last cause is on the fast increasing medial industry which results in the blocking between generations. I believe that intergenerational education is to be needed in order to solve the division and conflict between generations mentioned above. Human beings are so-called "Generationswesen" in that they are made and exist in relations within generations. Therefore they are supposed to live as the beings depending upon each other. Old and young generations are equipped with the responsibilities to take care of each other with solidarity. In doing so, our society and life become enriching. Accordingly church is to build up the reliability between generations throughout koinonia by means of intergenerational education. Faith in God, the aim of church education, is to deliver to younger generations throughout koinonia between generations which make possibly other generations understand each other. And the intergenerational koinonia surely bring wider community consciousness between generations and open up the variety of views and ideas in terms of human beings and society Intergenerational education is to aim at communal learning with cross-age-generations, sharing their knowledge and experience and delivering their genuine christian faith and life style. There are four forms of intergenerational education, which are common experience, parallel learning, contributive occasion and interactive sharing. The plan and process of intergenerational education proceed three steps of planning, managing and evaluation. The programs of intergenerational education are as follows: integrated workshop, event, mentoring, cross-age-group sharing, worship service, worship-education program, weekly class, all-congregation camp, family group and social service, etc.

노인 환자의 영양결핍 대상자 선별을 위한 MNA 간소화 및 적합성 검증

박화경 ( Hwa Kyung Park ),임보경 ( Bo Kyoung Lim ),최성희 ( Sung Hee Choi ),이혜련 ( Hye Ryeon Lee ),이도상 ( Do Sang Lee ) 한국정맥경장영양학회 2009 한국정맥경장영양학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Purpose: The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is a shortened version of the longer tool, and this was developed to assess the nutritional state of the elderly. This tool uses measurements of the mid-arm circumference and calf circumference, which are among the MNA`s list of items relating to anthropometric measurements. But due to the difficulty and complication of placing measuring tools everywhere, we attempted to use a shortened version of the tests by transforming the tests into three different types to get easier and quicker results. Methods: The three types of transformation were as follows:1) deleting the problems related to anthropometric measurement, which are Q (Mid-arm circumference in cm)and R (Calf circumference in cm) 2) deleting two items, and 2 points were reduced from the standard test (Q, R:1 point reduced from each) and 3) the original, screening part and assessment part were transformed and the assessment was carried out to the end and evaluated regardless of the screening score. Results: The subjects of the study consisted 121 women and men who were admitted as patients; they were all aged 65 or over and capable of communication. The results of the assessment of the MNA, the anthropometric Measurements and the laboratory data were compared to determine if there were any correlations among them. The average age of the study subjects were 73.79±6.01. The nutritional assessment results were as follows: those in well nourished state (A) were 19%, those at risk of a malnourished state (B) were 52.1%, and those with a malnourished state (C)were 28.9%. According to the MNA results, each group` saverage age, BMI, PIBW and laboratory data showed a significant difference between the three groups. Conclusion: As the group`s nutritional state tended towards a well nourished status, the score of the shortened version of the MNA also increased. Therefore, we conclude that we can predict the malnutrition tendency of elderly patients by using the results of the shortened version of the MNA. (KJPEN 2009;2(1):13-18)

