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朴忠錫 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1991 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.59 No.2
This study is to analyze the attitudes in theoretical quest of Neo-Confucianism in Koreas Chosun period and Japans Tokugawa period by way of ideological comparisons. Neo-Confucianism formed in the period of the Sung Empire in Chinese history, had made a great imprint on the ideological make-up of the Chosun dynasty and the Tokugawa period. However, the comparative study of the attitudes in theoretical quest of Neo-Confucianism in the two periods of theses two countries shows that they had followed respectively quite a different path in ideological development despite the similar condition of a foreign-born ideology. The main reasons may bestemmed from the receptivity patterns of Neo-Confucianism in the two countries. In this thesis, it is to examine not only the geo-political characteristics of Korea and Japan but also the characteristics of the two countries cultural peculiarity as two basic conditions to form the effect of receptivity patterns through the imported ideology. And then, it is to elaborate the attitudes in theoretical quest of Neo-Confucianism by analyzing the ideological characteristics of the two thinkers typically representing the periods, Yi Hwang (1501~1570) of Korea and Ogy? Sorai (1666~1728) of Japan with the special emphasis of the peculiar Korean-inclined approaches as well as the peculiar Japanese-inclined approaches of ideological search for truth. The ideological characteristics of Confucianism which have been developed from the period of Confucianism in ancient China to the period of the Sung Empire involve not only the subjectivistic tendencies as well as the objectivistic tendencies at the same time. As a consequence, the succinct qualities of Neo-Confucianism have formed as follows. First, Neo-Confucianism in the Chosun era heavily represents the tendency of fundamentalism from the beginning whereas Neo-Confucianism in the Tokugawa period exhilarates the tendency of revisionism. Second, Neo-Confucianism in the Chosun period heavily represents the tendency of universalism and subjectivism at the same time whereas Neo-Confucianism in the Tokugawa period shows a strong tendency of particularism and objectivism as ideological inclination. Of course, these evaluations of the Neo-Confucianism of the two countries should be considered as relative understandings which were achieved by centering around the analysis of the ideological main streams.
朴忠錫 단국대학교부설 중국연구소 1978 中國硏究 Vol.1 No.-
The aim of this paper is to examine the ideological characteristics of the Kung-yang school in the waning period of the Ching dynasty following the Opium War. Looking at it in a perspective of political history, we might as well say that the modern Chinese history was a process of being half-colonized by the invasion of Western powers, Russia, and Japan. When we look at the Chinese counteractions in connection with her struggle for identity to cope with western impact at that time, however, there was an internal development of thoughts in pursuit of the so-called modernization, the evidence of which was found in the cases of the Taiping Rebellion, the Movement of Europeanizing, the Reform Movement, and the Revolution of 1911. This study, keeping the above-mentioned perspective, examined the internal development of thoughts to cope with western impact mainly in the historical context of thoughts covering the period from the time of the Movement of Europeanizing till the time of the Reform Movement. The ideological origin of the idea of reform advocated by K'and Yu-wei can be dated back to the time of Huang Tsung-hsi. Therefore, the characteristic of the political idea held by Huang Tsung-hsi was examined first, and then the ideological development of the idea of the Kung-yang school preceding that of K'ang Yu-wei was examined covering the period from the time of Chuang Ts'un-yu till the time of Wei Yuan. The Movement of Europeanizing advocated by a group headed by Tseng Kuo-fan and Li Hung-chang with its background on an ideological context that "using barbarians we should attack barbarians, using barbarians we should keep peace with barbarians, and learning barbarian skills we should control barbarians" was performed based on the ideological foundation of the Advocacy of Self-Streng-thening by Feng Kuei-fen, that is, the Advocacy of Adopting Western Techniques without Losing Self-Identity. To the School of Movement of Europeanizing, therefore, the "Western Learning" only meant the fosterage of modern military industry for the purpose of modernization of China. The ultimate value the school sought after was in rehabilitating the traditional order based on the universal thought of Neo-Conucianism. The failure of the Movement of Europeanizing resulting from the defeat of China in the Sino-Japanese War brought a diversion of their thought to a political aspect that the wealth and strength of Western powers came not only from military supremacy but basically from the difference of political systems. The Reform Movement advocated by K'ang Yu-wei started from this change of the view of the West. And K'ang Yu-wei justified the theoretical ground of the Reform Movement idea by regarding Confucius from the present point of literature as a reformer who aimed at "reforming the present system by learning the old ones," and consequently brought about a structural change of the traditional idea of Confucianism.