혈중 Progesterone 수준 측정에 의한 제주마의 조기임신진단에 관한 연구

김중계,정창조,장덕지 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1990 畜産論叢 Vol.5 No.1

Plasma progesterone concentrations were measured by using radioimmunoassay for early diagnosis of pregnancy in Cheju native mares. A total of 226 pony mares were examined for pregnancy during bree-ding and non-breeding seasons. Plasma progesterone level on 20~23 days after the onset of oestrus were 4.67 + 0.67ng/ml and 0.55 + 0.04ng/ for mares becomming pregnant and not pregnant after the estrus. res-pectively, and there was a significant differnce (P<0.01) between the two groups. Progesterone concetration of pregnant mares gradually increased in 30 days and reached a peak(l0.3 ng/ml) during the third month of gestation. However, the concentration decreased to the base line(1.11 ng/ml) at 7 months and gradually increased again as foaling approcached(5.9ng/ml). Early gnan diagnosis of Cheju mares by progesterone level at 20~23 days after onset of oestrus was accurately 88% accurate when 4.6ng/ml was used to classdy mares as pregnancy and below 13ng/ml was used to determine nonpregnant mares. However, the accuracy of the pregnacncy diagnosis was improved to 96% when a progesterone level of above 2ng/ml was used to classify mares as pregnancy. Pregant diagnosis was accurately 69.6% when mares were classified as pregnant by horse owners du-ring breeding season. Non-breeding season progesterone levels of pregnant and non- pregnant mares varied greatly among individual animals. Plasma progesterone levels of pregnant animals ranged from 3.5ng/ml to above 6.2 ng/ml whereas similar values were observed in non-pregnant animals. Radioimmunoassay techniques can be applied for early pregnant diagnosis of Cheju native mares when progesterone levels are measured during the early gestation period(18-23 days after onset of oestrus). However, progesterone concentration of mares in non- breeding season is not considered as an indicator of pregnant diagnosis.

뉴질랜드 (Palmerston North) 의 낙농 현황과 번식 및 번식장해에 관한 연구(I) Palmerston North 지역의 낙농 현황과 우유 생산량에 관한 조사 연구

김중계,맥도날드 한국동물번식학회 2000 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.24 No.1

