심층면담 기법으로써 모래이야기면담(Sandplay Narrative Interview)에 대한 방법적 탐구

조희순(Hee soon Cho),조재성(Jae seong Jo) 한국질적탐구학회 2018 질적탐구 Vol.4 No.2

본 연구는 모래놀이를 통한 심리 상담이 어떻게 심층면담의 새로운 기법으로 활용될 수 있는지를 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 모래이야기면담이 실천되고 있는 현장에서 다양한 질적자료 수집과 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 심층면담으로써 모래이야기면담이 갖는 질적 특징을 드러낼 수 있었다. 모래이야기면담에는 일반적인 심층면담과 구별되는 다섯 가지 특징이 있었 다. 그것은 연구 참여자의 무의식을 탐구하기, 비구조화된 면담 지향하기, 글쓰기와 생애사 탐구하기, 연구자와 연구 참여자가 공동으로 의미 찾기, 연구 참여자의 발달 강조하기였다. 한편, 모래이야기면담을 활용한 결과 그 시사점으로 연구 참여자 진술의 진실성을 검증, 면담에 대한 심리적인 부담 감소, 연구 참여자와 연구자 모두에게 심리적 성숙의 기회를 제공이라는 요소를 찾아낼 수 있었다. 이처럼 모래이야기면담을 통한 질적연구에서 분명한 가능성을 찾을 수 있었다. 특히 유아 및 아동을 위한 상담, 생애전환기 성인을 위한 상담, 노인의 생애사 정리를 위한 상담 등의 주제와 관련하여 모래이야기면담은 유용한 기법들을 제시할 것으로 기대된다. In this study, the theoretical and the substantial investigation were performed on the sandplay narrative interview, one of the techniques of in-depth interview to identify entire processes of sandplay narrative interview and discover the detained characteristics and possibilities. The participants discovered the answers related to the subject of inquiry undergoing the 5 stages of chaos and differentiation, conflict and struggle, realization, reconciliation and application, and exploration of life histories. Through the research process, the five characteristics of the sandplay narrative interview differentiated from general in-depth interview were discovered. First, the subconscious desire, belief, etc. of the participants were explored together with the conscious expressions. Sandplay could be an apparatus to conduct flexible and wellbalanced interview as it is capable of reliving the tension appropriately about the topic that the subject wants or does not want to speak about. Second, the sandplay narrative interview enabled collection of more abundant and unique narratives, adopting thoroughly unstructured interview. Third, in sandplay, it is capable of collecting various narrative through diverse methods such as writing and life history. Fourth, the participants engaged as much as the research did in the process of analyzing and drawing the meanings. Fifth, sandplay narrative interview was intended to apply the results immediately to the life of participants. The researcher provided active helps so that the participants could perceive things differently in life and achieve the improvement of relationship with the family, coworkers and friends, instead of simply understanding the ups and downs in life. In the meantime, the sandplay narrative interview is a method to look into true inner-self of participants, by helping the participants reveal the subconsciousness, utilizing the sand box, figure, etc. Furthermore, it required the researcher to present the story explaining the sand box directly, differently from the existing indepth interview, which relied solely on the narrative coming out from people’ s consciousness. With the method, the researcher was able to understand if their answers on the specific research topics and questions really reflected the mind of participants and what made them think that way. Also, the sandplay narrative interview contributed to reducing psychological burden that the participants might generally have for the research and the interview by adopting the specific ways of sandplay. They told the story related to the research topics naturally, helping them freely talk what they wanted to the sand box instead of having the feeling of pressure or repulsion. Although all the individual sessions of the interview were planned for 1 hour or longer, no case was reported that research process was interrupted or the participant complained about being board and this should be considered positively. Another positive factor was that the research provided an opportunity for both the researcher and the participants to become psychologically more matured. All the participants identified their subconsciousness that had been the root of external problem and made them differentiated from others. These factors appeared as obvious advantage in the aspect of research ethics.As such, the sandplay narrative interview showed positive factors as a method of qualitative research. It is expected that the sandplay narrative interview would present useful techniques for topics like counseling particularly for the infants and children, organizing elders’ life history and others. As a research, I look forward to seeing many research cases utilizing the sandplay narrative interview in the future.

