강섬유 보강 콘크리트의 압축응력 변형율 특성에 관한 실험적 연구

김화중,부척량,이상재,윤흥수 대한건축학회 1990 大韓建築學會論文集 Vol.6 No.6

서울 시내 보건소 보건간호원의 업무활동의 기능 구조에 관한 조사 연구(1970년도)

김화중 대한간호협회 1971 대한간호 Vol.10 No.4

ORDBMS 상에서 GeoPhoto 딥러닝 UDF의 구현

이동건(Dong Gun Lee),양평우(Pyoung Woo Yang),박장유(Jang You Park),딩 웨이(Ding Wei),정용희(Yong Hee Jung),남광우(Kwang Woo Nam) 대한공간정보학회 2018 한국공간정보학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.11

직원 훈련 일례

김화중,Kim Hwa Jung 대한간호협회 1971 대한간호 Vol.10 No.5

MCM-41 분자체의 합성에 초기 pH 가 미치는 영향

김화중,유재철 ( Wha Jung Kim,Jae Churl Yoo ) 한국공업화학회 1997 공업화학 Vol.8 No.3

Mesoporous 분자체인 MCM-41의 합성시, 수열 반응 전에 실시되는 반응용액의 초기 pH 조절이 MCM-41의 합성 및 특성에 미치는 영향에 관하여 연구하였다. 반응중간에 추가적인 pH의 조절없이, 초기 반응용액에 대한 1회의 pH 조절을 통하여 30Å에서 40Å에 이르는 기공 크기 및 1000m²/g 이상의 높은 비표면적을 갖는 MCM-41 분자체를 합성할 수 있었다. 그 결과, pH 조절은 실리카원으로 사용되는 polymeric Na^+ -silicate로부터 반응성이 높은 mnnomeric Na^+ -silicate를 원활하게 공급되도록 하여 우수한 열적 안정성을 나타내며 hexagonal 구조가 발달된 MCM-41의 형성에 큰 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. A mesoporous molecular sieve, MCM-41, was synthesized and the effect of various initial pH of reaction mixtures on the synthesis and physical properties of MCM-41 was investigated. Adjustment of initial pH for reaction mixtures was made before starting hydrothermal reaction rather than during the reaction. Highly crystalline MCM-41 which shows pore diameters of 30Å to 40Å and specific surface areas greater than 1000 m²/g has been successfully prepared through a single adjustment of initial pH. Results also suggest that the initial pH adjustment has a significant effect on the formation of MCM-41 with a long-range ordered hexagonal array and an excellent thermal stability. Finally, it is speculated that the adjustment of initial pH might accelerate the dissolution of stable polymeric sodium silicate to highly reactive monomeric sodium silicate resulting in well-ordered MCM-41.

초기 pH 가 제올라이트성 ETS - 계열의 결정화반응에 미치는 영향

김화중,김윤상 ( Wha Jung Kim,Youn Sang Kim ) 한국공업화학회 1998 공업화학 Vol.9 No.1

새로운 미세공구조를 갖는 제올라이트성 물질인 ETS-4와 ETS-10의 합성에 pH가 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, pH가 10.4인 경우 세공의 크기가 약 8Å인 ETS-10가 합성되는 반면 pH가 증가하면서 두 종류가 동시에 합성되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 pH가 11.5인 경우에는 순수한 ETS-4만이 합성되는 것을 알 수 있었다. Morphology를 보면 ETS-10의 경우 정점이 잘린 두 개의 피라미드를 겹쳐놓은 형상에서 pH가 증가함에 따라 순수한 ETS-4의 경우 판상형의 결정체들이 형성되는 것을 알 수 있었다. The effects of initial pH on the synthesis of new microporous zeolitic materials, ETS-4 and ETS-10 were investigated with the initial pH from 10.4 to 11.5. The results showed that initial pH significantly affects the type of ETS-series materials to be crystallized ; that is, pure ETS-10 at 10.4 of pH, mixture of ETS-10 and ETS-4 at intermediate pH, and pure ETS-4 at 11.5 of pH. Micrographs show that the morphology of final solid product changes from the shape contacting the bottom sides of two truncated pyramids to the plane-like shape as initial pH increases. v