New Zealand, Palmerston North 지역의 낙농가 80여 개 낙농가에 1998년 2월부터 1998년 7월까지 우편설문지에 의해 조사되었다. 주어진 질문항목은 1). General characteristics (10개 질의), 2). Milk yield and feed supplementary (7개질의), 3). Reproductive efficiencies (14개 질의), 4). Reproductive disorders (12개 질의) 4개 항목을 포함하는 합계 43개의 질문을 내포하고 있었다. 낙농가의 응답자 38농가 (47.5%)에서 회수된 질의문 4개 항목중 1). 2). 항목에 해당되는 낙농사업에 있어서 일반적인 낙농 사육현황, 보조사료 그리고 우유 생산 등을 집계 분석하여 장단점을 파악하고, 우리나라 낙농인 (특히 제주도)들에게 인식시켜 보다 낳은 경제적 이익을 주기 위한 목적으로 수행된 바 이 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 낙농사육경력은 38개 낙농가 중 기록된 농가가 21개 (45%)였는데, 이중 15년 미만경력이 3농가(7.9%), 15~19년 경력은 7농가 (18.4%), 20~25년의 경험 농가가 6개 농가 (15.8%)였고, 26년 이상 경력을 가진 농가수는 5농가 (13.2%)로 대체로 우리나라보다 경력기간의 길고 많은 경험을 갖고 있는 낙농부국이었다. 낙농가의 노동력 투입에 있어서 주인 자신이 직접 경영하고 있는 농가는 21농가 (55.3%)였으며, Sharemilker에 의존하여 운영하는 농가가 10농가 (26.3%), 그리고 가족노동력이 투입된 2농가 (3.5%), Manager 가 주로 주관하여 운영되는 3농가 (5.3%), 일하는 사람을 두고 있는 농가 18농가 (31.6%)였으며, Part time 인력을 쓰는 농가는 2농가 (3.5%)뿐이고 기타가 1농가 (1.8%)로 나타내고 있었다. 이러한 사항은 낙농농가 당 1.5 인에 해당됨으로 경제적 이익 향상을 위해서 임금투입이 아주 낮았다. 2. 사육기반인 방목지와 경작지를 분석하여 보면 사육규모별 (200, 300, 400두) 방목지는 각각 56, 90, 165.3ha로 평균 107.8ha이었고, 경작지도 각각 51, 78, 165ha로서 사육규모별 차이가 컸다(P<0.01). 이와 같은 결과는 낮은 비용으로 우유를 생산하고 우유제품 95%를 세계 각국으로 수출할 수 있는 기반이 되고 있음을 입증 할 수 있었다. 낙농가의 전반적인 기록여부사항은 응답농가 (38 농가) 중 10농가 (26.3%)가 computer, 벽기록장을 이용하는 농가수가 15농가(39.5%), 그리고 낙농수첩을 사용하고 있는 낙농가는 36농가(95%)로 가장 높았으며, 두 가지로 기록하고 있는 농가 수는 23농가(70%)로 높은 편이었다. 3. 한편, 환경면에 있어서 분뇨 처리 시설 분야는 큰 도시를 제외한, 공해를 인식하지 못할 정도로 깨끗하여 아직은 철저하지 않아서 공해처리는 문제화되지 않고 있었다. 그러므로, Pond system 이 26농가(68.4%)로 제일 많았으며, 다음에 매일 분을 제거하여 쌓아 놓아서 저장해 놓고 유기질 비료로서 이용하는 농가가 8농가(21.1%), 1 농가(2.6%)에서 Bunker system으로 저장되었고 기타의 방법으로 저장하는 것이 3농가(7.9%)로 대부분 유기질 비료가 부족하여 화학 비료를 많이 사용하고 있는 형편이며 한국의 30~40여년 전 환경 상태와 유사하였다. 4. 우유 착유 시설 조사에서는 Harringbone 시설이 33농가(86.9%)였고, 다음으로 Walkthrough 구조가 3농가(7.9%), Rotary system 과 기타 구조식이 각각 1개 농가(2.6%)로 세계 낙농 선진국으로 인정 할 수 있으나, 축사시설은 거의 없고 착유시설만 설치되어 있어서 기후환경의 이점을 최대로 살려 경제성 향상을 시도하고 있었다. 5. 착유일수와 두당, 년간 비유량에 관해서 착유일수는 평균 275일, 건유기간 약 87일로 New Zeal-and 의 평균 착유일수 228일 보다 약 47일정도 긴 결과를 보

번식 1 ; 포유동물 난포란의 유리화동결 ( vitrification ) 후 FDA - test 에 의한 생존성 판정

김중계,양병철,문성호,고경래,장덕지 한국동물자원과학회 ( 구 한국축산학회 ) 1993 한국축산학회 심포지움자료집 Vol.- No.-

우리나라 수정란 이식의 현황과 전망

김중계 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1987 畜産論叢 Vol.2 No.1

The technique of bovine embryo transfer in Korea began very late compare toother countries and related researches have also been carried out in several limited places only as a foundmental works. Especially, the studies on embryo freezing which play an important part on the spreading of bovine embryo transfer , evaluation of embryo and its dead-alive determination have almost not been done up to the present time. Therefore, for the improvement of the spread of embryo transfer experiment station, national breeding station as well as related industries and universities should perform mom works with dividing specialization from now on. Conclusively, by concentrating on such ultramodern technology as micromanipulation of mammalian early embryos and its transferring, contribution on the systematic spreading of embryo transfer in Korea and improvement of domestic animals performances together with the development of high characteristic livestock should be accomplished.

뉴질랜드 (Palmerston North) 의 낙농 현황과 번식 및 번식장해에 관한 연구 (II) Palmerston North 지역의 낙농 번식현 황과 번식장해에 관한 조사

김중계,맥도날드 한국동물번식학회 2000 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.24 No.1

