漢江의 越冬鳥類

元炳旿,禹漢貞,金相旭,具太會,李斗杓,崔東信 경희대학교 한국조류연구소 1986 연구보고 Vol.1 No.-

The Han River is an important river where some twentys pecies of waterbirds yearly visit for staging or wintering-including some species of surface-water (or inland-water ducks), geese, and diving ducks which are dominant. The river, which has the capacity for more than 15,000 waterbirds and which is located in their migrating route, is considered essential for their surviving. As we know, the accepted ornithological criteria for assigning international importance to wetlands as propounded by the International Wetlands Conferences in Ramar, Iran(1972) and Heiligenhafen, West Germany(1974) are: (ⅰ) the wetland should support at least 1% of the population of one or more species of waders or waterfowl in an international flyway. In the present context this constitutes Europe and North Africa; (ⅱ) the wetland should support totals of 20,000 or more waders and/or more than 10,000 wildfowl of all species. However, the number of the waterfowl visiting the Han River every year exceeds the figures suggested above for wetland criteria in Europe or North Africa. Thus, the Han River is regarded very important both domestically and internationally. The decrease in the past twenty years in the number of waterfowl and waders migrating to this river is largely due to the water pollution caused by industrial sewage and insecticides flowing into Han River and to the development of agricultural and recreation areas within the river which have encroached and impoverished habitats. For minimizing negative ecological impacts on wildfowl from the factors mentioned above and from Han River developing projects, constant efforts should be made for effective supervision and rational administration for nature conservation through scientific surveys and researches.

흰눈섭황금새(Muscica narcissina zanthopygia HAY)의 생태-특히 번식경과와 육령기의 식습성

원병오,이경조,WON, Pyong-Oh,RHEE, Kyung-Jho 한국통합생물학회 1965 동물학회지 Vol.8 No.2

1. This report is on the outcome of observation made up the breeding process of Narcissus flycatcher, Muscicapa narcissina zanthopygia, using 15 ness-boxes at Seoul and Kwang Nung Experimental forest in 1964, and the relevant feeding habit was studied by the collar method of wrapping the necks of thenestlings for 50-60 minutes or more in some cases from 1963 to 1964. 2. The Narcissus flycatcheris a common summer resident throughout Korea arriving at the end of April. The earliest data of arrival of this species in Seoul, is April 26, 1964. They migrate southward from the later part of September to early part of October. 3. In a week after their arrival , they start to build nest after a brief courtship. Male and female prepare their nest ina nestboxes in 4 or 5 days. Nests are usually found in the moss, which provide definite frame-work. The inner side of the nest is usually composed of roots of Gramineae or leaves of pine, oak or other broad leave tree. 4. The laying period is generally from the later part of April to the middle of June : and the number of eggs laid is from 3 to 8 , therefore 5 in average : eggs are pink with traces of milky yellow blending of light auburn and orange red spots and chicken-egg-like in shape. 5.The incubation takes place for 7-12 days from the middle part of May to the middle of June, in the order of male and female . The hatching rate tends to increase in proportion to clutch size. 6. The feeding period usually lasts 15 days in average from the early part of June to the middle of July and the feeding urge tends to increase in proportion to brood size. 7. The animals invading into their nest-boxes are red ants, chipmunks, bees , barkbeetles and philippine red-tailed shirkes, etc. 8. On the basis of analysis covering 714 birds in 31 nests, the food they consumed during the nesting period of nestlings were mostly of animal matters composing of : insect larvae form-39. 88% insect adult form 36.26%, insect pupae-0.19%, spider-17.75% and other animal matters 5.92% , Besides a small amount of plant pieces were found . As to the insect larvae, Lepidoptera was the largest in the content followed by Hymenoptera , Orthoptera and Coleoptera. As to the insect adult, Diptera was the largest in the content followed by Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. In view of forest protection, noxious insect was of 69.38%, useful insect 4.39%, and spider 17.75%. 9. The rich assortment of its food, the ability of acquiring various insect (adults as well as larvae), its destruction of great numbers of harmful insects , and its quick assimilation artificial nesting with the nest-boxes of 2.5-3cm entrance hole employed, allow us to conclude that the flycatcher may be successfully employed in the elimination of fores pests. The above results are only that part obtained near Seoul in the middle of Korea, however, if we would extend the scheme to other broad areas using similar techniques, the nest-boxes could not only be well used by the birds, but also it would help to prevent the increase of harmful. insects.

