해상 가두리에서의 은연어 양식실험 I. 종묘 나이에 따른 성장비교

김병기,명정구,김종만,허형택,김형배,Kim Pyong-Kih,Myoung Jung-Goo,Kim Jong-Man,Huh Hyung Tak,Kim Hyung Bae 한국양식학회 1990 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.3 No.2

은연어 해상 사육 종묘의 나이에 따른 성장을 알아보기 위하여 1988년 12월 17일 부터 이듬해 4월 26일 까지 평균수온 $9.5\~14.5^{\circ}C$의 조건을 가진 경남 통영군 산양면 저도에 위치한 해상 가두리에서 실험을 실시하였다. 1 차 실험에서 평균 체중 167.0 g 되는 0+ 세어는 66일 후 633.1 g으로 성장하여 1 일 성장률 $2.0\%$, 사료계수 1.1을 나타냈다. 반면, 평균체중 396.0 g되는 1+ 세어는 854.6 g으로 성장하여 1 일 성장률 및 사료계수 각각 $2.0\%$ 및 1.1을 기록하였다. 2차 실험에서는 0+ 세어가 64일 후 1171.9 g으로 성장하여 1일 성장률 $1.0\%$, 사료계수 1.5로 나타났고, 1+ 세어는 1239.7 g으로 성장하여 1 일 성장률 및 사료계수 각각 $0.7\%$ 및 2.6을 기록하였다. 은연어의 해상 사육에 있어서 그 크기가 증가함에 따라 1 일 성장률 및 사료효율이 급격히 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 실험 기간 동안 0+ 재어가 사료섭취율이 훨씬 우수하여 0+ 세어가 해상사육 종묘로 적합한 것으로 나타나 당년에 해상 사육용 종묘를 smolt 될 수 있도록 할 필요가 있다. Growth Comparisons of two age groups of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, underyearling and age one, were made at Chungmu Experimental Fish Culture Station from December 17, 1988 to April 26, 1989. During the first 66 days of experimental period, the fish of underyearling group grew from 167.0 g to 633.1 g in average weight and the feed coefficient (FC) and daily growth rate (DGR) were 1.1 and $2.0\%$, respectively. In the same period, the fish of age one group grew from 396.0 g to 854.6 g in average weight and the FC and DGR were 1.1 and $2.0\%$, respectively. During the second 63 days, the fish of underyearling and age one group grew up to 1171.9 g and 1239.7 g respectively. FCs of these two groups were 1.5 and 2.6, respectively and DGRs were $1.0\%$ and $0.7\%$, respectively. Underyearling fish consumed more feed and performed better FC and DGR than age one fish. FC and DGR sharply decreased as the fish weight increased. Therefore under-yearling fish of this species seems better as seeds for seawater cage culture. For this purpose it is necessary to increase smolting rate in the underyearling group fish within a single season.

무지개송어(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 사료원으로써 대두박의 이용 효과 II. 소화율, 배설 및 체조성 변화

김병기,전중균,허형택,조재윤,Kim Pyong Kih,Jeon Joong-Kyung,Huh Hyung Tack,Jo Jae-Yoon 한국양식학회 1996 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.9 No.4