Eighty dairy farms (38 farms responded) in Palmerston North area of New Zealand were questioned by mail questionnaire on: 1) general characteristics, 2) milk yield and feed supplementary, 3) reproductive efficiencies (12 questions) and 4) reproductive disorders (12 questions) from February to July, 1998. Among those 4 items, the reproductive efficiencies (3) and disorders (4), various diseases and culling rates were surveyed and analyzed for Korean dairy farmers (especially in Cheju island) and compared with New Zealand. The results are as follows: 1. Fifteen farms in 38 dairy farms relied entirely on artificial insemination, the rest of 23 dairy farms (60.5%) raised 5∼6 bulls to increase conception rate. The dairy farmers in Palmerston North used artificial insemination from Oct 4th to Dec 10th for 42.8 days, and then used bulls from that point to coming Jan 10th for 41.4 days. The submission rate within 3, 6 and 10 weeks following the initiation of AI season was 84.7, 93.9 and 97.9% respectively. 2. The average age of heifers at the first estrus, pregnancy and calving was 11.0, 18.0 and 24.7 months respectively, and an average 1.4 estrus cycles were required for conception. The intervals of estrus recurrence and the following conception after calving were 38 and 68 days respectively. 3. Among inseminated cows, calving, abortion and empty cow was 90.9, 1.6 and 7.4% respectively. Calving rate decreased according to increasing farm size, while the number of empty cows decreased. 4. Stillbirth, retained placenta and delivery abnormalities were 5.3, 3.7 and 5.5% respectively, not different depend on herd size. 5. The incidence of milk fever, grass tetany, and ketosis was 3.6, 3.0 and 1.0%, respectively. The delivery abnormality and mastitis treated with medicine were 3.1 and 6.7%, but decreased according to farm size. Lameness was 8.6% on average, but over 10% in farms which has more than 400 milking cows. 6. Among the culled cows (15.5% of the total), those culled due to an old age, lameness and other diseases were 2.9, 1.8 and 4.3% respectively and those culled due to low milk production, reproductive abnormality reduced with farm size. 7. Compared with the data collected in Korea, the reproductive efficiency was better, and lameness, metabolic problem and culling rate were higher in New Zealand

초급속동결에 있어서 Vitrification Solution 개발과 FDA 생사판정이 수정란의 배양과 이식후 착상에 미치는 영향 II. Vitrification Solution내의 비수과성 물질(Ficoll, sucrose)과 평형시각이 초급속동결 융해후 Mouse Morulae의 생존율에 미치는 영향

김중계,강민수,장덕지,고경래,양병철 한국동물번식학회 1993 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.16 No.4

This study was carried out to study effects of the addition level of acetamide and non-permeable cryoprotectants(Ficoll, sucrose) in VS(20% glycerol+10% ethyleneglycol) and equilibration time on the survival of vitrified mouse morulae. The results are summarized as follows: 1. When 10, 15 and 20% of acetamide were added to the new vitrification solution(20G 10E), FDA-scores of embryos were 4.4(control), 4.4(10%), 3.6(15, 20%), respectively. The addition of acetamide did not affect the survival of forzen-thawed morulae(P<0.05). 2. The survival rate betwen 5 min(3.5) and 10 min(4.6), 10 min(4.6) and 20 min(3.2) of equilibration in 10% sucrose, and 20 min(3.2) and 5 min(4.0), or 10 min(4.3) in 20% sucrose were significantly different(P<0.05). The highest survival(4.6) rate was obtained in mouse morulae equilibrated in VS(20G 10E) containing 10% sucrose for 10 minutes. 3. FDA-score of morulae frozen in the new vitrification solution containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% Ficoll was 4.5, 4.2, 4.4 and 4.6, respectively and had no significant effect among concentrations of Ficoll(P>0.05). The development rate after culture(24h) was 89%(20% Ficoll) and 93%(30% Ficoll), respectively.

한우의 번식실태와 대책(I)

김중계 한국동물번식학회 1979 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.3 No.2

FDA를 이용한 소 난포란의 생사 판정

김중계,박세필 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 1997 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.21 No.3

육우수정란 간이동결 및 융해방법에 관한 연구 : 제I보:Glycerol 내동제에 sourose 첨가 여부가 FDA-test에 의한 mouse 수정란의 생존에 미치는 영향

김중계,이규훈,강만종,김형훈,강민수 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1988 畜産論叢 Vol.3 No.1

Effects of the glycerol addition and removal medium containing 10% sucrose on the mouse embryo survival after freezing in a liquid nitrogen container were determined using the FDA test. The summarized results are the following. 1. The FDA score was higher (P<O.O5) when embryos were frozen in the glycerol addition medium with sucrose that the one without it (3.4 vs 3.0). 2. No difference in the score was found between the glycerol removal medium containing 10% sucrose (3.2) and PBS + 10 % sucrose (3.3). 3. The score was higher (P<0.01) at morutar stage than blastocyst stage of embryos.

제주도 낙농발전을 위한 조사연구 : 젖소 개량 프로그램 정립을 위한 연구 ; (2) 제주도내 유우의 번식상황과 문제점

김중계 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1990 畜産論叢 Vol.5 No.1