Performance Evaluation of Single and Multi-GNSS Receiver During Agricultural Operations

( Md. Shaha Nur Kabir ),( Kyu Young Han ),( Ming Zhang Song ),( Myong Jin Ryu ),( Sun Ok Chung ),( Yong Joo Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2013 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.18 No.2

Research Trends for Performance, Safety, and Comfort Evaluation of Agricultural Tractors: A Review

Md. Shaha Nur Kabir,류명진,정선옥,김용주,최창현,홍순정,성제훈 한국농업기계학회 2014 바이오시스템공학 Vol.39 No.1

Background: Significant technological development and changes happened in the tractor industries. Contrariwise, the testprocedures of the major standard development organizations (SDO’s) remained unchanged or with a little modification overthe years, demanding new tractor test standards or improvement of existing ones for tractor performance, safety, andcomfort. Purpose: This study focuses on reviewing the research trends regarding performance, safety and comfortevaluation of agricultural tractors. Based on this review, few recommendations were proposed to revise or improve thecurrent test standards. Review: Tractor power take-off power test using the DC electric dynamometer reduced human errorin the testing process and increased the accuracy of the test results. GPS signals were used to determine acceleration andconverted into torque. High capacity double extended octagonal ring dynamometer has been designed to measure drawbarforces. Numerical optimization methodology has been used to design three-point hitch. Numerous technologies, drivingstrategies, and transmission characteristics are being considered for reducing emissions of gaseous and particulatepollutants. Engine emission control technology standards need to be revised to meet the exhaust regulations for agriculturaltractors. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program has been used to design Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS). Programand methodology has been presented for testing tractor brake systems. Whole-body vibration emission levels have beenfound to be very dependent upon the nature of field operation performed, and the test track techniques requireddevelopment/adaptation to improve their suitability during standardized assessment. Emphasizes should be given toimprove visibility and thermal environment inside the cab for tractor operator. Tractors need to be evaluated underelectromagnetic compatibility test conditions due to large growing of electronic devices. Research trends reviewed in thispaper can be considered for possible revision or improvement of tractor performance, safety, and comfort test standards.

Research Trends for Performance, Safety, and Comfort Evaluation of Agricultural Tractors: A Review

Kabir, Md. Shaha Nur,Ryu, Myong-Jin,Chung, Sun-Ok,Kim, Yong-Joo,Choi, Chang-Hyun,Hong, Soon-Jung,Sung, Je-Hoon Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2014 바이오시스템공학 Vol.39 No.1

Background: Significant technological development and changes happened in the tractor industries. Contrariwise, the test procedures of the major standard development organizations (SDO's) remained unchanged or with a little modification over the years, demanding new tractor test standards or improvement of existing ones for tractor performance, safety, and comfort. Purpose: This study focuses on reviewing the research trends regarding performance, safety and comfort evaluation of agricultural tractors. Based on this review, few recommendations were proposed to revise or improve the current test standards. Review: Tractor power take-off power test using the DC electric dynamometer reduced human error in the testing process and increased the accuracy of the test results. GPS signals were used to determine acceleration and converted into torque. High capacity double extended octagonal ring dynamometer has been designed to measure drawbar forces. Numerical optimization methodology has been used to design three-point hitch. Numerous technologies, driving strategies, and transmission characteristics are being considered for reducing emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants. Engine emission control technology standards need to be revised to meet the exhaust regulations for agricultural tractors. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program has been used to design Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS). Program and methodology has been presented for testing tractor brake systems. Whole-body vibration emission levels have been found to be very dependent upon the nature of field operation performed, and the test track techniques required development/adaptation to improve their suitability during standardized assessment. Emphasizes should be given to improve visibility and thermal environment inside the cab for tractor operator. Tractors need to be evaluated under electromagnetic compatibility test conditions due to large growing of electronic devices. Research trends reviewed in this paper can be considered for possible revision or improvement of tractor performance, safety, and comfort test standards.

Comparison of Test Standards for the Performance and Safety of Agricultural Tractors: A Review

Kabir, Md. Shaha Nur,Chung, Sun-Ok,Kim, Yong-Joo,Shin, Sung-Hyun Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2014 바이오시스템공학 Vol.39 No.3

Purpose: The objective of this paper was to compare test standards regarding the performance and safety of agricultural tractors to identify the differences in test conditions, measurement tolerances, and test procedures. Based on the comparison, some recommendations were proposed for possible revisions or improvements to current tractor test standards. Methods: The test standards and codes of major standards development organizations (SDOs), such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), EC type approval, and the board of actions of the Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratories (NTTL), were selected and analyzed. Comparison of the test standards: The ISO provides references for fuel and lubricants for tractor tests, and the OECD provides additional measurements for calculating fuel consumption characteristics during the power take-off (PTO) tests. The ISO, EC type approval, and the ASABE provide PTO protective device and the safety requirements. During drawbar power tests, seven transmission ratios are selected for fully automatic transmissions, according to the OECD. In case of hydraulic lift tests, ISO 789-2 and OECD Code 2 advise the use of a static lift force, while SAE J283 advises the use of additional dynamic lift capacity tests for a better representation of in-field operations. The OECD, the ISO, and EC type approval determine the seat index point (SIP), whereas the ASABE determines the seat reference point (SRP) for roll-over protective structure (ROPS) tests. Diversified measurement tolerances were among the braking performance test standards. The European Union (EU) has developed daily limits for vibration exposures with adaptations from ISO 2631-1. Electromagnetic compatibility evaluations are emerging of high-efficiency tractors due to the long-term conformance to electromagnetic emissions and interferences. Comparisons of tractor test standards discussed in this paper are expected to provide useful information for tractor manufacturers and standards development personnel to improve the performance and safety test standards of tractors.