標識鳥에 依한 韓國産 철새集團의 季節的 分布와 그의 生産(Ⅱ)

元炳旿,禹漢貞,具太會,尹茂夫 慶熙大學校 1969 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

Seasonal distribution and ecology of migrant bird populations were studies by mist-netting and banding primarily in the area of Kyunggi-do, Korea during 1967―1968. 1. From 1 January 1967 to 31 December 1968, a total of 57,087 birds of 105 species were banded in Korea. 527 (237 returns) recoveries have been reported in Korea(outside of baning sites) and 26 recoveries of 7 species from abroad. 2. Through a nationwide preliminary survey on the colonial breeding sites of Ardei dae, 14 breeding colonies were found, and, as a result counted 6340 birds of 5 species and 1580 nestling banded. (See Table 3,4 and Fig. 1). 3. Band returns of the House Swallow banded the previous year obtained within Kyunggi-do, showed that the percentage of returns was 5.66% of 1694 adults and 0.66% of 8600 nestlings. Although the returns are invitably lower than the actual number banded, some tendency as to age is indicated, (Table 12). 4. Based on 208 recoveries at nesting and at roosting sites, the distance beween the two was within a radius of 25㎞. (see Fig. 2 and Table 14). 5. An analysis of age composition and ratio sex of some migrants, and their body wieghts.

洛東江 河口의 水禽類의 먹이植物에 관한 硏究 : 水生管束植物을 中心으로

尹解順,元炳旿 東亞大學校附設基礎科學硏究所 1985 基礎科學硏究論文集 Vol.2 No.1

Aquatic macrophyte vegetation as foodplants for waterfowl in Jukrim and Maekdobranches, Yongwon inlet and Junam reservoir was investigated from April 1984 through April 1985. These areas interrelated to the total Nakdong wintering ground for waterfowl. Aquatic macrophyte flora in Jukrim branch included 14 species of 11 genera of 9 families, and 21 species of 16 genera of 11 families in junam reservoir. In Yongwon inlet Zosterra marina was only distributed. In these areas except Yongwon inlet, dominant species was Trapa japonica and the fruits, not the leaves and stems of it was very important as food source for swans and geese. The biomass of the aquatic weed vegetation in Jukrim branch increased quickly from April to July 1984 and continued to grow until October of the same year. However, it remarkably decreased from October to November as it was consumed by migrating and wintering waterfowl. Thus, the foodplant biomass dropped sharply in the midwinter. The biomass of early April in 1985 was 1.6g??, which was only 0.8% out of total biomass in October the previous year. All above results show that aquatic plants are under heavy feeding pressure in Nakdong estuary and related area.

한국 야생조류의 시급한 보호문제

원병오 慶熙大學校 문리과대학 1963 文理學叢 Vol.2 No.1

洛東江河口의 鳥類

元炳旿,咸奎晃 慶熙大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

A survey of the invertebrate fauna of the sand bar in Nakdong delta and Yongwon-ri inlet, South Korea, was made, the count of migrating waders and waterfowl was taken, and the stomach contents of 5 Kentish plovers were analyzed. During the survey it was noticed that the commonest wader foraged near the water's edge and in shallow water during hightide. This may be correlated to the fact that their type of food is present in all these delta and inlet areas. The distribution and aggregation of waders and waterfowl shows an correlation to the distribution of their principal food species, and to other environmental factor such as the nature of the substrates and the availability of cover. The aggregating population of some waders confined to the remaining sand bar of Nakdong delta, e.g., Mujigae-dung, Galmaegi-dung, and Teama-dung, reflects changes occurring on a wide scale there. Although there may be a number of minor underlying factors, the fundamental cause for these changes in ascribed to the recent reclamation and construction of the barrage in the estuary.

