자폐장애 아동의 염색체 분석

하재창,정철호,채성수 大韓神經精神醫學會 1992 신경정신의학 Vol.31 No.4

The authors studied chromosomal abnormalities in 30 autistic children meeting the diagnostic criteria of DSM-III-R in order to evaluate association between autistic disorder and fragile X syndrome. All samples were analyzed 100 metaphase cells on short-term lmyphocyte cultures in Medium 199 that contained FUdR. Numbers of chromosome were 46XX or 46XY in all samples. One autistic boy was found having one fragile X chromosome among 100 cells, but this finding is negative since positivity of fragile X syndrome was defined as 3% (3 out of 100) of cells being positive for fragile Xq27-28. Other chromosomal abnormalities, such as gap and breakage, were found in 3 boys. These results does not support the hypothesis that fragile X syndrome is an etiological factor in autistic disorder. Therefore, a further research of fragile X syndrome in larger populations of autistic disorder, mental retardation and normal control groups is needed to confirm whether fragile X syndrome plays any part in the development of autistic disorder.

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale(MDRS)의 비치매 노인군에 대한 연구

하재창,박종한,곽호순 大韓神經精神醫學會 1990 신경정신의학 Vol.29 No.6

Mattis Dementia Rating Scale(MDRS) was tested for 144 nondemented Korean elderly whose age were 60 or more in years. The study attempted to evaluate the relationship between the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE-K) scores and MDRS scores and the relaitonship between the demographic factors and the MDRS scores. The results are as follows: 1) The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.938 and the interest reliability coefficient was 0.998. 2) The total score of MDRS was 136±10.3. 3) The correlation between the raw MMSE-K scores and the MDRS scores was significantly high degree and that of the corrected MMSE-K scores was also significantly high degree, each correlation of r=0.693 and r=0.615. 4) Age and education had significant effects on the total scores of MDRS, but both variables had no significant effects on the subtest of initiation/perseveration, and age had not significant effect on the subtest scores of conceptualization. 5) The total scores of MDRS and the subtest scores of attention, construction, conceptualization of male were significantly higher than those of female, but there were no significant sexual difference on the subtest scores of initiation/perseveration and memory. 6) There was significant correlaiton between subtest scores and total scores. But there were no significant correlation between the subtest scores of initiaion/perseveration and attention and between the subtest scores of initiation/perseveration and conceptualization.

X線 全身照射에 依한 家兎蟲垂 淋巴組織의 微細構造의 變化

河在昌,洪錫宰 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1979 慶北醫大誌 Vol.20 No.1

