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천마총 출토 천마도 장니(天馬圖障泥)에 관한 일고찰 -제작방법 및 천마의 보법(步法)을 중심으로-
안병찬 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2014 新羅文化 Vol.43 No.-
The heavenly horse Changnee(National Treasure No. 207) was made of two plates of birch bark, using three pieces of bark. Outer plate and inner plate were placed so that their grains crossed each other, and sewed together in X character shape to prevent shrinking and deformation, and then the edges were hemmed with leather. Birch bark is light, flexible, water-proof and suitable to be painted because its color is white. To confirm whether the bark used in the heavenly horse Changnee is birch bark or not, we collected barks from three kinds of birch trees which are living now and compared them with the bark of the heavenly horse Changnee. We compared the holes on the surface and shape of gnarls and examined number of periderm layers found on the sections of barks and their thickness, and character of cellular tissue. However, these comparisons and examinations only through naked eyes and microscopes could not bring us a clear conclusion. Various coloring materials and techniques were used on the heavenly horse Changnee. Three artificial pigments were used, White lead for white, vermilion for red, Chinese ink for black. Silla people seemed to develop techniques to manufacture pigments they wanted by changing natural materials chemically. Perhaps it was difficult to paint color directly on the bark of birch, because the wood wax contained in the bark reduce adhesiveness of water-soluble glue. They would have to get rid of wood wax appropriately, but the method to remove it is not known so far. To paint the white heavenly horse clearly on white bark, it would be necessary to dye the bark and paint the heavenly horse with special pigment. Although it is not certain whether the bark was dyed or not, white lead, which has strong coloring power and is unobtrusive, was used appropriately as a white pigment. The artist seemed to know the quality of the pigment well and choose it. The walking style of the heavenly horse is pacing which a horse can learn only through training. Pacing is the walking or running style in which a horse moves its forelegs and hind legs on the same side in the same direction simultaneously. Pacing horses appear also on many wall paintings of Koguryo old tombs. We can see also ordinary horses pacing in ancient pictures. In case of China, pictures of pacing horses began to appear in the Han Dynasty. Why did the artist paint a heavenly horse pacing? An imaginable reason is that he might want to think a heavenly horse that connects human beings with heaven as a messenger nearer to human side than to heaven. Or, being ignorant of horses' walking style, he might follow the easy way of painting horses.
안병찬,안상대,김원일,안원식 한국방재학회 2008 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.08 No.05
USWMM was developed as a drainage analysis system for estuarine urban areas by adding sluice gates on existing EPA SWMM5 through this study. For the purpose of reviewing, Ansungchon river was modeled with USWMM and calibration and verification were attempted at three observation stations. In comparison, another approach using HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS was applied to the area under the same condition. It turned out that USWMM resulting values were closer to the observed values than those of the HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS approach. USWMM's flow simulation through sluices were more realistic to sluice operation fields by adding incomplete submerged orifice flow equation and maintenance water level. In sum, USWMM can be seen as a general purpose tool for estuarine urban drainage analysis system. 본 연구에서 미국 환경청에서 개발한 SWMM5 모형에 배수갑문 모의기능을 추가하여 수정한 USWMM 모형을 개발했다. 개발된 USWMM의 적용성을 검증하기 위해 안성천 유역을 81개의 소유역으로 분할하고 실제 강우사상을 적용하여 배수위 해석을 수행하고 동연수위표와 평택수위표 및 배수갑문 지점의 관측수위를 대상으로 검․보증을 시도하였다. 그 결과 관측치와 매우 근사했으며, HEC-HMS와 HEC-RAS로 모의한 결과보다 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 그 이유는 USWMM은 HEC-RAS에서 누락된 불완전수중오리피스 흐름과 배수갑문의 관리수위를 설정할 수 있어 실제 배수갑문 운영 현장상황을 동일하게 모의할 수 있기 때문으로 보인다. 따라서, 배수갑문과 연계된 하천 배수위 해석에서 USWMM을 범용적인 도구로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.