모래놀이 치료적 관계에서 전이와 역전이 분석

안운경 (사) 한국학교공공모래놀이학회 2022 학교상담 및 모래놀이 Vol.4 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the problems of transference and countertransference between the therapist and the client in the sandplay therapy process. Transference and countertransference are important therapeutic functions of psychotherapy. Lowenfeld first mentioned transference in sandplay therapy through a debate with psychoanalysts about transference in psychotherapy, and Kalff emphasized the importance of transference in sandplay therapy through the expression 'mother-son unity'. This study aims to examine transference in the sandplay therapy process, focusing on Okada's‘sandplay triangle’between the client, the therapist, and the sandplay picture. The client of this study was a female student in the second year of middle school, and the therapist was a 39-year-old male. This counseling was the first case of sandplay therapy. The treatment was carried out for 25 months and 24 sessions, and the client's sand picture and a dream symbolizing the counseling relationship or the client during treatment were presented together. The transferance phenomenon between the client and the therapist centered on the sandplay work can be seen directly through the work, but on the contrary, it may have to be felt implicitly through the metaphor of the work. Therefore, this study aims to examine animus and amnima as internal personalities through the male image in the client's sand picture and the female image in the therapist's dream in the sandplay therapeutic relationship. Through this, we try to find the possibility of positive transference and countertransference in the therapeutic relationship of sandplay.

집단 모래놀이치료 연구동향

서종수 한국모래놀이치료학회 2022 모래놀이상담연구 Vol.18 No.1

The purpose of this study is to find out research trends on group sandplay therapy by analyzing group sandplay therapy papers made in Korea. For this, 69 papers were collected by searching ‘group, sandplay’ on RISS, DBpia, Earticle, Kiss, newnonmun, scholar and other research information sites and collecting papers from 2008 to 2021. A collection frame was prepared by analyzing previous studies related to sandplay therapy, the collected data were analyzed by year, subject, composition, evaluation method, session and time, research method, research model, group classification, analysis method, location, and major. As a result of this study, group sandplay therapy had the most studies on children and structured group sandplay therapy program. In addition, as a result of this study, found that the pre-post-test model is most used for group sandplay therapy, the evaluation method is a complex method, and the Wilcoxon test and ANCOVA are the most used statistical analysis methods. A place where a group sandplay therapy program is implemented was ‘not stated in the paper’ the most, and the children/family (welfare) majors were the most. Based on these results, future research directions for group sandplay therapy were suggested. 본 연구는 국내에서 이루어진 집단 모래놀이치료 논문을 분석하여, 집단 모래놀이치료에 관한 연구동향을 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 RISS, DBpia, Earticle, Kiss, newnonmun, scholar 및 기타 연구정보 사이트에 ‘집단, 모래놀이’를 검색하여 2008년부터 2021년 까지 이루어진 논문을 수집하여 총 69편의 논문을 수집하였다. 수집 틀은 모래놀이치료와 관련된 선행연구를 분석하여 작성하였으며, 연도, 주제, 구성, 평가방법, 회기 및 시간, 연구방법, 연구모형, 집단분류, 분석방법, 위치, 전공별로 분석하여 자료를 수집하였다. 집단 모래놀이치료는 아동을 대상으로 한 연구가 가장 많았으며, 구조화된 형태를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 집단 모래놀이치료는 사전-사후검증 모형을 가장 많이 활용하고 있으며, 평가방법은 복합적 방법을, 통계 분석방법은 Wilcoxon test와 ANCOVA가 가장 많이 활용되는 것으로 나타났다. 집단 모래놀이치료의 프로그램 진행장소는 나타나지 않은 경우가 가장 많았으며, 아동/가족(복지)전공자가 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 집단 모래놀이치료의 연구의 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다.