白頭山의 鳥獸類

元炳旿 경희대학교 한국조류연구소 1990 연구보고 Vol.3 No.-

1. 지금까지 白頭山에 알려진 鳥類는 北斜面(中國領)에서 18目 48科 281種, 南斜面(北韓領)에서 15目 37科 133種이 各己 記錄되어 있으며 南北斜面에서 모두290種이 棲息한다. 哺乳類는 北斜面(中國領)에서 5目 17科50種, 南斜面(北韓領)에서 5目 17科66種이 各己 알려져 있으며 南北斜面에서 모두 71種이 棲息한다. 2. 本調査를 통해 觀察된 鳥類는 34種이며 哺乳類는 다람쥐와 우는토끼의 2種 뿐이나 10餘種의 絶種危機의 種에 대한 實態를 現地 白頭山資源硏究所 朴正吉氏로 부터 청취한 것을 收錄하였다. 3. UNESCO에서 指定한 生物圈 保護地區인 白頭山은 頂上까지의 車道建設, 探訪客의 쇄도, 野生鳥類의 密獵, 山林의 남벌 등으로 白頭山 生態系는 파괴 일로에 있다. 4. 白頭山 의 保護를 위해서는 다음과 같은 規制가 時急하다. 1) 探訪客은 一定한 地域과 通路外에는 出入을 엄격히 통제할 것. 2) 現地 住民의 銃器, 덫 등을 利用한 密獵을 엄격히 단속 할 것. 3) 앞으로는 山林伐採는 지양하고 파괴로부터 復元에 전력을 경주할 것. 4) 生態系의 파괴와 野生動物의 激減등, 지난날의 原始自然과 比較하는 學術연구를 통해 生物圈保護地區로서의 機能을 期할 수 있도록 努力할 것. The Survey was conducted from July 24 to August 10,1989. Mt. Paektu is the highest mountain in the Korean peninsula. The volcano has erupted at least three times about 3,000, 1,400, and 1,000 year ago. A large amount of Miocene plateau basalt (7 fissure eruptions during 19.9-2.6 Ma) and quaternary trachyte-pantellerite (3 central eruptions during 0.61-0.087 Ma) occur in the rift valley tectonic setting. 1. On the northern slope of Mt. Paektu, 281 species of birds belonging to 48 families and 18 orders are recorded. On the southern slope, 133 bird species occur, belonging to 37 families and 15 orders. A total of 290 species of birds inhabit both sides of Mt. Paektu. 2. On the northern slope of Mt. Paektu, 50 species of mammals belonging to 17 families and 5 orders are recorded. On the southern slope, 66 mammal species occur, belonging to 17 families and 5 orders. A total of 71 species inhabited both slopes of Mt. Paektu. 3. During the present survey, 34 specis of birds and two species of mammals (Asiatic Chipmunk and Northern Pika) were observed by the author. But, Mr. Park Chong-kil of the institute of Bilogical Resources of Mt. Paektu informed me of the present status of about a dozen endangered species of mammals. 4. Mt. Paektu is designated by UNESCO as biosphere reserve, but its ecosystem is being destroyed day after day due to the motorway stretched to the summit, the flood of tourists and visitors, illegal wildlife hunting, and reckless deforestation. 5. Therefore, the conservation of Mt. Paektu Biosphere Reserve urgently calls for some positive measures as the following: a. Strict control of tourists and visitors from entry into conservation areas. b. Strict regulation of the use of firearms and traps for wildlife hunting. c. Prohibition of deforestation and exertion for forest recovery. d. Promotion of comparative studies between the present status of the destroyed ecosystem and the reduced wildlife of Mt. Paektu and its former natural status with a view to establish effective measures and policies to restore the function of Mt. Paektu Biosphere Reserve.

標識放鳥에 依한 韓國産 철새 集團의 季節的 分布와 그의 生態(Ⅰ)

元炳旿,禹漢貞,咸奎晃,田美子,尹茂夫 慶熙大學校 1967 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