사료 단백질원으로써 대두박의 생물학적 이용성을 평가하기 위하여 무지개송어를 160일 동안 사육하면서 사육 후 60일 및 120일째에는 대두박 사료의 소화율, 암모니아의 배설 경향 및 어체의 성분 분석을 실시하였다. 실험 사료로는 단백질원으로 어분을 $64.5\%$ 사용한 대조구 및 상품 탈지 대두박을 $10\~70\%$까지 등간격으로 늘린 사료를 사용하였으며, 비교를 위하여 상품용 무지개송어 사료를 사용하였다. 실험 사료의 단백질 및 지질 소화율은 대두박 함량이 많을수록 단백질 소화율은 증가하였지만, 지질 소화율은 오히려 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 무지개송어의 전어체 및 조직(간 및 근육)의 일반 성분에서 대두박 함량이 많은 공급구일수록 지질 함량이 적었으나 전어체의 아미노산 및 지방산 조성에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 그리고 단백질의 최종 대사산물인 암모니아($NH_3-N$)의 배설량을 섭이 후 24시간 동안 조사하였더니, 배설은 주로 후반 12시간에 많아 총 배설량의 2/3 이상이나 되었고, 24시간의 총 배설량은 대두박 함량이 많을수록 증가하여 대두박함량 $70\%$ 공급구가 $466.8\;mg{\cdot}kg\;body\;wt.^{-1}day^{\-1}$으로 대조구의 $115\%$ 수준이었다. 이상과 같이 대두박 함량이 많은 사료는 단백질의 소화 흡수에 문제가 있는 것이 아니고 그보다는 에너지원 중에서 지질의 이용성이 크게 떨어지는 듯 하였다. A feeding experiment for 160 days was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) on the apparent digestibility, ammonia excretion and body composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Seven diets containing $0\~70\%$ SBM were formulated based on iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric basis of $44\%$ crude protein and approximately 4,200 Kcal/kg of gross energy. To evaluate the nutritional utilization of the SBM diets at the end of 60 and 120-day rearing with test diets, digestion rates of protein and lipid of SBM diets were measured. Fish fed the diets containing above $46\%$ SBM showed higher apparent digestibility for protein, but lower for lipid than did fish fed the control diet in both trials. Protein and fat contents in the carcass were similar for all experimental fish, except for fish fed $58\%$ and $70\%$ SBM which showed lower fat content than the others, but composition of fatty acid and amino acids were not affected by dietary SBM levels. Gill and urinary post-prandial ammonia ($NH_3-N$) excretions were measured at 12 and 24 hours after single feeding of the experimental diets. Excretions of $NH_3-N$ measured after 24 hours were almost 1 times higher than those measured after 12 hours. Total excretion fer the 24 hours by fish fed $70\%$ SBM was $15\%$ higher than that of fish fed the control diet. Results of present study may suggest that the rainbow trout which were fed above $34%\;or\;46\%$ of SBM diet showed a decrease gradually in lipid bioavailability compared to the control group.

무지개송어(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 사료원으로써 대두박의 이용 효과 I. 심장

김병기,전중균,허형택,조재윤,Kim Pyong Kih,Jeon Joong-Kyun,Huh Hyung-Tack,Jo Jae-Yoon 한국양식학회 1996 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.9 No.3

사료 단백질원으로써 대두박의 이용성을 조사하기 위하여 무지개송어를 대상으로 160일 동안 장기간 사육하면서 성장 효과를 평가하였다. 실험 사료로는 단백질원으로 어분을 $64.5\%$ 사용한 대조구(사료 1번) 및 제품 탈지 대두박을 $10\~70\%$까지 등간격으로 늘린 사료(사료 $2\~7$번)를 제조하여 사용하였다. 제조 사료의 단백질과 지질 함량은 $44\%$ 및 $8\~9\%$ 정도였고, 총 에너지 함량은 $4.66\~4.78$ kcal/g의 수준이었다. 초기 60일간은 대두박 $46\%$ 첨가구까지가 대조구와 비교하여 증중량, 사료효율, 단백질효율 및 일일성장율 등에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 그 이후에는 성장율이 감소하여 실험 종료시 대두박 함량 $22\%$ 이상의 공급구는 대조구보다 유의적으로 성장이 낮았다(p<0.05). 한편. 비만도(fatness)도 성장 결과와 비슷하여 대두박 함량과 사육 기간이 늘어나면서 점차 감소하였고, 간중량비(HSI)는 대두박 함량 $34\%$ 이상의 공급구에서 유의적으로 낮아 대두박의 탄수화물 이용성이 떨어짐을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 무지개송어를 장기간(160일간) 사육시 대두박을 $22\%$ 까지 사용하더라도 성장에는 상품 사료에 비해 아무런 문제가 없었고, 더욱이 $34\%$ 첨가하면 $0\~22\%$ 공급구에 비해서 성장은 약 $80.2\~91.1\%$ 정도로 떨어지지만 특별한 역효과는 없었다. A long-term (160 days) feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) on growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish fed diets containing up to $46\%$ of SBM showed the same growth rates with control during the first 60 days (p>0.05). However, growth showed a gradual decrease with the culture period. At the end of 160-days experiment, fish fed diets with above $34\%$ of SBM showed a decrease in growth rate compared to the control group. Fatness of experimental fish was reduced with an increase in dietary SBM levels and in feeding period. Hepatosomatic index was significantly lower from fish fed the diets containing above $46\%$ of SBM than that from fish fed the control diet throughout the 160 days of experimental period, and fish fed diet containing above $46\%$ of SBM appeared to make restricted utilization of carbohydrate sources. These results may suggest that soybean meal could be used up to $22\%$ in trout diet as a substitute for fish meal without unfavourable side effects.