종설 : 모래놀이 집단치료의 국내 학술지 연구 동향

안운경(Un-Kyoung Ahn),곽현정(Hyeon-Jeong Kwak),김영렬(Young-Ryeol Kim) (사)한국학교공공모래놀이학회 2021 학교상담 및 모래놀이 Vol.3 No.2

우리나라에서 모래놀이치료는 1983년 서울대학병원에서 소개되었다. 지난 30년 동안 아동시설, 복지기관, 민간상담실을 통해 대중적으로 보급되었고, 최근 학교모래놀이로 그 학술적 연구가 확대되었다. 이 연구는 모래놀이 집단치료에 대한 국내 학술지 연구를 중심으로 한국의 모래놀이 집단치료의 현황을 조사하고, 모래놀이 집단치료의 이론과 실제에 대해 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2010년부터 2020년 사이 국내 모래놀이 집단치료 선행연구 조사를 통해 총 43편의 학술지 연구를 선정하고, 모래놀이 집단치료의‘연구내용’과 ‘치료방법’을 중심으로 분석하였다. 이를 통해 심리학과 정신의학에 근거한 모래놀이 집단치료의 치료적 방법을 모색하고자 한다. In Korea, sandplay therapy was introduced at Seoul National University Hospital in 1983. For the past 30 years, it has been popularly distributed through children s facilities, welfare institutions, and private counseling centers, and its academic research has recently been expanded to school sandplay. This study was to investigate the current status of group therapy for sandplay in Korea, focusing on domestic academic journal research on group therapy for sandplay, and to analyze the theory and practice of group therapy for sandplay. To this end, a total of 43 academic journal studies were selected through the preliminary research on sandplay group therapy in Korea between 2010 and 2020, and the ‘research content’ and ‘treatment method’ of sandplay group therapy were analyzed. Through this, we intend to explore a therapeutic method of sandplay group therapy based on psychology and psychiatry.