제21대 국회의 상법 개정안에 관한 검토 —보험모집종사자 권한에 대한 법안을 중심으로—

김화중 한국경영법률학회 2023 經營法律 Vol.33 No.2

This study reviewed the feasibility of two bills dealing with the adjustment of authority of insurance broker and agent in Article 646-2 of the bills on the insurance part of the Commercial Act proposed by the 21st National Assembly. The main purpose of the first amendment bill is to stipulate the grounds in the commercial law about insurance brokers who play a key role in the insurance sales process, and in parallel with that, to enable insurance brokers to act on behalf of policyholders under contracts. Regarding this, although some provisions on the authority of insurance agents and insurance salesman were newly established through the revision of the Commercial Act in 2014, it is unsatisfactory that the provision on insurance brokers, another axis of insurance sales, was omitted and it is necessary to newly establish it. In addition, in terms of the institutional background for the benefit of the insurance policyholder and the legal logic that the exercise of the agency based on the authorized act of the party cannot be prevented, in principle, the exercise of the agency by delegation can be recognized. However, in reality, there are obstacles such as conflict with Article 109 of the Attorney-at-Law Act in the legislative process. In the process of concretely determining the interpretation of the insurance terms and conditions of the insurance money payment, the insurance accident is somewhat ambiguous, and the intervention of an insurance broker as an agent for insurance money claims is inevitably an act of handling legal cases. Considering Paragraph 2 of Article 4-19 of the Regulations on Supervision of Insurance Business, it is okay to give insurance claim advice to insurance policyholders or act as an agent for simple document delivery. However, insurance claim representation and insurance settlement agreements performed as services for policy holders are highly likely to be treated as part of paid transactions between the parties as a whole. The main purpose of the second amendment bill is that it is necessary to recognize the right for insurance salesman to receive an expression of intention, such as the right to receive a notice about the duty of disclosure, if the policyholder stated the matters to be notified to the insurance salesman or trusted his explanation or authority. Furthermore, the amendment stipulates that the insurance salesman’s active expression of intention regarding contract cancellation, contract change, etc. However, it is not possible to equate the case where an insurance salesman knew a specific fact or did not know it through negligence as the insurer's knowledge or ignorance, and recognizing the right to receive an expression of intent, such as receipt of notice, is judged premature. In addition, as in the amendment, provided that an insurance salesman can even express an intention to conclude a contract, if the insurance salesman accepts the policyholder's subscription in an arbitrary form, the contract is concluded immediately and responsibility begins. This also has a high possibility of causing moral hazard, such as signing an insurance contract after an accident. In any field, it is essential to closely examine whether there are any unexpected negative ripple effects in the legislative process. This is especially true in the case of the Commercial Act, which stipulates standards for business relationships, along with the supervisory legislation that regulates the financial sector related to economic phenomena. It will be said that in the future legislative improvement work, in addition to justification and necessity, a detailed analysis of theoretical validity and unexpected ripple effects will be required. 본 연구는 제21대 국회에서 발의된 상법 보험편에 관한 법안 중 제646조의2 보험모집종사자의 권한 조정을 다룬 두 개 법안에 국한하여 그 타당성을 검토하였다. 첫 번째 개정안의 주요 취지는 보험모집 과정의 주요 역할을 수행하고 있는 보험중개사에 관한 근거조항을 상법에 명기하고, 그와 병행하여 보험중개사로 하여금 보험계약자와의 계약에 의해 그를 대리할 수 있도록 하려는 것이다. 이에 관해서는 2014년 상법 개정을 통해 보험대리상과 보험설계사의 권한에 대한 조항을 일부 신설하기는 했지만, 보험모집의 또다른 축인 보험중개사에 대한 조항을 누락한 것은 아쉬운 점이었다는 점에서 이를 신설할 필요가 있다고 본다. 그리고 보험계약자의 이익을 위한다는 제도적 배경 측면, 당사자의 수권행위에 근거한 대리권 행사를 막을 수 없다는 법논리 측면에서, 원론적으로는 위임에 의한 보험중개사의 대리권 행사도 인정할 수 있다. 다만, 현실적으로 그 입법과정에서는 변호사법 제109조와의 충돌 등 장애요소가 있다. 보험약관 해석이나 보험금 지급조건이 되는 보험사고가 다소 모호하여 이를 구체적으로 확정하는 과정에, 보험금 청구의 대리행위로서 보험중개사가 개입하는 것은 결국 법률사건을 다루는 행위가 될 수밖에 없다. 보험업감독규정 제4-19조 제2항을 고려할 때도 보험계약자에 대한 보험금 청구의 조언이나 단순한 서류전달 대행은 무방하겠으나, 이른바 보험계약자를 위한 서비스로 행해지는 보험금 청구대리 및 보험금액의 합의행위는 결국 전체적인 당사자 간 유상 거래의 일부로 취급될 가능성이 높다. 두 번째 개정안의 주요 취지는 보험계약자가 보험설계사에게 고지사항 등을 진술하거나 그의 설명이나 권한을 신뢰하였다면 고지수령권 등 의사표시의 수령권한을 인정할 필요성이 있다는 것이다. 나아가 개정안은 보험설계사의 계약해지, 계약변경 등에 관한 능동적 의사표시도 대리상과 동일한 권한이 있다고 규정한다. 그러나 보험설계사가 특정 사실을 알거나 과실로 알지 못한 경우를 보험자의 인지(認知)나 부지(不知)로 동일시 할 수는 없으며, 고지수령 등 의사표시의 수령권한을 인정하는 것은 시기상조로 판단된다. 또한 개정안처럼 보험설계사가 계약체결의 의사표시까지 할 수 있다고 하는 경우, 보험계약자의 청약에 대해 보험설계사가 임의적 형식으로 승낙하면 즉시 계약이 성립하고 책임이 개시되는 결과가 된다. 이 역시 사고발생 후 보험계약체결 등의 도덕적 해이를 유발할 가능성이 다분하다. 무엇보다도 보험대리상과 보험설계사의 법적 권한을 완전히 동일하게 규정하려 한다면, 굳이 두 가지 법적 형태로 나누어 지칭하는 것조차 무의미한 일이 된다. 어떤 분야의 법률이든 그 입법과정에서는 예상하지 못한 부정적 파급효과는 없는지 면밀한 검토가 필수적이다. 특히 경제 현상과 관련된 금융 분야를 규율하는 감독법제와 더불어 거래관계의 기준을 명정하는 상사법의 경우 더욱 그러하다. 향후 입법개선 작업에는 명분과 필요성 외에도 이론적 타당성, 예상치 못한 파급효과에 대한 면밀한 분석이 필요하다고 할 것이다.