은연어(Oncorhynchus kisutch) 사료 단백질원으로서 대두박의 이용에 관한 연구 I. 대두박 함량에 따른 성장

김병기,전중균,김형선,명정구,허형택,KIM Pyong Kih,JEON Joong-Kyun,KIM Hyung Sun,MYOUNG Jung-Goo,HUH Hyung Tack 한국양식학회 1992 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.5 No.1

A feeding study was conducted for 85 days to determine if soybean meal can be substituted for fish meal in a diet of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fingerlings. Solvent extracted soybean meal was used in the experimental diet at $0{\%},\;10{\%},\;30{\%},\;50{\%}$ and $70{\%}$ levels to make up about $40{\%}$ protein in the final diets. The results of feeding trial indicated that soybean meal can be used up to $30{\%}$ (replacing $34.3{\%}$ fish meal) as a major protein source with no adverse effects on the growth of coho salmon(P>0.05) . However, both growth rate and survival were decreased in the groups of fish fed over $50{\%}$ soybean meal diets. 은연어 치어 (3.43g)의 사료 단백질원으로서 대두박의 이용 가능성에 대한 연구를 85일 간 실시하였다. 실험 사료는 탈지 대두박이 $0{\%},\;10{\%},\;30{\%},\;50{\%},\;70{\%}$ 함유된 5개의 실험 사료를 이용하였다. 그 결과 은연어 치어는 대두박을 사료 내 $30{\%}$까지 첨가하여도 대조구와 뚜렷한 성장 차이가 없이 성장하였으며(P>0.05), 대두박을 $50{\%}$ 및 $70{\%}$ 첨가한 실험구에서는 사료 효율 및 생존율이 뚜렷이 낮아졌다.

순치 기간에 따른 육봉형 산천어(Oncorhynchus masou masou )의 해수 적응능력

김병기 ( Pyong Kih Kim ),김재원 ( Jae Won Kim ),박정환 ( Jeong Hwan Park ),성기백 ( Ki Baik Seong ),김현주 ( Hyeon Ju Kim ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2011 한국수산과학회지 Vol.44 No.6

The seawater adaptability of land-locked masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou via acclimation was examined for aquaculture purposes. The survival, blood chemistry, and histological changes of masu salmon (150 g) were measured after 7-, 15-, and 30-day acclimation periods. After a total of 60 days in seawater cultures that incorporated the various acclimation periods, survival was 83.5, 87.2, and 91.0% for the 7-, 15-, and 30-day periods, respectively; thus, survival increased with longer periods of acclimation. Feeding efficiencies were 32.1, 52.0, and 40.6% for the 7-, 15-, and 30-day periods, and specific growth rates were 0.14, 0.26, and 0.23%, respectively. Generally, masu salmon appeared to exhibit better growth performance after an acclimation period of 15 days. Cortisol concentrations [mean ± SD] for 7, 15, and 30 days of acclimation were 21.0 ± 6.5, 17.8 ± 4.8, and 21.2 ± 5.4 μg/dl, with the lowest values occurring with 15 days of acclimation. Osmolarities were 359.2 ± 26.1, 350.4 ± 29.2, and 354.6 ± 29.3 mOsm/kg, and glucose concentrations were 60.7 ± 20.7, 72.9 ± 17.3, and 76.6 ± 14.1 mg/dl for the 7-, 15-, and 30-day acclimation periods, respectively (P < 0.05). The histological study revealed that both gills and both kidneys of the masu salmon exhibited middle- to end-stage and middle-stage lesions in the 7- and 15-day groups, respectively, whereas these organs only had early-stage lesions in the 30-day group in the final experiment. Therefore, the seawater acclimation of masu salmon should involve more than 30 days in seawater.