12세 남아의 자아강화를 위한 모래놀이치료 사례연구

김자영 한국모래놀이치료학회 2023 모래놀이상담연구 Vol.19 No.1

This study is a case of sandplay therapy for a 12-year-old boy who shows talent through academic achievement and winning various competitions, but high tension and anxiety. The process of developing and strengthening the client’s ego through sandplay therapy was examined by applying the perspective of the childhood sandplay development stage of Stewart(1984). A total of 10 sessions of sandplay therapy was conducted. In order to examine the client’s healing and change process during the counseling sessions, the researcher transcribed and analyzed the photos of the sand trays and linguistic expressions of the client. In the sandplay therapy process, the therapist provided a safe space of mother-child unity, thereby allowing the client to express his anger, satisfy his deficiency, and heal himself. The results of this study are as follows. First, the ego-development process of children revealed in the sand tray showed a change in the relationship between the great drama of the civilization and the dinosaur era through struggle, and ultimately re-adapt to the collective consciousness by integrating the self. The sandplay therapy process consisted of 3 stage in the mid-term childhood (age 6-7 to 11-12) ego-development stage of Stewart(1984) : the opposite stage where the ground is separated, bound through rivers and fences, and fighting battles are revealed, the connecting stage that gradually removes the barrier of the bridge and connects the areas in the sand tray, and the stage of acceptance where integration took place as props were balanced and gathered around the center. Second, throughout the entire journey, the child was able to have a fully accepted and trusted experience in relation to the therapist in a ‘free but protected space’, by Kalff(2000) that is, the relationship between the therapist and a child that emphasizes mother and child unity, and he freely expressed himself and did creative activities and he could finally strengthen ego-consciousness by himself. This study is meaningful in that it was able to examine the process of gaining the ability to deal with internal and external conflicts and strengthening the ego as the client’s suppressed inner anxiety and tension were expressed and resolved through sandplay. 본 연구는 학업성취와 각종 대회 수상으로 재능을 나타내지만 긴장과 불안이 높은 12세 남아의 모래놀이 치료 사례를 분석한 것이다. 모래놀이 치료를 통해 내담아동의 자아가 발달되고 강화되어가는 과정을 Stewart(1984)의 아동기 모래놀이 발달단계의 관점을 적용하여 살펴보고자 하였다. 총 10회기의 모래놀이치료가 진행되었고, 상담진행 과정 동안 내담자의 치유와 변화과정을 살펴보기 위해서 모래상자의 사진과 내담자의 언어 표현을 전사하여 내용을 분석하였다. 모래놀이 치료과정에서 치료자는 모자 일체성의 안전한 공간을 제공하여 내담아동이 모래놀이를 통해 자신의 감정을 표출하도록 하고 결핍을 충족하면서 스스로 자기 치유를 할 수 있는 환경을 마련하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 모래상자에서 드러난 아동의 자아발달 과정은 문명과 공룡시대의 대극에서 투쟁을 거쳐 대극의 연결이 일어나고, 궁극적으로 자아의 통합을 이루어 집단의식에 재적응하는 변화를 보여주었다. 모래놀이 치료과정은 Stewart(1984)의 중기 아동기(6-7세~11-12세)의 자아발달 단계에서 땅덩이가 분리되고 강이나 울타리 등을 통해 경계를 치게 되고 서로 싸우는 투쟁이 드러나는 대극단계, 점차적으로 장벽이나 다리를 없애고 상자 안의 영역들을 연결하는 연결단계, 상자의 소품들이 균형을 잡고 중심으로 모이면서 통합이 일어나는 수용의 단계로 이루어졌다. 둘째, 전체 여정을 통하여 Kalff(2000)가 말한 ‘자유롭지만 보호된 공간’, 즉 모자일체성이 강조되는 치료자와의 관계 속에서 온전히 수용되는 경험을 통하여 자유롭게 자신을 표현하고, 창조적인 활동을 하면서 아동이 스스로 자아의식을 강화시킬 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구는 내담아동의 억압된 내면의 불안과 긴장이 모래놀이를 통해 표출하고, 해소되면서 내적, 외적 갈등을 다루는 능력을 얻고 자아를 강화시켜 가는 과정을 살펴볼 수 있었다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

모래놀이치료를 통한 자폐성향아동의 사회적 상호작용 및 의사소통에 미치는 사례연구

문채련 한국아동심리재활학회 2008 놀이치료연구 Vol.12 No.1

This study presents a case of sandplay therapy for a eleven-year-old girl who shows autistic disorder. And through a sandplay therapy, the girl develops social interaction ability and communication. The 18 sandplay sessions are implemented and take counsel with mother during the sandplay. In conclusion, the girl shows positive interaction relationship between client and therapist through sandplay sessions and the girl have the sandplay to oneself. Also, the girl doesn’t develops easy language extension or conversation but when researcher calls a girl’s by name, the child shows interaction as looking at each other. The study shows social interaction ability ad communication development of autistic disorder child through sandplay therapy. 본 연구는 자폐성향을 가진 11세 여아의 모래놀이치료를 통하여 사회적 상호작용 능력 및 의사소통 능령 향상을 위해서 실시한 사례이다. 모래놀이는 총 18회기 동안 이루어졌으며 어머니와의 상담은 모래놀이 상황에서 자연스럽게 이루어졌다. 결론적으로, 모래놀이를 통하여 대상 아동은 눈을 맞추는 등의 정서적으로 치료자와 상호관계가 형성되어 어머니가 옆에 없어도 혼자서 모래놀이를 할 수 있었다. 언어의 확장이나 의사소통은 원활하게 이루어지지 않았지만 아동의 이름을 부르면 눈을 맞추는 점 등에서 긍정적인 변화가 일어났음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 모래놀이를 통하여 자폐성향을 가진 아동의 사회적 상호작용이 및 의사소통이 향상될 수 있음을 보여주는 결과라 하겠다.