콘크리트 구조물의 내화설계

김화중 한국콘크리트학회 2002 콘크리트학회지 Vol.14 No.2

고중력에서 MFI 형 Zeolite 인 Silicalite 결정의 합성 및 성장에 관한 연구

김화중,이준 ( Wha Jung Kim,Joon Lee ) 한국공업화학회 1991 공업화학 Vol.2 No.2

실리카가 많이 함유된 제올라이트 즉 silicalite(end member of ZSM-5)를 2.55 Na_2O-5.0 TPABr-100 SiO_2-2800 H_2O조성으로 180℃에서 7일간 반응시켜 합성하였다. Silicalite 합성을 위한 최초 반응물들이 담겨진 autoclave들은 반응기간 중 고중력장을 얻기 위하여 특수제작된 열풍식 항온조 내에서 원심분리되었다. 반응은 1, 30 및 50G에서 수행되었다. 30 및 50G의 고중력하에서 합성된 silicalite의 평균 및 최대 결정크기는 동일 조건하의 1G에서 합성된 결정들보다 현저하게 증가되었고, 수율도 4%에서 55%정도까지 약 11배가 증가 되었다. 1G에서 얻어진 silicalite 결정의 평균크기는 1일에서 7일에 걸친 전 반응기간을 통하여 50-7O㎛에 불과한 반면, 30 및 50G에서 얻어진 결정의 평균크기는 160-190㎛로 2-3배 증가된 결과가 나타났다. 더욱 특이할만한 현상으로 고중력하에서는 핵심생성과 결정성장이 뚜렷하게 2 단계에 걸쳐 나타남이 관측되었다. 예로써 50G하에서는 단지 2 내지 3일간의 반응 후에 평균 135㎛ 정도의 silicalite 결정이 생성되는 비교적 빠른 제 1 성장단계(first growing stage)를 보였고, 이어 5일에 이르기까지 평균 200㎛ 정도의 결정이 되는 매우 빠른 제 2성장단계(second growing stage)가 관찰되었다. 위의 2단계 결정성장과정에서 얻어진 최대결정 크기는 각각 190 및 300㎛이었다. 고중력이 결정핵 생성, 성장, 수율 및 silicalite 결정의 크기에 미치는 영향들에 관하여 자세히 논의하였다. Highly-siliceous dealuminated zeolite, silicalite(end member of ZSM-5) was synthesized from a batch composition of 2.55 Na_2O-5.0 TPABr-100SiO_2-2800H_2O at 180 ℃ and at times ranging from one to seven days of reaction time. Autoclaves containing the synthesis mixture were centrifuged within the specially-equipped convection oven to provide an elevated gravitational force field like 30 and 50 G. Tests were also conducted at normal gravity. For synthesis performed under elevated gravities, average and maximum crystal sizes were substantially greater than those synthesized under normal gravity and product yields were also found to be affected by elevated gravity ; that is, product yields were substantially enhanced under elevated gravity from 4% to 55% with respect to normal gravity. The average crystal sizes of silicalite synthesized at normal gravity were 50 to 70 ㎛ over an entire range of reaction time, one to seven days while the average crystal sizes synthsized under elevated gravities, 30 and 50 G, were 160 to 190 ㎛ respectively. For the elevated gravity, in particular, two separate nucleations and growths were observed. For examples, at 50 G, large crystals of 200 ㎛ were produced through the second growing stage after 5 days of reaction following the rapid first growing stage where fairly large crystals of 135 ㎛ were produced only in 2 days of reaction. The maximum crystal sizes obtained through the above two growing stages were 190 and 300 ㎛, respectively. A discussion of how elevated gravity affects nucleation, growth, yield and crystal size of silicalite is presented.