成熱家兎를 實驗動物로 하여 600γ의 X線을 單回 全身照射하고 B淋巴球系의 中樞淋巴組織으로 알려진 충수임파조직에 惹起되는 變化를 機能的 組織構造에 따라 病理組織學的 및 電子顯微鏡的으로 檢索하여 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 組織學的으로는 충수임파조직의 dome과 follicle에서 大小淋巴球의 甚한 懷死 消失과 大食細胞의 顯著한 增加를 볼 수 있었으나, 胸腺依存域인 TDA에서는 淋巴球의 壞死 消失이 比較的 輕한 程度로 認定되었다. 上記한 變化들은 X線 照射後 3時間에도 顯著하였으나 照射後 1日에는 더욱 甚하였다. 電子顯微鏡的으로는, X線 照射後 3時間에는 dome 및 follicle에서 淋巴球의 核染色質은 核邊緣部로 凝集되고 核中心部는 稀薄化되었고 어떤 淋巴球에서는 核濃縮을 일으키고 있었으며, mitochondria에서는 cristae가 消失되고 空胞化하는 傾向이 있었다. 그리고 組織球가 增加하고 그 細胞質內에서 lysosome의 增加, 濃縮된 核斷片의 탐식 等의 所見도 輕度로 認定되었다. 照射後 1日에는 dome 및 follicle에서 淋巴球는 大多數가 破壞消失되었고, 組織球가 顯著하게 增加되어 破壞된 細胞成分들을 활발하게 탐식하고 있는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 그러나 TDA에서는 淋巴球에서 染色質의 核邊緣部 凝集 乃至 核濃縮 그리고 mitochondria의 變性을 多少 볼 수 있었으나 甚한 破壞性變化는 認定되지 않았으며, 組織球의 貪 機能도 顯著하지 않았다. 以上의 實驗成績으로 보아, X線 照射에 對해서 B淋巴球를 生産하는 中樞淋巴組織의 淋巴球들은 感受性이 높아서 早期에 甚하게 破壞되며, 抹消淋巴組織에 分布하는 T淋巴球는 比較的 抵抗性이 있어서 損傷을 적게 받는 것으로 推定된다. This study was undertaken to investigate the structural changes of the appendiceal lymphoid tissues of the adult rabbit after whole body X-irradiation by the light and electron microscopes. Nine healthy rabbits, weighing 2 to 2.5 Kgm were divided into 2 groups: Group 1: Control group: Untreated (3 rabbits) Group 2. Experimental group: A single air dose of 600r whole body X-irradiation was given (6 rabbits). Experimental animals were sacrificed at 3 hours and 1 day after irradiation and examined light and electron microscopically. The results were summarized as follows: Light microscopically, the appendical lymphoid tissues showed marked necrotic loss of small and large lymphocytes as well as considerable increase of macrophages in the dome, corona and follicle. But thymus dependent area (TDA) was relatively well preserved with mild degree's necrotic loss of the cells. These changes were apparent 3 hours after irradiation and more prominent after 1 day. Electron microscopically, the nuclei of lymphocytes in the dome and follicle revealed peripheral aggregation of chromatin with central rarefaction after 3 hours. Some lymphocytes showed pyknotic changes. Mitochondria of the these cells were vacuolated and lossed their cristae. Macrophages at this time were increased in number and showed increase of lysosomes with phagocytosis of nuclear fragments. After 1 day, lymphocytes in the dome and follicle were substantially destructed and lossed. Macrophages were markedly increased in number and showed considerable number of phagosomes containing destructed cellular debris in the cytoplasms. In the TDA, only milder degree of chromatin aggregation, pyknosis and mitochondrial degeneration were found but apparent destructive changes were not impresive. Phagocytic activities of macrophages were also inapparent. These results suggested that central lymphoid tissue for differentiation of B-lymphocytes was very sensitive to X-irradiation and severely affected at early stage, while T-lymphocytes distributed to peripheral lymphoid tissue were relatively radioresistant and affected lesser degree.

好酸球性 胃腸炎에 對한 病理學的 檢索

河在昌,洪錫宰 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1978 慶北醫大誌 Vol.19 No.1

最近 2年5個月間에 慶北大學校 醫科大學 病理學敎室에서 經驗한 好酸球性胃腸炎 7例에 對하여 病理學的으로 檢索하고, 그 結果를 다음과 같이 要約한다. 發生年齡은 30代로부터 60代 사이였으며 全例가 男性이었다. 臨床的으로는 腹痛은 全例에서, 嘔吐는 2例에서 있었고, 手術時 復水를 3例에서 認定하였다. 手術前 臨床診斷은 小腸을 侵害한 例들에서는 腸閉塞이나 腹膜炎으로, 그리고 胃나 結腸을 侵害한 v들에서는 腫瘍으로 診斷되는 傾向이 濃厚하였다. 發病部位는 廻腸이 4例로서 가장 많았고, 다음 結腸(2例), 胃(1例)의 順이었으며, 肉眼的所見으로는 胃腸壁의 甚한 水腫性肥厚와 內腔의 狹窄이 여러 가지 程度로 觀察되었다. 病理組織學的으로는 主로 粘膜下組織, 筋層 및 漿膜에서 甚한 充血과 水腫, 甚한 慢性 好酸球浸潤好酸球性 靜脈炎 等을 特徵으로 하는 病變이 觀察되었으며, 腸間膜에서도 이러한 病變들이 輕度로 認定되는 例가 많았다. 粘膜層에서는 輕度의 淋巴球와 形質細胞의 浸潤을 볼 뿐 大體로 正常한 狀態로 보였으나 好酸球浸潤도 輕微하게 認定되는 例가 많았다. The authors have reivewed the 7 cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis which were investigated pathologically during the past two years and five months from December, 1975 to April, 1978 at the department of pathlogy, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine. The results obtained were summarized as follows. The age distribution was in the 3rd to 6th dicadses and all of the cases were males. Clinically, abdominal pain was a predominant feature in all cases. There was vomiting in two cases and ascites was found in three cases abdomen was opened. The preoperative diagnosis was varied accoridng to the sites involved. In those cases where the small bowels were invovled, the preoperative diagnosis was considered as intestnal obstruction or peritonitis, but in those cases involving the stomach or the colon, as tumors. The involved sites were the ileum in 4cases, the colon in 2 cases and the stomach in 1 case. Grossly, the severe edematous thickening with narrowing of gastronitestinal lumen was observed in variable degrees. Histologically, the lesion was mainly situated in the submucosa, muscular layer and serosa of the gastrointestianl tract. It was characterized by a marked congestion and edema. The outstanding feature was a massive eosinophilic inflitration nd eosinophilic phlebitis . In many cases, such manifeslations were also observed in mild degrees in mesenteries. The mucosal layers appeared almost normal except slight infillration of lymphocytes and plasma cells, but in many cases, there were eosinophilic infiltrations in mild degrees.