중국 조선족 부모 별거 아동과 부모 동거 아동의 모래놀이치료 이야기 표현과 상징성 표현 비교

김유선(Kim, Yu Seon) 한국임상모래놀이치료학회 2018 상징과 모래놀이치료 Vol.9 No.1

The study was conducted in Yanbian, China, where we analyzed the differences in symbolic expressions during sandplay therapy between ethnic Korean children living with their parents and ethnic Korean children living apart from their parents. The researcher selected 10 children who were living with their parents and 10 children who were living apart from their parents for sandplay therapy. These children participated in eight sandplay sessions of 40 minutes duration over a period of three weeks. We classified the differences in symbolic expressions into four different categories: use of figures, use of sand, use of space and process of sandplay. Although we did not set any specific themes, instead letting the children make their sand pictures as they wished, the two groups displayed different emotions toward their mothers and fathers. The participants also exhibited verbal and nonverbal differences as well as different attitudes toward sandplay therapy. These results demonstrates that sandplay therapy is an effective tool for therapeutic work with children in general who have problematic relationships with their parents.

모래놀이를 통해 본 정서·행동에 어려움이 있는 여중생의 내면세계의 변화

장미자(Mi Ja Jang),심희옥(Hee-og Sim) 한국아동학회 2017 아동학회지 Vol.38 No.1

Objective: Middle school girls who belonged to the concerned group in their school assessment were treated by sandplay for relieving their emotional and behavioral difficulties. The purpose of this study was to explore the change of the internal world of the girls through sandplay. Methods: Analytical psychology and sandplay theories were used for this exploration, especially Turner’s (2005) content themes in sandplay. The participants were four first-grade girls. Pre-test measures, a 12-session sandplay program, and post-test measures were administered. Results: For the first girl, the initial phase was 1-6 (time trip ), the intermediate phase was 7-9 (seeking for an inner island ), and the final phase was 10-12 (seeking for a real stone ). For the second girl, the initial phase was 1-5 (my heart was like cold weather ), the intermediate phase was 6-10 (fallen, sick, and risen ), and the final phase was 11-12 (trophy given to me ). For the thirdgirl, the initial phase was 1-5 (seeking for oasis ), the intermediate phase was 6-10 (difficult trip for climbing with camel ), and the final phase was 11-12 (discovering oasis ). For the fourth girl, the initial phase was 1-3 (an island drowning shortly ), the intermediate phase was 4-10 (my unknowable mind ), and the final phase was 11-12 (a tree growing well ). Conclusion: This study showed psychological phenomena in the sandplay of four girls such as opposites and the union of masculinity and femininity as they explored their own identity. Drawing tests and counselling objects indicated positive changes; thus, these findings support the effectiveness of sandplay therapy for transforming the psyche of middle school girls.