Thermal imaging and computer vision technologies for the enhancement of pig husbandry: a review

Md Nasim Reza,Md Razob Ali,Samsuzzaman,Md Shaha Nur Kabir,Md Rejaul Karim,Shahriar Ahmed,Hyunjin Kyoung,김국환,Sun-Ok Chung 한국축산학회 2024 한국축산학회지 Vol.66 No.1

Pig farming, a vital industry, necessitates proactive measures for early disease detection and crush symptom monitoring to ensure optimum pig health and safety. This review explores advanced thermal sensing technologies and computer vision-based thermal imaging techniques employed for pig disease and piglet crush symptom monitoring on pig farms. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive and efficient technology for measuring pig body temperature, providing advantages such as non-destructive, long-distance, and high-sensitivity measurements. Unlike traditional methods, IRT offers a quick and labor-saving approach to acquiring physiological data impacted by environmental temperature, crucial for understanding pig body physiology and metabolism. IRT aids in early disease detection, respiratory health monitoring, and evaluating vaccination effectiveness. Challenges include body surface emissivity variations affecting measurement accuracy. Thermal imaging and deep learning algorithms are used for pig behavior recognition, with the dorsal plane effective for stress detection. Remote health monitoring through thermal imaging, deep learning, and wearable devices facilitates non-invasive assessment of pig health, minimizing medication use. Integration of advanced sensors, thermal imaging, and deep learning shows potential for disease detection and improvement in pig farming, but challenges and ethical considerations must be addressed for successful implementation. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies used in the pig farming industry, including computer vision algorithms such as object detection, image segmentation, and deep learning techniques. It also discusses the benefits and limitations of IRT technology, providing an overview of the current research field. This study provides valuable insights for researchers and farmers regarding IRT application in pig production, highlighting notable approaches and the latest research findings in this field.

Visibility Evaluation for Agricultural Tractor Operators According to ISO 5006 and 5721-1 Standards

Kabir, Md. Shaha Nur,Song, Mingzhang,Chung, Sun-Ok,Kim, Yong-Joo,Kim, Su-Chul,Ha, Jong-Kyou Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2015 바이오시스템공학 Vol.40 No.1

Purpose: A system to measure the visibility of agricultural tractor operators was designed and evaluated according to ISO standards, and a blind area diagram around the tested tractor was created based on the manual method recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Methods: A visibility measurement system was designed and evaluated based on the ISO 5006 and ISO 5721-1 standards. Two bulbs used to simulate the operator's eyes were mounted on a bar with a supporting frame. A wooden frame was used to determine the seat index point position. The 12-m visibility test circle was divided into six sectors of vision, and the test tractor was placed at the center of the circle. Artificial light was supplied in the darkened environment, and shadow or masking effects were measured manually around the 12-m circle. Results: When the bulbs were placed at the operator's eye level, front visibility was good; no masking was found in the "A" vision sector, but larger masking widths were found in the "B" and "C" vision sectors. Since the masking width exceeded 700 mm, additional tests, such as movement of the light sources to both sides of the operator's eye level, were performed. Less than six masking effects were found in the semi-circle of vision to the front, and more than one masking was found in the "B" and "C" visual fields. The minimum distance between the centers of two masking effects exceeded 2500 mm when measured as a chord on the semi-circle of vision. A blind area diagram was created to define the exact nature of the blind spots and mirror visibility. Conclusions: Visibility evaluation is an effective way to enable proper and safe operation for agricultural tractor operators. Inclusion of this visibility evaluation test in the general testing process might aid tractor manufacturers.

Visibility Measurement and Evaluation for Agricultural Tractor Operators According to ISO 5006 and 5721-1 standards

( Md Shaha Nur Kabir ),( Ming Zhang Song ),( Sun Ok Chung ),( Yong Joo Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2014 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.19 No.2

Sensor Comparison for Grass Growth Estimation

Kabir, Md. Shaha Nur,Chung, Sun-Ok,Kim, Yong-Joo,Lee, Geung-Joo,Yu, Seung-Hwa,Lee, Kyeong-Hwan,Okayasu, Takashi,Inoue, Eiji FACULTY OF AGRIC PUBLICATIONS-KYUSHU UNIV 2016 Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu Univ Vol. No.