소아정신과 외래환자에 대한 임상적 연구

하재창,정철호 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1992 계명의대학술지 Vol.11 No.2

The authors studied retrospectively the clinical characteristics of 1147 child psychiatric outpatients who made their first visit to Department of Psychiatry. Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, from January 1984 to December 1990. The results were as follows; There were significant differences of sex distribution among probands and the ratio between male and female was 2.1:1. There were significant differences of the percentage of male patients according to year from 55.8% in 1984 to 75.4% in 1990. There were some differences of age distrubution according to year. Old age group was more frequent from 1984 to 1987, while younger age group was more frequent in 1989 and 1990. The percentage of child outpatients to the total psychiatric outpatients was 14.7% and was increased by year, such as 4.0% in 1984 and 27.1% in 1990, and the number of child patients had also increasing tendency. The distributions of psychiatric disorders of probands were in the following order; Emotional disorder, Attention deficit disorder, Mental retardation, Epilepsy, Pervasive developmental disorder, Specific developmental disorder, Adjustment disorder, Sleep disorder, Elimination disorder, Other disorder, Stereotyped movement disorder, Organic brain syndrome, Schizophrenia, Affective disorder, V code, Other psychosis, Conduct disorder, No mental disorder. There were some differences in the distribution of psychiatric disorders accrding to age. Pervasive devemopmental disorder and Specific developmental disorder were more frequent before age of 6, Attention deficit disorder was more frequent before age of 9, Organic brain syndrome and Other disorder were more frequent after age of 7, Conduct disorder, Emotional disorder and Adjustment disorder were more frequent after age of 10, Psychosis was more frequent after age of 13, Stereotyped movement disorder was more frequent in the age of 7-12, Sleep disorder and Elimination disorder were more frequent in the age of 4-12. There were some differences in the distribution of psychiatric disorders according to sex. Attention deficit disorder, Stereotyped movement disorder, Pervasive developmental disorder and Specific developmental disorder were more frequent in male, while Emotional disorder and Affective disorder were more frequent in female. There were some differences in the distribution of psychiatric disorders according to year. Emotional disorder was the most frequent diagnosis from 1984 to 1988, Mental retardation in 1989 and Attention deficit disorder in 1990.