집단에 적응해 가는 다문화 가정 남아의 모래놀이치료 사례연구

이영옥(Rhee Young Ok) 한국모래놀이치료학회 2020 모래놀이상담연구 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구는 다문화 가정에서 자란 만 11세 남자 아동의 모래놀이치료 사례연구이다. 본 연구에서는 아동이 안전하고 보호된 공간에서 10개월간 주 1회, 총 23회의 모래놀이치료와 1회의 종결 상담이 진행되었다. 사전 심리검사 자료로는 1회의 HTP, KFD를 실시하였다. 아동은 초기 발달에서 부모와 떨어져 지내며 불안정 애착이 형성되었고, 학령기 초기부터 이주와 동시에 시작된 언어 문제와 문화적 차이로 집단에 대한 부적응 및 문제 행동이 증가하여 지역아동센터를 통하여 의뢰되었다. 본 연구에서는 모래놀이치료를 통하여 혼란과 불안을 해소하고, 긍정적인 자기 인식을 발달시키면서 집단에의 적응을 돕는 것에 목표를 두었다. 아동의 모래놀이치료의 전체 여정은 도라 칼프(Dora Kalff, 2004/2012)의 집단으로의 적응과정 단계 분석틀을 적용해 볼 때, 1단계 혼돈단계(동·식물 단계)에서 출발하여 2단계 투쟁단계를 거쳐 3단계 집단에의 적응단계까지의 자아 성장을 보였다. 모래놀이치료가 진행되는 동안 사로잡혀 있던 모성에서 분리가 이루어지고, 건강한 남성성을 발달시키면서 긍정적인 자기 개념을 가질 수 있었다. 동시에 또래집단에서 적절하게 적응하게 되었다. 본 연구는 다문화가정 아동이 자아 발달과정에서 모래놀이치료를 통하여 어떻게 집단에 적응해 가는지 확인하고, 도라 칼프가 제시한 정신발달단계를 실제적 맥락으로 이해할 수 있었던 사례이다. This study is a case study on the sandplay therapy for a boy from a multicultural family. A total of 23 weekly sandplay sessions and a closing counseling session were provided to the boy for ten months in an environment in which the boy was securely protected and accepted. In addition, projective psychological tests including HTP(house-tree-person) and KFD(kinetic family drawing) tests were conducted. The boy developed an insecure attachment as he was raised away from his parents during early development. During his early school days, he developed low self-esteem as he received negative external feedback because his Korean was not fluent. When reaching adolescence, he had more difficulties in adapting to the collective and exhibited more problem behaviors. He was referred to sandplay therapy through a local children’s center. Sandplay therapy was performed with the aim to help him dispel inner psychological confusion and anxiety, develop positive self-awareness, adapt to the collective and establish an independent identity that should be developed during adolescence. During the sandplay therapy, the boy exhibited self-growth, going through Dora Kalff’s three stages: chaos, fighting and adaptation to the collective. As the sandplay therapy progressed, the boy’s relationship with his parents improved into a receptive one. He was separated from motherhood which he had been captured by and developed healthy and ideal masculinity. Although he grew out of hyperactivity and negative self-concept, he developed a positive ego, adapting properly to the collective. This study confirmed that sandplay therapy had a positive effect on the ego development of a boy entering adolescence who had difficulties in adapting to the collective due to his insecure attachment formed in his multicultural family. It was also found that through sandplay therapy, the boy could establish an identity.

가정폭력에 노출된 쉼터아동의 분노조절을 위한 모래놀이치료: 단일 사례연구

김연숙,정미숙 동방문화대학원대학교 자연치유연구소 2023 자연치유연구 Vol.7 No.3

This study explored the sandplay therapy case of a 2nd Grade boy, exposed to domestic violence, with Anger and emotional difficulties. The goal of the therapy was to lessen his Anger and emotional difficulties by providing a free and protected space through Sandplay therapy. Generally the purpose of the study is to provide a discussion of basic data for controlling anger in children of domestic violence and contribute to the development of knowledge in a same subject case study research field. From March 10 to April 25, There were a total of 20 sessions of sandplay therapy were held out twice a week, 50 minutes each. Aside from these, Social maturity test has been requested and conducted for reference. The K-HTP and KFD drawing tests were carried out before and after the sessions. From the results of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: First, the participant improved social skills and relationships with people as the Anger in relationships was reduced during SandPlay therapy. In K-HTP test, helplessness, isolation, withdrawal, and emotionally immature disappeared and showed well-balanced emotional responses attitude in social interaction. In KFD test, In Relationships of family Intersubjective Attitude Change and individual roles were restored and showed a positive change in understanding perception of Family. The participant became more aware of his own ego and this promoted him to get more involved in social interactions and learne socially appropriate behaviors through SandPlay therapy sessions. Second, as a result of examining changes in participant's each the archetypal stages of the development of consciousness in Sandplay Therapy, these results showed that SandPlay Therapy was effective on problem solving and anger and can be used to develop Reducing anger management skills. Thus, this study showed the effectiveness of sandplay therapy since his uncontrolled Anger and emotional difficulties was lessened.