하나님 나라를 지향하는 지역교회의 코이노니아(Koinonia) 형성을 위한 교육

박화경(Hwa-Kyung Park) 한국기독교교육정보학회 2016 기독교교육정보 Vol.0 No.51

이 논문은 하나님 나라가 하나님과 사람과 창조세계 사이에 완벽한 코이노니아(Koinonia)가 이루어지는 곳이기 때문에 지역교회는 하나님 나라에 상응하는 코이노니아를 세상 속에 드러냄으로 교회와 세상이 가야할 길을 제시하고, 하나님 나라의 표지판이 되어야 한다고 주장하면서 코이노니아 형성을 위한 교육의 방향을 모색하였다. 이를 위해 먼저, 하나님 나라를 지향하는 지역교회 코이노니아의 신학적 근거를 몰트만의 삼위일체론에 근거하여 페리코레시스(Perichoresis)적인 삼위일체 하나님의 코이노니아를 제시하였다. 그리고 하나님의 코이노니아에 상응하는 지역교회 코이노니아가 갖추어야 할 특징을 분석하였다. 그리고 난 뒤에 하나님 나라의 코이노니아의 모습이 비교적 잘 나타나고 있는 세 교회를 선정하여 그 교회 코이노니아의 특징을 설명하였다. 마지막으로 하나님 나라를 지향하는 지역교회 코이노니아 형성을 위한 교육을 교육목적, 영역, 방법, 그리고 리더십으로 나누어 제시하였다. This is to study the directions of Christian education for forming Koinonia, insisting that local churches expose Koinonia reflecting God’s kingdom into the world as its post and that they show the ways working with society together. It is because the fact that God’s kingdom is the very place that the integral Koinonia among God, human beings and creatures is to be accomplished. To deal with it, first of all, here I have suggested the theological basis of local churches’ Koinonia, i.e., the Koinonia of trinitarian God perichoresisly based upon Moltmann’s Trinitarianism. Then I have analyzed the features of local churches’ Koinonia reflecting God’s Koinonia. Finally I have suggested the purpose, scopes, methods and leadership to form the local churches’ Koinonia towards God’s Kingdom.

몰트만의 신학이 한국 기독교교육에 미친 영향

박화경(Hwa-Kyung Park) 한국기독교교육정보학회 2015 기독교교육정보 Vol.0 No.44

반생명적 청소년 문화를 극복하기 위한 기독교교육의 과제

박화경(Hwa-Kyung Park) 한국기독교교육정보학회 2014 기독교교육정보 Vol.0 No.41

이 논문의 목적은 오늘날 한국 청소년의 삶과 생명을 파괴하는 청소년 문화의 반생명적 특징을 지적하고 이를 극복하기 위한 기독교교육의 과제를 제시하는 것이며 크게 네 부분으로 나눌 수 있다. 첫째, 예수 그리스도의 생애와 사역의 핵심이었던 하나님 나라의 관점에서 생명문화가 무엇인지 몰트만(J. Moltmann)의 신학에 근거하여 그 특징을 알아보았다. 생명문화란 하나님이 생명의 창조자요 생명의 원천임을 인정하는 문화이며, 생명존중의 문화이고, 삶을 긍정하고 삶의 기쁨을 주는 문화이며, 사랑과 사귐의 문화요 나눔의 문화이며, 그리고 정의와 평화의 문화이다. 둘째, 생명문화의 관점에서 청소년 문화를 진단하기 위해 먼저 청소년의 문화환경을 살펴보고 반생명적 특징을 분석하였다. 무신적 세계관, 생명경시, 허구성, 폭력성, 공동체성의 약화와 개인주의, 배금주의, 선정성 등이다. 셋째, 이런 반생명적 청소년 문화를 극복하기 위한 기독교교육의 과제를 제시하였다. 삶의 의미와 희망을 주는 교육, 타인과 세계의 생명에 대한 존중과 책임의식고취, 사귐의 문화와 코이노니아 공동체 형성, 정의와 평화의 공동체를 위한 대안을 찾는 교육, 그리고 창조세계에 대한 교육이 요청된다. 넷째, 이런 과제 달성을 위한 구체적 방법으로 새로운 영웅상의 정립을 위한 노력, 교회의 생명문화교실, 뉴미디어의 적극적 활용, 멘토링의 확산, 생명문화기구를 위한 학교기구 만들기 생명문화 확산을 위한 수준 높은 매체 개발, 그리고 청소년 쉼터만들기 등을 제시하였다. This thesis is to point out the characteristics of life-threatening culture of Korean teenagers and to propose the tasks of Christian education for overcoming it. It has four parts to be dealt with it. Firstly, the issue of life culture and its features are dealt with on the basis of Moltmann"s theology from the perspective of God"s kingdom, which is the core of Jesus Christ"s life and ministry. Life culture is to recognize the fact thatGod alone is life"s creator and source. It is the culture consisting of life respect, of life loving and joy giving, of love, koinonia and sharing and of justice and peace. Secondly, the cultural environment of teenagers and the characteristics of life-threatening culture are analyzed to estimate their culture from the perspective of life culture. They are the atheistic world view, disregard for life, and trend of violence, extreme individualism, weakening community, mammonism, illusion and provocative style, etc. Thirdly, it is proposed as to what the tasks of Christian Education to overcome the life-threatening teenagers" culture mentioned above are. They are the variety of the learning for meaningful life and hope, the respect and responsibilities for the others and the world"s life, the culture of sharing and koinonia, the alternative education for the community with justice and peace and finally the new education for creation world. Fourthly, the practical ways of such tasks are proposed as follows: they are exploring new models to imitate, opening and running the classes of life culture in church, exploring and using new and creative media, extending mentoring systems, schooling and developing the extension of life culture and providing shelters for teenagers in need.