일상 언어의 의미에 관한 철학적 고찰

하재창 현대영미어문학회 2001 현대영미어문학 Vol.19 No.3

There are two types of languages according to the nature of the world they belong to. One is for the ordinary world and the other is for the scientific world. We describe these languages as Ordinary Language and Scientific Language. In general, Ordinary Language is a naturally evolved one and Scientific Language is an artificial one, which has a rather conventional nature. Therefore, it could also be said that the former is a creation of nature and the latter is a man-made product. Ordinary Language is also categorized by what it describes. It may be used for communication, for describing ethics, arts, and so on. In this paper we will discuss how the meanings in ordinary conversation is extricated. We will start by examining traditional philosophical exposition and then we will continue to observe and scrutinize various types of speech acts. We will also discuss what an illocutionary act is and describe the problem of meaning in order to verify how to understand the meaning of Ordinary Language and, especially, the meaning of conversation. The structure of conversation below depicts how the meanings of language in conversation are understood by both the speaker and the hearer. Speaker S ↓ ↓ Language L → → x Target of language Hearer H ↑ 1.There is an intention of a speaker when he/she makes an utterance. The intention could either be an internal or an external phenomenon. When the hearer conveys his/her intention in language, he/she must express it in a medium that the hearer can understand. The speaker's utterance should be relevant to the conversation, since the language is the means of conveying his/her intention and it is rule-governed. Language acquires the meaning of the sentence by the rules it follows thus we know what the language means. 2.The hearer must recognize the speaker's intention through his/her utterance and the speaker should ascertain whether or not the hearer's understanding of the speaker's intention is correct. Since language is a means to exchange intentions, it should have the illocutionary act that brings about the effect of communication. Understanding of the illocutionary act of speech comes from identifying synonymy. Recognition of the environment where the conversation is taking place is necessary, for the reason that the conversation between the speaker and the hearer occurs under certain conditions. Let us suppose that there are a lot of people on the street, and speakers A and B started to talk. A asks B "What is going on?" and B answers, as an illocutionary act, "There is a fight". If speaker A understands B's answer as "They are having a quarrel", then it is possible to say that the speaker B has succeeded to provide and the speaker A has succeeded to comprehend the intention conveyed in B's speech. Speaker A understood speaker B's intention via recognizing the meaning of speaker B's speech and the meaning of its target. Furthermore, identifying synonymy between 'fight'and 'quarrel', and also recognizing the rule when this speech is used gives speaker A clues for revealing speaker B's illocutionary act. It is also possible to assume that knowing the environment where the conversation took place facilitates a hearer in understanding the meaning of speech. The meaning of speech could be recognized more easily when conditions such as above are met. Misunderstanding in ordinary conversation tends to surface when one of the above conditions is missing in the conversation. Thus, we are required to be careful when trying to understand the meaning of Ordinary Language.

망상이나 환각을 동반한 조증환자의 단기예후

하재창,박영남,김희철 大韓神經精神醫學會 1992 신경정신의학 Vol.31 No.4

Hospital records of 101 DSM-III-R bipolar manic patients were reviewed retrospectively to study the short-term treatment outcome of manic patients with delusions or hallucinations. There were fifty eight(57.4%) manic patients with delusions or hallucinations and forty three(42.6%) manic patients without delusions and hallucinations. All patients underwent necessary treatments by their physicians. Manic symptoms, i.e., elated mood, irritable mood, verbal activity, and motor activity were rated on admission and weekly for four weeks after admission by a retrospective review of records. On admission, the total severity of manic symptoms, elated mood, and irritable mood were significantly greater in the manic patients with delusions or hallucinations than the manic patients without delusions and hallucinations. At one week after admission, all symptoms improved markedly, about 50% improvement over the severity at the time of admission, and there were no significant differences in severity of manic symptoms between two groups. Thereafter all symptoms improved rather slowly in both groups and there were no significant differences in severity of manic symptoms between two groups in subsequent 3 weeks. Average daily doses of antimanic medications administered were compared between two groups. Only during first week of hospitalization the manic patients with delucions or hallucinations received significantly higher daily doses(776.5 ±881.2mg chlorpromazine-equivalent doses) of antipsychotics than the manic patients without delusions and hallucinations(414.2 ±289.7mg chlorpromazine-equivalent doses). There were no significant differences in lithium and carbamazepine doses between two groups. These results suggest that the psychotic symptoms do not seem to affect aucte treatment outcome in mania, if treated appropriately.

Prednisolone 投與로 因한 家兎中樞淋巴組織의 形態學的硏究

河在昌,李東久,洪錫宰 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1982 계명의대학술지 Vol.1 No.1