무지개송어 (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 사료원으로써 대두박의 이용 효과 Ⅲ. 인(P)의 이용성

김병기(Pyong Kih Kim) 한국수산과학회 양식분과 1997 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.10 No.3

순환여과시스템에서 사육밀도와 용존산소 농도가 돌돔(Oplegnathus fasciatus )의 성장과 혈액성상에 미치는 영향

김병기 ( Pyong Kih Kim ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2011 한국수산과학회지 Vol.44 No.6

The parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus is a sub-tropical species that is difficult to culture during the winter in South Korea. As a result, a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) was developed to rear parrotfish. This study investigated the effects of stocking density and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the growth and hematology of the parrotfish in the RAS. The experimental stocking densities were 5 (SD05), 10 (SD10), 15 (SD15), and 20 kg/m3 (SD20) total body weight to tank water volume. As the stocking density increased, the mean weight gain, feed efficiency, and specific growth rate tended to decrease. However, SD10 and SD15 did not differ statistically from SD05 in feed efficiency (P>0.05). Although better growth was achieved in SD05, SD10 and SD15 appeared to be acceptable, practically and economically, in terms of feed efficiency. The experimental DO concentration ranges were 3-4 (DO3), 5-6 (DO5), and 7-8 mg/L (DO7). The mean weight gain and survival tended to increase with the DO concentration, but there were no differences among treatments (P>0.05). Although the feed efficiency did not differ among the treatments, the specific growth rates and daily feed intake increased with the DO concentration and were the highest in DO7 (P<0.05). The cortisol concentration was the highest in DO3 (P<0.05), while there was no difference between DO5 and DO7 (P>0.05).

무지개송어(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 사료원으로써 대두박의 이용 효과 Ⅱ. 소화율, 배설 및 체조성 변화

김병기(Pyong Kih Kim),전중균(Joong-Kyung Jeon),허형택(Hyung Tack Huh),조재윤(Jae-Yoon Jo) 한국수산과학회 양식분과 1996 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.9 No.4

대두박 사료에 대한 무지개송어( Oncorhynchus mykiss )의 소화 특성

김병기 ( Kim Pyong Kih ),전중균 ( Joong Kyun Jeon ) 한국수산과학회 2014 한국수산과학회지 Vol.47 No.6

To evaluate the digestive characteristics and bioavailability of dietary soybean meal (SBM), the post-prandial changes in the gastric contents of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were determined for 24 h after feeding of SBM diets. A curve estimation of regression diagnostics using a comparison of the adjusted r2 and probability was performed to test the tendency of the post-prandial changes and gave a quadratic polynomial (exponential) regression for all experimental groups. The gastric evacuations rates (GER) for higher-SBM groups were slower than those for lowerSBM groups. The estimated GER (digestion time) for 75% gastric content for fish fed a 70% SBM diet was 1.63 times longer than that for fish fed the control diet. Despite the fact that the pH values in the gastric contents rose from 4.05 at 0 h to 5.12-5.38 at 1 h after feeding, then dropped to 4.57-4.83 at 9 h, with no significant differences among experimental groups, the gastric moisture contents increased significantly in the higher-SBM groups. This is most likely due to an increase in digestive juices in the higher-SBM groups, rather than water introduced externally. The percentage of soluble nitrogen in the gastric contents of fish fed the higher-SBM diets was higher than that in the fish fed the control diet, and the SBRs (stomach weight/ body weight×100) in the higher-SBM groups (diets 4, 5, 6 and 7) were also significantly higher than the SBR of the control group ( P <0.05). This may indicate that the protein in SBM can be digested slowly due to physiological digestive adaptation in rainbow trout.

은연어(Oncorhynchus kisutch) 사료 단백질원으로서 대두박의 이용에 관한 연구 Ⅰ. 대두박 함량에 따른 성장

김병기(Pyong Kih KIM),전중균(Joong-Kyun JEON),김형선(Hyung Sun KIM),명정구(Jung-Goo MYOUNG),허형택(Hyung Tack HUH) 한국수산과학회 양식분과 1992 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.5 No.1