진언문(眞言門) 정토관행(淨土觀行)의 사적(史的) 전개에 대한 고찰

김혜운 동아시아불교문화학회 2023 동아시아불교문화 Vol.- No.58

나가르주나는 십주비바사론 에서 정토수행을 하열한 근기를 위한 수행으로 평가하였다. 반면 세친은 정토론 에서 정토를 유심정토의 견지에서 해석하고 정토의 실천에 대해서는 아미타불의 서방정토를 제시하는 중층적 입장을 제시했다. 대승불교 수행이 다양화되어 가던 시기에는 진언과 다라니, 도상, 의궤가 증가하면서 불보살의 세계관을 다양하게 표현하기 시작하였다. 다라니집경 에는 기존의 불보살과 제전의 속성을 분류하면서 아미타불의 중생구제와 이타적 속성을 부각하였다. 인도 대승불교는 대일경 의 출현을 계기로 진언, 다라니, 수인, 만다라를 활용한 진언문의 수행문을 제시하였고, 경전에 설한 태장계만다라는 아미타불을 비로자나여래의 일체지지 가운데 이타적 속성으로 수용하고 3부의 부족사상에 근거해 연화부에 배당하였다. 진실섭경 을 비롯한 금강계 경궤의 출현을 계기로 아미타불은 오지 가운데 평등성지의 속성을 부여받고, 관자재보살이나 문수보살의 권속과 함께 반야 지혜를 통해 말나식의 번뇌를 제멸하는 유가행의 속성으로 정의하였다. 중국에서 활동한 불공삼장은 무량수여래관행공양의궤 를 역출하였고, 별존의 아미타불 의궤를 통해 칭명염불 중심의 전통수행을 정비된 밀교수행으로 향상시켰다. 용수의 이제설에서 시작되는 절대진리의 승의제와 세속제를 통한 법의 시설은 진리와 중생구제의 변치 않는 양축을 제시한 것으로 유식, 밀교시대에도 세친과 불공에 의해 전개된 것이라 평가할 수 있다. After the emergence of the scriptures of Pure Land Buddhism(淨土) at the beginning of Mahayana Buddhism, the faith of Pure Land became very popular in the Mahāyāna Buddhist community, so consequently many scriptures including Amitabha Buddha appeared and expanded. Along with the development of teaching and learning of Mahāyāna Buddhism many studies were conducted on the Pureland faith, and Nagarjuna evaluated the Pure Land practice as a foundation of beginners of the Buddhist practitioners. On the other hand, Vasubhandu presented a multi-layered evaluation on the Pure Land Buddhism that interpreted Pure Land by perspectives of Mind Only and also presented a Pure Land of Amitabha Buddha against Pure Land of Mind Only doctrines. During the period when Mahāyāna Buddhism adopted the elements of Esoteric Buddhism like Mantra, Dharani, Mudra , Mandras and Rites and Rituals traditional Amitabha Buddha and Bodhisattvas were classified into Lotus Tribe(連華部) giving it an altruistic attribute to relieve the living beings. By the appearance of systematic doctrines of Esoteric Buddhism the Amitabha Buddha belonged to the Lotus Tribe in Mahāvairocana Dhatu Mandala(胎藏界曼茶羅) which had been an adoption into the attributes of Mahāvairocana Buddha. After the appearance of Vajradhatu Mandala(金剛界曼茶羅) Amitabha Buddha was given the attributes of Wisdom of Equality(平等性智) in the system of Five Wisdom(五智) and Five Buddhas(五佛) which represents a practice of Mind Only Buddhism. The DEvelopments of attributes of Amitabha Buddha in Mahāvairocana Dhatu Mandala and Vajradhatu Mandala shows an unity support for Vairocana Buddha in Mantra Gate practices. But as Vasubandhu considered the sentient beings of deserted mundane world and supported the traditional practices of Reciting Samadhi those masters like Amogha vajra(不空三藏) who emphasized the traditional practides of Amitabha Buddha along with the highest doctrines of of Vairocana in Mantra Gate.

발전소 온배수를 이용한 히트펌프 시스템의 이론적 연구

김혜운(Hye Woon Kim),황석화(Seok Hwa Hwang),허재혁(Jaehyeok Heo),이동원(Dong-Won Lee),윤린(rin Yun) 대한설비공학회 2018 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.11

본 연구는 TRNSYS를 이용하여 온실 난방을 위한 발전소 온배수 열원 히트펌프 시스템을 구성하여 열원에 따른 소비전력량 비교를 통해 해당 시스템의 에너지 절감 효과를 분석하였다. 히트펌프 구성요소의 성능, 용량, 소비 전력 등에 따라 해석을 진행하였고, 히트펌프 이외에 열교환기, 순환펌프, 등 여러 컴포넌트들에 대한 데이터 분석과 해석 또한 진행하였다. 시스템은 열교환기, 배관, 히트펌프, 축열조로 구성하였고, 실제 온배수데이터와 해수 데이터를 적용시켜 결과값을 비교하였다. 최대 COP를 보인 구간은 축열조에 최대 부하를 주었을 때와 동일한 시간대에서 나타났다. 또한 온배수를 이용했을 때 두 대의 히트펌프의 최대 COP값이 해수를 이용했을 때의 최대 COP값보다 높게 나타났다.