實驗材料로 토기, 마우스 및 가물치를 使用하여서 致死至近量의 物理的 環境要因 (溫度, 重力, 電擊, 電離放射線 및 非電離放射線), 化學的 環境要因(無機이온) 및 生物學的 環境要因(媒質의 渗透壓)等에 依한 處理가 血液蛋白質의 電氣泳動像을 비롯하여 赤血球, 白血球, 헤마토크리트比, 血色素量, 赤血球脆弱性, 肝臟器官의 組織像 그리고 肝臟 및 腎臟器官重量等에 미치는 效果를 硏究調査하였다. 前記 致死至近量의 環境要因의 處理로 一般的으로 蛋白質代謝, 血液像, 肝臟器官의 組織像 및 肝臟器官重量等에 顯著한 變化를 招來함을 알 수 있었다. 總血淸蛋白質量의 顯著한 變化 및 알부민―굴로부린比의 變化等은 血液內의 渗透效果의 變化를 招來함을 示唆하여 준다. 血淸電氣泳動像의 變化는 前記 環境要因에 依한 處理로 因하여 蛋白質代謝의 異常 卽 肝臟機能의 異常을 招來함을 알 수 있다. 以上의 結果로 미루어 보아 致死至近量이 內的 및 外的의 物理的, 化學的및 生物學的 環境要因에 依한 處理로 因하여 血液蛋白質, 血液像 및 肝臟器官 等의 異常은 生體에 큰 損傷을 가져오며 아울러 生體의 生理的平衡에 有意性的인 變化를 招來한다고 思料된다. Seasonal distribution and ecology of migrant bird populations were studied by mist-netting and banding primarily in the ares of Kyunggido, Korea during 1963-1966. 1. From 6 June to 25 June 1963, 99 birds of 3 species and 3 July 1964 to 31 December 1966, a total of 123, 242 birds of 124 species were banded in Korea. 196 (144 Returns) recoveries of 22 species have been reported in Korea (outside of banding sites) and 7 recoveries of 5 species from abroad. 2. At Taenung, N.E. Seoul, Korea, 11623 birds of the Pied Wagtail and 9,013 birds of the House Swallow were banded in pear orchards. a. Both Wagtail and Swallow are summer resident Wagtail arrives Korea in the beginning of March and Swallows in early April and these gregarious species gather at night into large flocks to roost while juveniles maintain their post-breeding roosts in pear orchard from June to October until the time of Autumn migration. b. Both Wagtaill and Swallow maintain their roosts in the same site but they exhibit different roosting behavior. c. The time at which the Wagtails and Swallows arrive and leave the roost in relation to sunset varies with length of day, weather, however, light intensity mat remain the same. d. The Wagtail gathers around the feeding ground more than 20 kilometers from the roosting site. e. Some Wagtails and Swallows banded the previous year returned and roosted in the orchard. The fact that they repeatedly roost in the same areas suggest that after breeding some birds remain in the Orchard and some of them migrate southward. 3. During July 1964-October 1966, 78, 170 birds of 12 Emberiza species were banded primarily in Kyunggi-do. Emberiza rutila, Emberiza spodocephala, Emberiza tristrami and Emberiza aureola ornata are the dominant fall and spring migrants. In fall they prefer soy-bean, corn and especially millet fields while in spring they are mostly seen on wheat and barley fields. Emberiza rustica is the most abundant species during late fall and winter and they prefer open fields with bushes. Emberiza rutila migrates through Korea in May and from the beginning of August until the and of October. The sex ratio is 100 females to 155 males (11674 ♀, 17761 ♂). More males were caught than females each month except in September when more females were caught. Emberiza spodocephala migrates through Korea from the middle of April through the middle of May and from the meddle of September through October. Emberiza tristrami migrates southward through Korea the first half of May and during October. The sex ratio is 100 female to 140 males(392 ♀, 551 ♂). Emberiza aureola oruata megrates through Korea during May nd from early August until the end of October. Emberiza rustica migrates southward but some of them winter in Korea. The wintering period is from the early October until the end of April. The sex ratio is 100 females to 191 mules (13,450 ♀, 25,687 ♂). Emberiza yessoensis continentals migrates to Korea around the middle of October. Some of them wander in Korea while some of them migrate southward. The wandering period is from the middle of October to the meddle of February. Emberiza cioidos is a permanent resident and breeds in great number in Korea. However, they migrate southward in large flocks during winter and northward during spring. The sex ratio is 100 females to 159 males (497 ♀, 792 ♂). Emberiza e. elegans is a resident and breeds in fairly small number in Korea. but they migrate southward in large flocks around the end of October and northward around April. The sex ratio is 100 females to 280 males(462 ♀, 962 ♂). Emberiza f. fucata is a summer resident, arrives to Korea the middle of April and most of them migrate southward in September. Emberiza chrysophtys migrates southward through Korea in May and from September to October. Emberiza pusilla is a not uncommon transient during spring and autumn and some of it wanders during winter in Korea. Emberiza leucocephala leucocephala Known as a straggler based on the sex specimens but a rare winter visitor. It migrates southward through Korea and some of it wanders around the end of January to the middle of March. 