絲狀菌을 이용한 glucon 酸 醱酵에 關한 硏究

姜孝源,鄭鎬權,權泰鐘 건국대학교 1975 學術誌 Vol.19 No.1

The work was carried out to investigate the effective conditions of gluconic acid fermentation using glucose and mold. 231 strains of mold (fungi) were isolated from 45 kinds of soil samples and a typical strain which has a high activity of glucosic acid fermentation was selected in the fermentation experiment. And obtained results were as in the following. 1.The selected strain was indentified as Asp. niger group and preyed its excellent activity of gluconic acid fermentation. 2.Optimum pH in the gluconic acid fermentation wart found between 4.5 to 5.5 and optimum temperature nearly 30℃. 3.The most effective starting concentration of glucose was 15% and reasonable period of shaking culture was between 48 to 60 hours in the preculturing. 4.When 0.03%∼0.04% of (NH4)2HPO4 and 0.2∼0.3% of NaNO3 were added as a nitrogen source, 5% more gluconic acid were gained. But urea and peptone were slightly effective in the fermentation. 5.By adding 0.01∼0.02% of MgSO4ㆍ7H2O 7% more gluconic acid was gained and 0.03∼0.04% of KH2PO4 produced 5% more gluconic acid in the fermentation, while FeSO4 concentration iuhibited the fermentation. 6.Optimum conditions of jar fermentation were as followings. i) Air supplying quantity : 300∼500ml/l/min. ii) Agitating speed ; 300∼400r.p.m iii) Effective quantity of adding CaCO3 ; 3∼4% 7.During 6 days of gluconic acid fermentation, the ratio of fermentation was 83.5%.

Measuring the Efficiency of Maritime Transport Companies

강효원,김영민 한국유통과학회 2017 유통과학연구 Vol.15 No.11

Purpose - This paper evaluated the efficiency performance of the three major maritime transport markets and examined the determinants of the performance. The firms’ revenue fluctuates with the changes of the economic cycle; hence it is important for them to set up business strategies to improve efficiencies. A lack of efficiency measurements for shipping firms leads to a significant gap in determining their overall performance. Research design, data, and methodology - Each of DEA scores was adopted for the evaluation and panel regression was used to examine the impact of determinants on the performance. The analysis included 50 shipping firms from three maritime transport markets as follows; 15 firms of container liners, 18 firms of bulk carrier and 17 firms of tanker carriers, and its period was from 2010 to 2016. Results - In the CCR model, container liners were the highest, tanker carriers were the second, and bulk carriers were the lowest in operation efficiency and financial efficiency. By region, operation efficiency and financial efficiency was high in the order of America, Asia, and Europe. Conclusions - This study suggests business strategies for maritime transport companies based on the analytical results of determinants of operational and financial efficiency.

Novel benzo[b]thieno[2,3-d]thiophene derivatives with an additional alkyl-thiophene core: synthesis, characterization, and p-type thin film transistor performance

강효원,서성용 한국공업화학회 2023 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2023 No.0

우리나라 항만공사 경영전략평가와 시사점

강효원,김승철 한국무역보험학회 2023 무역금융보험연구 Vol.24 No.1

Purpose : This study aims to propose measures for enhancing management performance by examining the similarities and differences between the management goals and strategies of port authorities. Research design, data, methodology : The data used in this study was obtained and analyzed from the public institution management information disclosure system(www.alio.go.kr) and the information disclosed on each Port Authority’s official website. Results : The management strategy of a public institution refers to the overall operational plan of the organization, incorporating its core values, principles, mission, vision, and strategic objectives. Conclusions : By examining the management objectives and strategies of various port public enterprises, which operate in related industries, this study aims to analyze the direction each institution is pursuing and evaluate their management performance by identifying similarities and differences.

스테비아의 성분에 관하여

강효원 한국식품산업협회 1979 좋은식품 Vol.51 No.-

스테비아의 성분에 관하여

강효원 한국식품산업협회 1979 좋은식품 Vol.49 No.-

시판 정제효소제를 이용한 탁주제조에 관한 연구 (제2보) 탁주품질의 검토

강효원,권태종,이일근( H . W . Kang,T . J . Kwon,I . K . Lee ) 한국미생물생명공학회 1975 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.3 No.1

외국어 발화오류 검출을 위한 언어모델 스코어 기반 음성인식기

강효원,이상필,권철홍 大田大學校 産業技術硏究所 2003 산업기술연구소 論文集 Vol.14 No.2

An automatic pronunciation correction system provides learners with correction guidelines for each mispronunciation. For this purpose we propose a speech recognizer which automatically classifies pronunciation errors when Koreans speak a foreign language. Also, to develop methods for automatic assessment of pronunciation quality, we propose a log-likelihood based score and a language model based score as machine scores in the speech recognizer. Scores obtained from an expert human listener are used as the reference to evaluate the machine scores and to provide targets when training some of algorithms. Experimental results show that the language model based score had higher correlation with human scores than that obtained using the log-likelihood based score.