<P>Precision agriculture has been implemented in various cultivation operations for various crops. Recently, autonomous mower tractor with variable rate fertilization has been tried. Variable rate fertilization requires quantification of grass growth level. Objective of this study was to compare the performance of potential sensors under different growth levels and sensor operation conditions. A CCD camera, an ultrasonic module, and an optical reflectance sensor (i.e., Crop Circle) were tested at fields with different grass growth levels. Effects of sensor mounting height and angle were investigated. Effects of vehicle (i.e., mower tractor) vibration and traveling were also investigated: under static, vibration and no traveling, and vibration with traveling conditions. Results showed that sensor mounting height had a little effect on the sensor performance, and grass growth level was successfully quantified. Camera angle of 90 degrees showed the best performance with less noise. The ultrasonic sensor could work with less deviation under static condition, whereas, CCD camera proved the applicability under all operating conditions. Operation condition of the optical reflectance sensor showed a little effect on the grass growth detection results. This study would provide information useful for automated grass growth mapping and variable fertilization recommendation.</P>

Comparison of Test Standards for the Performance and Safety of Agricultural Tractors: A Review

Md. Shaha Nur Kabir,정선옥,김용주,신성현 한국농업기계학회 2014 바이오시스템공학 Vol.39 No.3

Purpose: The objective of this paper was to compare test standards regarding the performance and safety of agriculturaltractors to identify the differences in test conditions, measurement tolerances, and test procedures. Based on thecomparison, some recommendations were proposed for possible revisions or improvements to current tractor teststandards. Methods: The test standards and codes of major standards development organizations (SDOs), such as theOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Organization for Standardization(ISO), the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), EC type approval, and the board of actions ofthe Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratories (NTTL), were selected and analyzed. Comparison of the test standards: The ISOprovides references for fuel and lubricants for tractor tests, and the OECD provides additional measurements for calculatingfuel consumption characteristics during the power take-off (PTO) tests. The ISO, EC type approval, and the ASABE providePTO protective device and the safety requirements. During drawbar power tests, seven transmission ratios are selected forfully automatic transmissions, according to the OECD. In case of hydraulic lift tests, ISO 789-2 and OECD Code 2 advise theuse of a static lift force, while SAE J283 advises the use of additional dynamic lift capacity tests for a better representation ofin-field operations. The OECD, the ISO, and EC type approval determine the seat index point (SIP), whereas the ASABEdetermines the seat reference point (SRP) for roll-over protective structure (ROPS) tests. Diversified measurementtolerances were among the braking performance test standards. The European Union (EU) has developed daily limits forvibration exposures with adaptations from ISO 2631-1. Electromagnetic compatibility evaluations are emerging ofhigh-efficiency tractors due to the long-term conformance to electromagnetic emissions and interferences. Comparisons oftractor test standards discussed in this paper are expected to provide useful information for tractor manufacturers andstandards development personnel to improve the performance and safety test standards of tractors.

Evaluating the Accuracy of FOV Alignment for Micasense Multispectral Imagery in VI Calculation

( Md Asrakul Haque ),( Md Rejaul Karim ),( Md Razob Ali ),( Shaha Nur Kabir ),( Keong Do Lee ),( Yeong Ho Kang ),( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2023 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.2

Multispectral imagery is pivotal for vegetation index (VI) analysis, shaping crop nutritional management strategies and advancing precision agriculture. Yet, the efficacy of image enhancement techniques in VI calculation remains a critical inquiry. This study addresses this gap by evaluating various image enhancement methods for multispectral imagery, focusing on the widely accepted Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI). We employed a multispectral sensor, the MicaSense RedEdge MX, alongside an active sensor, the Crop-circle ACS-435, to assess NDVI calculation performance. Our objective was to assess the accuracy of the Field of View (FOV) alignment of MicaSense with the active sensor. Data collection occurred across four distinct wheat growth stages (GS1, GS2, GS3, and GS4) utilizing a handheld structure equipped with Crop Circle ACS 435, MicaSense RedEdge MX, and a Topcon Hiper VR GNSS rover. This setup maintained a consistent 90cm canopy height based on the plot width. Python programming facilitated GPS location processing and image segmentation based on pixel coordinates, mirroring the Crop-circle FOV. We extracted reflectance data from the segmented portion of each band and calculated NDVI using Red and NIR reflectance data. Data enhancement techniques were assessed by comparing enhanced and raw image data against standardized data from the Crop-circle sensor. Regression analysis, including the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE), was utilized for evaluation. The application of the FOV enhancement technique to MicaSense images yielded significant improvements in regression metrics (R2 and RMSE) across GS1, GS2, GS3, and GS4. Notably, FOV enhancement resulted in R2 increases of 50%, 18%, 16%, and 4% and RMSE values of0.06, 0.05, 0.06, and 0.03, respectively. The most substantial accuracy enhancements were observed in GS1 (50%), indicating varying effectiveness based on vegetation growth stage and density. This study underscores the critical role of multispectral imagery and the efficacy of FOV alignment in improving NDVI calculation accuracy. These findings hold valuable implications for future research and precision agriculture practices.