한국 학교간호활동에 대한 실태조사

이경식,김화중 서울大學校 保健大學院 1972 公衆保健雜誌 Vol.9 No.1

A survey on school nurses presently engaged in school health services in Korea was conducted in December 1969 for the period of one month, to find out activities, line of supervision, general and special preparation for the job, preferances for geographical location and level of school, and a composite picture of school nurses. Study population was 765 nurses presently engaged in school nursing and method used for data collection was a questionnaire consisting of 65 items which were distributed and replies obtained by mail. 63 per cent of the study population responded and returned the questionnaires. An analysis of the data collected showed the following findings. 1. General composition of school nurses: majority of nurses were in the age group of 25-29 and married nurses appeared to have a preference in school nursing. Basic nursing training of the nurses showed that the technical nursing school graduates occupied posts at primary schools and collegiate program graduates and diploma graduates held posts at middle and high schools. The experiences of nurses revealed that more nurses with long nursing experience were engaged at the lower level of schools. This may be revealing the history of school nursing services at the different level of schools. 2. Special training in school nursing: 60 per cent of total respondents have had short or long term training to perepare themselves for the job. Large proportion of older nurses had some form of special training in public health. For the preparation of school nursing in basic nursing education, the graduates of lower level of school appeared to have less learning experience. 3. Area preference of respondents: majority of diploma graduates and all collegiate graduates are engaged in urban schools while majority of technical graduates and a small proportion of diploma graduates hold positions in rural schools. 4. Common number of classes in a rural school ranged from 30 to 49 while urban schools showed a wider range of 40 to 79 classes in a school. However, the work of a school nurse in general was shown to be overloaded regardless of characteristics of community. 5. Common walking distance from school to nearest health facilities was found to be 15 minutes in both communities. Nearest health facilities in both communities was private clnics, and health center heald in second nearest place in rural community. 6. School nurse's line of professional supervision was none existance except administrative one. 7. As for the school nurses activites, functions of. management and teaching, direct health services, case finding and follow-up care, class teaching participation of health related subjects were included. The proportion of class teaching and health counselling in daily activites was about 10 per cent while larger proportion of time was allocated for teaching of non-health subjects as substitutes of regular teaching when professional teachers were absent due to some reason. With the consideration of the above mentioned factors related to school nurses activities, the following recommendations are made: 1. Standardized professional preparation of school nurses should be provided. 2. Multiple angle of administrative coordiantion and improvement of its mechanism should be brought about for better and proper utilization of school nurses through recognition of importance of school health services. 3. Active participation of school nurses to professional organization for personal as well as professional growth should be emphsized. 4. Provision of job descriptions, standards for qualification and practice must be made. 5. Opportunity for refresher courses should be givent to school nurses to inform up to date development in fields of public health and related areas.