成熟家兎를 實驗動物로 하여 prednisolone 을 5㎎ 및 10㎎ 씩 1日 1回 連 3日間 注射하고 中樞淋巴組織인 胸腺과 蟲垂淋巴組織에 惹起되는 變化를 機能的組織構造에 따라 光學 및 電子顯微鏡的으로 檢索한 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 組織學的으로 胸腺에 있어서는 小葉皮質에서 淋巴球의 甚한 消失과 細綱細胞 및 大食細胞의 顯著한 增加를 볼 수 있었으나 隨質에서는 淋巴球가 거의 減少되지 않았다. 蟲垂淋巴組織은 dome, corooa 및 follicle에서 다같이 大小淋巴球의 甚한 消失과 大食細胞의 著明한 增加를 볼 수 있었으며 TDA에서는 淋巴球가 極히 輕한 程度로 減少하였을 뿐으로서 거의 正常한 狀態로 보였다. 電子顯微鏡的으로 胸腺皮質의 淋巴球는 核邊綠의 不規則, 核膜의 消失 및 核破壞 等의 甚한 變性 내지 壞死性變化가 惹起되었으며 細綱細胞 및 大食細胞에서는 空胞의 養性擴張, mitochondria의 종신 및 cristae의 消失 그리고 破壞된 淋巴球의 탐식 等이 5㎎ 注射群보다는 10㎎ 群에서 좀 더 顯著하게 나타났다. 그러나 隨質에서는 몇몇 淋巴球에서 核濃縮과 核邊綠의 不規則性이 있을뿐 著明한 變性變化는 없었다. 蟲垂淋巴組織에서도 dome, corona 및 follicle의 淋巴球는 甚한 壞死性變化를 보였으며 TDA에서는 그 變化가 極히 輕하였다. Dome 및 follicle의 大食細胞에서는 破壞된 淋巴球가 가끔 탐식되어 있었다. 以上의 成績으로 보아 一般的으로 cortiosteroid의 中樞淋巴組織에 對한 影響은 胸腺에서는 皮質의 淋巴球에 그리고 蟲垂淋巴組織에서는 주로 B淋巴球領域의 淋巴球에 일어나며 그 變化는 非可逆性 壞死까지도 誘發하는 것으로 推定된다. This study was carried out to investigate morphological changes in the central lymphoid tissue of thymus gland and appendix of 12 healthy adult rabbits treated with injecting prednisolone of 5 and 10mg each to the animals once per day 3 consecutive days. The results were as follows: Light microscopically, a considerable loss of lymphocytes in lobular cortex of thymus gland, along with noticeable increase of macrophages and reticulum cells, were found. However, no significant decrease of lymphocytes in its medulla persent. Significant loss of large and small lymphocytes and considerable increased macrophages in the areas of dome, corona, and follicles of appendiceal lymphoid tissue were noted. However, very meagre decrease of lymphocytes in thymus dependent area only was noticed. Electron microscopically marked degeneration and necrotic changes of lymphocytes, such as irregularity of nulear margin, loss of nuclear membrane, and destruction of lymphocytes in the cortex of thymus gland occured. in reticulum cells and macrophages, cystic degeneration of vesicles, swelling of mitochondria, loss of cristae, and phagocytosis of destructed lymphocytes were prominent in the group of 10mg injection than in that of 5mg. Nevertheless, nuclear condensations and irregularities of nuclear margin of some lymphocytes were noticed in medulla with no clear degenerative changes. In appendiceal lymphoid tissue, a severe nocrotic changes of lymphocytes of dome, corona and follicles were observed. However, its changes in thymus dependent area were very little. In macrophages of dome and follicles, destructed lymphocytes were seen to be occasionally phagocytosed. It may be summarized that the effects of corticosteroid on the central lymphoid tissue take place in lymphocytes in cortex of thymus gland and in lymphocytes of B lymphocytical area of appendiceal lymphoid tissue. It may also be assumed that the changes aforementioned can include irreversible necrosis.

알콜長期投與에 依한 白쥐大腦皮質의 酸素消費量變化에 關한 硏究

河在昌 大韓神經精神醫學會 1967 신경정신의학 Vol.6 No.1

A long alcohol intubaiton with 2.0ml of 33% ethanol per 100gm body weight was induced on the albino rats for 45 days, and changes in the oxygen consumption rate(QO₂) of the cerebral cortex as well as the body weight were studied. The results obtained are summerized as follows: (1) The oxygen consumption rate(QO₂) of the rats cerebral cortex did not show any noticeable difference in the initial stage of 1∼2 days following the alcohol intubation comparing with the control. However, a tendency of the significant decrease in QO₂ was observed as the intubation continued and the days progressed. (2) The rate of increase in body weight was greatly inhibited by the alcohol intabation particularly in the first 5 days. A gradual increase in the body weight, on the other hand. was observed thereafter till 45 days of the intubation, though it did not recover to the inital level thoughout the entire experiment.

國民倫理의 基本問題에 關한 硏究(1)

河在昌 圓光大學校 1974 論文集 Vol.8 No.-