위전절제술을 받은 위암 환자에서 조기경장영양요법과 총비경구영양요법의 무작위 전향적 비교연구

김혜운 ( Hye Un Kim,),정재복 ( Jai Bock Chung ),김충배 ( Choong Bai Kim ) 대한소화기학회 2012 대한소화기학회지 Vol.59 No.6

Background/Aims: Early enteral nutrition (EEN) has benefits in reducing infectious complication, length of stay (LOS) and preserving liver function. There are few data about the effect of EEN in the patients who had total gastrectomy. The aim of this randomized and prospective study was to evaluate the effect of EEN after total gastrectomy on nutritional status, liver function, complications and LOS, compared to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in patients with gastric cancer. Methods: Among 56 patients with gastric cancer, 36 and 20 were randomly assigned to EEN and TPN groups, and finally 17 and 16 completed EEN and TPN schedules, respectively. The nutritional parameters, liver function, LOS and abdominal symptoms were compared between 2 groups on pre-operative day and post-operative 7th day. Results: There was no significant difference in the nutritional parameters, liver function between EEN and TPN groups. Vomiting and abdominal distention were more frequent in EEN than TPN group (2 vs. 0 cases, p=0.485; 1 vs. 0 case, p=1.000, respectively), while increased AST, ALT and total bilirubin were more common in TPN than EEN group (4 vs. 2 cases, p=0.398; 1 vs. 0 case, p=0.485, respectively without statistical significance). LOS was shorter in EEN than TPN group without statistical significance (12 vs. 13 days, p=0.289). Conclusions: No significant differences were found in the nutritional status parameters, liver function, complications and LOS between EEN and TPN groups on 7th day after total gastrectomy. Further large scale studies on the advantages and disadvantages of EEN after total gastrectomy are warranted. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2012;59:407-413)

췌장의 선방세포악성종양

김혜운(Hye Un Kim),류제규(Je Kyu Ryu),최새별(Sae Byeol Choi),황호경(Ho Kyoung Hwang),김경식(Kyung Sik Kim),윤동섭(Dong Sup Yoon),이우정(Woo Jung Lee) 한국간담췌외과학회 2009 한국간담췌외과학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is a very rare type of pancreatic cancer that makes up less than 1% of all pancreatic cancers. The prognosis of ACC is very poor and the mean survival interval is only 18-19 months. The only effective treatment is currently early radical resection. Materials and methods: To determine ACC`s clinical characteristics and the treatment efficacy, we conducted a retrospective chart review to study the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, pathology and treatment responses of 10 ACC patients among 3042 pancreatic cancer patients who were diagnosed in Severance Hospital and Kangnam Severance Hospital of Yonsei University, College of Medicine from 1988.01.01 to 2008.12.31. Results: The 10 ACC patients were 6 males and 4 females. The mean age of the 10 ACC patients was 53.2 years. The most of the patients (7/10) complained the pain on the epigastric area and there was no jaundice in 8 patients (80%). Unfortunately, regional or distant metastases were founded in 8 patients (80%) at the time of the first diagnosis. The initial mean CA19-9 level was increased to 73.5 U/ml (range: 0.1~350.0 U/ml). Six of 10 patients underwent radical surgery and 4 of 10, including 1 with open and closure, were treated with conservative treatment. The median survival interval was 22.4 months with operative treatment and 1.5 months with conservative treatment. The median overall survival interval was 19.4 months. The median disease free survival was 17 months. The liver was the most common recurrent site (3 cases). Conclusions: An early radical resection is currently the best and only treatment for ACC, but in rare cases, post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy shows hopeful results and so this requires more study.

식도암에서 식도절제술 후 조기 비공장관 영양

조형원,김혜운,김형일,김충배 한국정맥경장영양학회 2009 한국정맥경장영양학회 학술대회집 Vol.2009 No.-

위전절제술 환자에서 조기 비공장관 영양의 경험

조형원,김혜운,김형일,김충배 한국정맥경장영양학회 2009 한국정맥경장영양학회 학술대회집 Vol.2009 No.-

Feasibility and nutritional assessment of early enteral feeding after total gastrectomy

조형원,김혜운,김형일,김충배 대한외과학회 2009 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2009 No.11

전자파 차폐도어용 Locking Device의 수명예측에 관한 연구

이진희(Jin-Hee Lee),최병오(Byung-Oh Choi),김도식(Do-Sik Kim),임신열(Sin-Yeol Lim),장무성(Mu-seong Chang),김혜운(Hye-Woon Kim) 대한기계학회 2014 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2014 No.11

Electromagnetic shielding door is the device that prevents the leakage of electromagnetic wave by maintaining the locked state of the shielding door which is only doorway of electromagnetic shielding property, it is a part that is the most harshly operated repeatedly among the shield door parts there. Faulty elements inhere potentially as the nature of the product structure, the risk of leakage of electromagnetic waves is high at the time of failure, the entire electromagnetic shielding facility can not be used in case of the leakage of the electromagnetic wave caused by mechanical defects. In order to solve these problems, the improvement plan has been derived using a test which reproduces the field failure of the locking device, the level of reliability has been quantitatively presented, a study on life prediction of the product has been conducted.