4. Noteworthy records of 21 species observed by the authors and some new species in Korea are given, each with notes on banding and collection records-See text for each species. Observations were made on the feeding habits of nestlings of ten species, Lanius tigrinus, Butorides striatus amurensis, Fhnberiza f. fucata, Motazilla alba leucopsis, Oriolus chinensis diffusns. Accipiter nisus nisosimilis, Mierascelis amaurotis henssent. Garrulus glandarins brandtii, Accipiter solecnsis and Cyanopica eyamts Koreensis. The investigation was made in Kwangnung experimental forest, Kyunggido and the nearby open field by using collar method. Accipiter nisus nisosimiles, Microscelis amaurotis hensoni, Garrulus glandarius brandtii and Cyanopiea cyanus Koreenses are permanent residents and the other six species are common summer residents. The following is the food that these nestlings consumed. 1. Lanius tigrinus The food they consumed was animal matter Composes of; insect larvae-41.5%, insect adults-49.4%, spiders-7.69%, frogs-1.53%. The cicada, Gampsocleis ussuricnsis made up 33.8% of the insect larvae. The cricket, Platyplenra kacmpferi made up 35.4% of the adult insects. Only one species of spiders, Clubiona jucunda was seen, 7.69% of the food. 2. Butorides striatus amurensis The food was animal matters composed of; small freshwater fishes-18.57%, Ranidae-45.71%, others-5.71%. Twenty percent of the small freshwater fishes was Zacco platypus while Hemibarbus logirostris made up 14.28%. Among Amphibians, Rana n. nigromaculata included 22.8%. 3. Emberiza f. fucata The food was amimal matter; insect larvae-63.3%, adult insects-25.64%, others-12.78%, Since 48.1% of the food items was larvae of Pieris rapae, it is most useful for agriculture. 4. Motacilla alba larcopsis The food during their nestling period was animal matter compsed of; insect larvae-30.5%, adult insects-55.4%, spiders-13.9%. The commonest insect larvae were Odonata indet.-22.2%. The commonest adult insects were Syrphidae indet.-16.6%. Of the spiders Lyecsa sp. made up 12.1% and Lycosa astrigera-2.8%. 5. Oriolus chinensis diffusus The food was animal matter composed of; insect larvae-62.36%, adult insects-20.17%, others017.42%. It should be noted that from the initial time of its feeding until leaving it consumed Dendrolimus spectabilis, a noxious forest insect which made up 45.08% of the diet. Thus it is very useful birds eliminating noxious forest insects. 6. Accipiter nisus nisosimilis The food was animal matter composed of; small passerine birds-87.5%, Ranidac-12.05%. It consumed such forest birds as Paridae. 7. Microscelis amauretis hensani The food was primarily insect adults-79.65%, Mollusca-12.15%, vegetable matter-4.05%, insect larvae-2.70%. Araneina-1.35%. Homoptera was 43.35% of adult insects. 8. Garrulus glaudarins brandtii The food during its nestling pcriod was solely animal matter; insect larvae-38.80%, adult insects-28.90%, Araneina-24.87%, adult Amphibia-15.49%. Right afrer hatehing and until leaving its nest, Dendrolimus spectabilis-35.08%, Arancina-24.87%, Clubiona jueunda-6.43% were fed. Therefor 73.48% of the total food was noxious forestry insects. 9. Accipiter soloensis The food during the whole feeding period was primarily Rana n. nigroma-culata 89.09%, but small quantity of Platypleura Kaempferi 8.26%, was also fed. 10. Cyanopica cyanus koreensis The food was composed of; insect larvae-6.11%, adult insects-60.55%, Hyla arborea japonica 12.22%, vegetable matter-1.11%. Gampsocleis ussuriensis-23.39%, Platypleura knempferi-15.55%, and Hyla arborea japoniea-12.22% were the prefered food supplied during the whole feeding period.