공범 혹은 공동정범의 초과행위에 대한 형사책임 성립요건 - 영국과 독일의 판례 변화를 중심으로

강효원,최민영 한국형사법학회 2023 刑事法硏究 Vol.35 No.3

공동정범의 초과행위는 어느 가담자가 공동의 범행계획을 넘어서는 행위를 한 경우, 다른 가담자가 그 부분에 대해 공동정범으로서 책임을 부담하는지의 문제를 다룬다. 공동정범의 초과행위, 특히 결과적 가중범의 공동정범에 대한 법원의 결정은 간헐적으로 계속하여 나오고 있으나, 이에 대한 이론적 논의는 그동안 그렇게 많이 이루어지지 않았다. 본 글은 공동정범의 초과행위, 특히 결과적 가중범과 관련한 초과행위를 우리 학설과 판례가 어떻게 다루고 있는지를 간략하게 살펴본 이후, 최근에이와 관련하여 법원의 결정이 변하고 있는 독일과 영국의 주요 판례를 소개하고 논하여 이들 판례의 변화하는 법리를 통해 우리가 논할 수 있는 몇 가지 유의미한 착안점을 도출하고자 한다. 우선 우리 판례는 공동정범의 질적 초과행위에 대하여는 다른가담자에게 공동책임을 부과하지 않는다. 이것은 독일과 영국의 판례에서도 크게 다르지 않다. 그러나 소위 공동정범의 양적 초과행위에 대하여는 우리 판례는 초과행위를 하지 않은 다른 가담자들의 형사책임을 성급하게 확장하여 부과하고자 하는 경향을 보여 왔다. 반면 독일 판례는 초과행위 자체를 공동의 범행계획에 포섭되지 않는 것으로 보고, 공동의 범행계획의 범주를 면밀히 확정함으로서 공동정범 책임의 성립여부를 애초에 제한한다. 특히, 우리 법원은 고의와 고의가 결합된 결합범에 있어서후자의 행위에 대하여 다른 가담자의 예견가능성만으로도 결합범의 책임을 귀속시키고자 하는데, 이러한 태도는 최근 변경된 영국 법원의 판결과 관련된 논의를 보더라도 법리 전개에 있어 큰 무리임을 알 수 있다. 그러나 고의의 기본범죄와 이와 연관된 과실 행위로 발생한 결과적 가중범에 대한 공동정범 문제에서는 세 국가의 판례가 다소 수렴되는 듯한 양상을 보인다. 공동의 범행계획 하에 일어난 행위의 위험성으로 중한 결과가 발생하였을 때에는 각 가담자의 개별적 예견가능성을 검토하기보다는 나머지 가담자들의 일반적 예견가능성을 기준으로 결과적 가중범의 공동정범을인정하고자 하는 경향을 보이고 있기 때문이다. 하지만 재차 이 문제를 면밀히 들여다보면, 독일의 판례는 공동의 범행계획의 범주를 좁게 해석하여 다른 가담자에게 성급하게 결과책임을 지울 수 있는 우려를 피할 수 있다는 점에서 우리 판례와는 다른제한의 여지를 두고 있다고 보인다. 또한 영국의 판례는 공범의 초과행위에 대한 책임의 범위를 기존 판결과 달리 좁히고자 하는 경향 속에서 나온 논의로, 처음부터 나머지 가담자들의 일반적 예견가능성을 기준으로 결과적 가중범의 공동정범을 인정하고자 하는 우리 판례와는 논의의 방향이 다르다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 측면에서 우리판례도 공동정범의 초과행위를 둘러싼 책임귀속 문제에 대하여 전반적인 재고를 요하리라 본다. The excessive acts of an accomplice concerns whether a participant in a joint venture is accountable as a co-perpetrator for acts that surpass the joint scheme of the offense. Although court decisions on liability for the excessive acts of a co-perpetrator, particularly in consequentially aggravated offences, continue to emerge intermittently, there has been little theoretical discussion of the issue. After briefly reviewing how our theory and case law treat the excesses of joint criminal enterprise, especially those related to consequential aggravation, this article will present and analyze key German and English cases, which illustrate evolving judicial decision-making in this regard. By doing so, we aim to extract some important aspects from the changing case law to be discussed. First of all, our courts hold the stance that joint liability is not imposed on other participants for qualitatively excessive acts committed by one of the co-conspirators, which does not differ from the German and English jurisprudence. However, when it comes to quantitatively excessive acts attributable to one of co-conspirators, our courts have demonstrated a tendency to impose criminal liability on other participants who were not directly involved in the excessive acts. German courts, on the other hand, have held in their jurisprudence that the excessive acts themselves do not constitute a part of a common scheme, and have carefully delineated the scope of the common scheme to limit whether joint venture liability can be established in the first place. In particular, our recent court decisions have sought to impute liability to a co-perpetrator solely based on the foreseeability of the other participants of the latter's acts. Such an attitude can be challenged considering recent developments in English jurisprudence. Nevertheless, the courts’ legal interpretation of the three countries appears to converge to a certain extent regarding the issue of co-perpetrator liability for consequentially aggravated offenses arising out of an intentional base offense and related culpable conduct. This is because the jurisprudence of the three jurisdictions has tended to recognize joint criminality of the resulting aggravated offense based on the general foreseeability of the remaining participants, rather than examining the individual foreseeability of each participant, when the risk of serious consequences results from acts committed under a common scheme. Upon closer examination of the issue, the German jurisprudence provides room for a narrower limitation regarding the category of common criminal scheme than ours, to avoid the concern that other participants may be hastily held accountable for the outcome. Furthermore, the discussion in the English case is driven by a desire to narrow the scope of liability for the excessive acts of an accomplice, which is different from the discussion in our case, which is to recognize the co-perpetrator of the consequentially aggravated offenses based on the general foreseeability of the remaining participants from the outset. In this respect, it can be said that our jurisprudence also calls for a comprehensive re-examination of the allocation of culpability for the excessive acts of co-perpetrators.

"Long Day's Journey into Night"에 나타난 절망과 극복

강효원 동덕여자대학교 영어영문학회 1993 Duet Vol.10 No.-