The Cytoskeletal and Chromosomal Constitution of Vitrified Immature Mouse Oocytes

박세필,이봉경,김은영,남화경,이금실,윤산현,정길생,임진호,Park, Se-Pill,Yi, Bong-Kyung,Kim, Eun-Young,Nam, Hwa-Kyung,Lee, Keum-Sil,Yoon, San-Hyun,Chun, Kil-Saeng,Lim, Jin-Ho The Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine 1999 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.26 No.3

연구목적: 본 연구는 동해방지제인 EFS40을 이용한 초자화동결이 생쥐 미성숙란의 cytoskeleton과 염색체의 성상에 미치는 영향을 indirect immunocytochemistry방법과 염색체 분석법으로 알아보고자 실시하였다. 연구재료 및 방법: 본 실험은 생쥐 미성숙란을 EFS40 (40% ethylene glycol, 18% ficou과 0.5 M sucrose가 들어있는 M2배양액)으로 초자화 동결하여 융해한 후 16시간동안 체외 성숙을 유도하여, 제 1극체가 나타난 성숙된 난자를 기준으로 동해제노출군 또는 대조군과 비교 조사하였다. 결과: 초자화동결된 미성숙란의 응해 후 생존율과 체외성숙율은 90.3%과 64.7%로써, 동해제노출군 (86.7%, 69.2%)과 대조군 (100%, 58.3%)에 유사하였다. 초자화동결이 미성숙란의 microtubule과 microfilament에 미치는 영향을 조사하였던 바, 동결군의 microtubule과 micro-filament의 정상적인 형성율 (93.9%, 100.0%)은 동해 제노출군 (94.4%, 100.0%)과 대조군 (100.0%, 100.0%)의 성적과 유사하게 나타났다. 또한, 초자화동결군에서 정상적인 염색체수를 가진 난자의 비율도 65.8%로써, 대조군(79.6%)과 노출군 (69.0%)의 결과와 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론: 생쥐 미성숙란을 EFS40에 노출하고 동결하는 것이 미성숙란의 cytoskeleton과 염색체성상에 영향을 미치지 않으며, 본 연구에서 사용된 EFS40을 이용한 초자화동결법은 생쥐 미성숙란 동결에 적합하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. This study was to confirm whether the vitrification method using EFS40 freezing solution has detrimental effect on the cytoskeleton and chromosome constitution of the immature mouse oocytes by indirect immunocytochemistry and chromosome analysis. Immature mouse oocytes were vitrified using EFS40 (40% EG, 18% ficoll, 0.5 M sucrose diluted in M2 medium), thawed and then survived oocytes were in vitro matured for 16 hr. When the microtubule morphology and micro filament distribution in vitrified-thawed immature mouse oocytes were examined, normal percentage of two cytoskeleton in vitrified group (93.9 and 100.0%) was not significantly different from that in control (100.0 and 100.0%) and exposed group (94.4 and 100.0%). The rate of oocytes containing a normal chromosome number in vitrified group was 65.8%, this result was not significantly different from that in control (79.6%) and exposed group (69.0%). These results indicated that exposure to cryoprotectant or freezing has not effect on the alteration of cytoskeleton morphology and the chromosome constitution of mouse oocytes and that our vitrification methods using EFS40 freezing solution was suitable for the cryopreservation of immature mouse oocytes.