落東江河口 일원과 注南貯水池의 鳥類集團과 種多樣性의 豫備的評價

元炳旿,咸奎晃 慶熙大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

1. Intra-area comparison of the bird population wintering and staging in spring and fall were made on the four census areas representing different habitats, namely, the Yongwol-ri inlet, the Juk-rim branch of the Nakdong estuary, Nakdong estuary and Ju-nam reservoirs, with a total of 54 daily counts during the period of October 1983-May 1984. 2. Differences of bird species diversity and the number of "equally common" species appear greater among the different substrates censused, and there are also differences of carrying capacity of bird populations and fluctuate seasonal rythmic population changes by habitat type. 3. A considerable effort should be made to preserve diversity of the bird species and of the wintering grounds which have been the only remaining areas for waterfowl and waders. Furthermore, a strict supervision should be exercised for elimination the causes of ever-growing pullution.

漢江의 水鳥類調査

元炳旿,朴眞永,金恩英,金和貞 경희대학교 한국조류연구소 1993 연구보고 Vol.4 No.-

1. 1989년부터 1992년까지 동계에 한강의 서울수계에서 관찰한 조류는 총 39종, 최대 개체수는 27,615개체이며, 우점종은 흰죽지이다. 2. 1993년 2월부터 4월까지 한강하류에서 관찰한 조류는 총 38종, 최대개체수는 110,989개체이다. 최우점종은 흰죽지이며, 청둥오리, 고방오리 및 큰기러기의 순이었다. 3. 1992년 3월부터 5월까지 밤섬에서 관찰한 조류는 38종, 최대 개체수는 2,327개체이다. 최우점종은 청둥오리이며, 흰뺨검둥오리, 쇠오리 및 비오리의 순이었다. 4. 밤섬의 번식조류는 흰뺨검둥오리, 청둥오리 및 깝작도요이며, 꼬마물떼새와 쇠제비갈매기는 번식장소의 감소로 크게 줄어들었다. 5. 조류의 번식기간인 4~7월과 월동기간인 12~2월에는 밤섬의 출입을 엄격히 통제해야 하며, 인공 자갈못의 조성, 인공 새집의 가설, 먹이 공급 등을 통한 장기적인 보호 방안이 필요하다. 6. 행주대교에서 최근에 세워진 오두산통일전망대까지 약 25㎞에 이르는 한강하류지역은 재두루미, 개리, 큰기러기, 쇠기러기 및 말똥가리류, 수리류, 개구리매류 등 맹금류를 포함하는 10만마리 이상의 대집단이 도래하는 지역이다. 따라서 현재 천연기념물지역으로 지정된 한강하구지역은 수금류의 보호를 위해 위에 언급한 지역을 포함하여 확대지정하여야만 한다. 1. A total of 39 species with a maximum individual number of 27,615 of waterbirds was observed on the Han River in Seoul during the winter periods of 1982-1992, among which the most dominant species was Aythya ferina. 2. A maximum count of 110,989 individuals of 38 species were recorded from February to April 1993 on Han River estuary. The most dominant species was Aythya ferina followed by Anas platyrhynchos, A. acuta and Anser fabalis. 3. A maximum count of 2,327 individuals of 38 species were made during the bird census on Pam Islet, among which the most dominant species was Anas platyrhynchos followed by A. poecilorhyncha, A. crecca and Mergus merganser. 4. The species of birds breeding on Pam Islet were Anas platyrhynchos, A. poecilorhyncha and Tringa hypoleucos. The number of Charadrius dubius and Sterna albifrons was greatly declined due to the decrease of their breeding sites. 5. People coming to Pam Islet should be restricted during the breeding season from April to June and the wintering season from December to February. Long-term protection measures, such as artificial gravel pits and nests, and feed, are necessary for the waterbirds inhabiting this islet. 6. The downstream of the Han River stretching about 25㎞ from Haengju Bridge to the Han River estuary, where the unification observatory has recently been erected, becomes the wintering site of more than 100,000 waterfowl including rare spcies such as White-naped crane, Swan goose, Bean goose, White-fronted goose; and birds of prey such as buzzards, eagles, and harriers. Therefore, the present natural monument of the Han River estuary should be expanded by legislation to include the downstream of the Han River mentioned above for the protection of waterfowl.