SPE전처리 및 GC/MS 분석에 의한 디아제팜 및 그 대사체들의 동시분석

최화경(Choi Hwa-Kyung),이주선(Lee Ju-Seon),최혜영(Choi Hye-Young),우상희(Woo Sang-Hee),이한선(Lee Han-Sun),박유신(Park You-sin),정희선(Chung Hee-sun) 한국법과학회 2003 한국법과학회 학술대회 Vol.2003 No.1

Establishment of In Vitro 3-Dimensional Culture System of Mouse Endometrial Cells;I. Cytohistological Study on Mouse Endometrium

남화경,김은영,이금실,박세영,박은미,권중균,윤산현,박세필,임진호,Nam, Hwa-Kyung,Kim, Eun-Young,Lee, Keum-Sil,Park, Sae-Young,Park, Eun-Mi,Kwon, Jung-Kyun,Yoon, San-Hyun,Park, Se-Pil,Lim, Jin-Ho The Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine 2000 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.27 No.1

연구배경: 본 연구는 마우스의 자궁에 있어 착상시 일어나는 자궁내막의 변화를 미세구조적 측면에서 관찰하고, 이러한 기초 자료를 바탕으로 마우스 자궁내막세포를 이용한 3차원적 체외 배양시스템을 확립하는데 있다. 실험동물은 임신이 유도된 $6{\sim}8$ 주령의 ICR을 이용하였다. 연구재료 및 방법: 생검 조직은 hCG 접종 후 D1과 D5에 자궁 전체를 적출하여 획득하였다. 채취된 조직은 2.5% glutaradehyde와 1% osmium tetroxide를 이용하여 고정시킨 후, 탈수, 포매 및 절편 과정을 거쳐 염색시키고, 광학현미경, 투과전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였으며, 주사전자현미경을 이용한 관찰을 위한 표본은 고정된 조직을 탈수, 건조 및 코팅 과정을 거쳐 획득하였다. 결과: 1) 광학현미경상에서, 후기 분비기인 D5의 생검 조직은 초기 분비기인 D1의 조직에 비해 결합조직의 증가에 따른 기질층의 확장이 두드러졌으며, 이와 함께 자궁내막선과 혈관이 크게 발달되어 있었다. 2) 투과전자현미경상에서, 마우스 자궁내막의 미세구조는 단충원주형의 표면상피세포층, 기저층 및 기질층의 3층을 이루고 있었다. 또한, D5에서는 미세융모, 소포체, 골지체, 지질, 글리코겐 및 분비 과립 그리고 기저층의 표면적이 크게 확장되어 있었다. 3) 주사전자현미경상에서, 분비기가 진행될수록 마우스 표면상피세포의 주름의 정도와 미세융모의 분포가 크게 증가함을 알 수 있었으며, 특히 마우스의 착상시기인 D5에서는 자궁 수용성의 표지자인 자궁돌기의 출현이 두드러졌다. 마우스의 자궁돌기는 자궁내벽을 따라 불규칙적으로 좁은 지역에 분포하고 있었으며, 동일표본 내에서도 서로 다른 발달 단계를 보여주고 있었다. 결론: 마우스 자궁내막의 형태학적 변화에 관한 이러한 관찰 결과는 마우스의 자궁내막이 발정주기 중 특히 착상직전의 시기에 커다란 형태학적 변화를 경험함을 보여주었다. This study was designed to identify the ultrastructural changes of mouse endometrium during peri-implantation period and obtain the fundamental information for the establishment of 3-dimensional culture system of mouse endometrial cells in vitro. The used female ICR mice ($6{\sim}8$ wks) were conducted on pregnant. The biopsies were obtained from whole uterus at cycle day 1 (D1) and day 5 (D5) after hCG injection and mating. The biopsies materials were fixed 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% osmium tetroxide. Subsequently, for observation using light and transmission electron microscopy (LM and TEM), they were dehydrated and embedded in Epon and the embedded biopsies were sectioned and stained. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the fixed specimens were dehydrated, dried and coated with gold. 1) For LM, the biopsied materials at D5 (late secretory phase) were appeared the extended stromal layer by increased connective tissues and the fully developed endometrial glands and vessels compared with D1 (early secretory phase). 2) For TEM, the mouse endometrium was consisted of 3-layers, a simple polarized columnar epithelial cells, basement membrane and stromal cells. At D5, the distribution of microvilli, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lipid and glycogen deposits, secretory granules and surface area of basement membrane were increased. 3) For SEM, the degree of folding and microvilli of surface of mouse epithelial cells was became more and more according to the process of secretory phase, and at D5, implantation time of mouse, the appearance of pinopodes as a specific marker of uterine receptivity was found. The uterine pinopodes of mouse were found in narrow sites at the luminal surface, irregularity and appeared the different stages in the same sample. Therefore, these results indicated that the mouse endometrium was experienced dramatic morphological changes during peri-implantation period.