일기류 자료를 통해 본 조선시대 자연재해와 고기후의 복원 방안

오용원 영남퇴계학연구원 2017 퇴계학논집 Vol.- No.21

For centuries, our country experienced various forms of natural disaster, even today with high-tech and equipment, the new reality is that various disaster by natural environment must overcome. Weather information regarding closely natual disaster is accumulating from around 1900 consisting of modern weather observation in earnest, but it haven’t been nearly accumulated data regarding before weather information, namely paleoclimate. In Japan, China so on around Korea, They already set up an related institution from long time ago and are progressing for using base line data for future change of the natual environment. With this reality in mind, this article is attempted study as advanced research for performing big tasks called ‘restoration of Korea paleoclimate’. As data that extracting weather element of paleoclimate, or seeing natural disaster, for example there are ‘the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty[조선왕조실록]’, ‘Seungjeongwon diary[승정원일기]’, ‘Gamyeoung diary[감영일기]’, ‘pensonal diary[개인일기]’ and so on. In this article, we saw what if there is natural disaster of various weather elements regarding paleoclimate in spirit of this text the private life diary recorded by Yeongnam area, and we analyzed about how this natural disaster affects people life. Because diary data is date that person record and when they record weather information with expressive acting style and writing, those are different, so it is limited that can not be secured objectivity and accuracy. Analzed result by diary data, earthquake has already happened in Yeongnam area from 16C~19C frequently, especially it has mainly happened from Oct ~ Mar. And we can see that price rose steeply by more drought and there were losses of life because an epidemic breaks out. Sandy dust phenomenon also lead to bad year from spring to summer In conclusion, We tried Virtual Address of set, mapping activities, analyzing method of weather surrounding elements and modern application 지난 수세기 동안 우리나라는 다양한 형태의 자연재해를 경험했고, 첨단 과학과 장비를 갖추고 있는 오늘날에도 자연환경에 의해 발생하는 각종 재해를 극복해야 하는 현실에 직면해 있다. 자연재해와 가장 밀접한 연관이 있는 기상 관련 정보는 근대 기상관측이 본격적으로 이루어진 1900년 전후로부터 일부 축적하고 있지만, 그 이전의 기상 정보 즉 고기후 관련 자료는 거의 정리되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 반면에 일본, 중국 등 한반도 주변 국가에서는 이미 오래 전부터 국가 차원에서 관련 기관을 설립하여 미래 자연환경 변화에 기초 자료로 활용하기 위하여 고기후의 복원과 연구를 이미 진행하고 있다. 이런 현실을 감안하여, 본고는 향후 ‘한반도 고기후의 복원’이라는 큰 과제를 수행하기 위한 선행연구의 일환으로 시도한 연구이다. 고기후(古氣候)의 기상요소를 추출하거나 자연재해를 살펴볼 수 있는 자료로 ‘조선왕조실록’, ‘각사등록’, ‘승정원일기’, ‘감영일기’, ‘개인일기’ 등이 있다. 본고에서는 영남지역에서 기록된 개인 생활일기를 연구의 주 텍스트로 삼아 고기후 관련 다양한 기상요소 중에 어떤 자연재해가 있는지 살펴보았고, 이런 자연재해가 백성들의 일상에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지를 분석해보았다. 일기 자료는 개인이 기록한 자료이기 때문에 기록자마다 기상정보에 대한 표현방법과 문체가 각각 다르다. 그래서 그 객관성과 정확성을 담보할 수 없는 한계가 있지만, 현재 남아 있는 문헌 가운데 고기후를 복원하는데 가장 유익한 자료가 될 수 있다. 일기류 자료를 통해 분석해본 결과, 이미 16C부터 19C까지 영남지역에 지진이 빈번하게 발생하였고, 특히 시기적으로 10월부터 3월까지 집중적으로 발생한 특수성도 있었다. 그리고 잦은 가뭄으로 인해 물가가 급등하고 전염병이 창궐하여 많은 인명피해가 있었음을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 황사현상 역시 봄부터 여름까지 발생하여 흉년을 초래하는 주요 원인이 되기도 하였다. 끝으로 일기류 자료를 통해 고기후 복원을 위해 가상주소[Virtual Address]의 설정과 맵핑[mapping] 작업, 기상 주변요소의 분석 방법과 현대적 활용 방안 등을 제시해보았다.

중간복잡도 지구시스템모델 LOVECLIM을 이용한 과거 6천년 기후 변화 모의

전상윤 한국기상학회 2019 대기 Vol.29 No.1

This study introduces the overall characteristics of LOVECLIM version 1.3, the earth system model of intermediate complexity (EMIC), including the installation and operation processes by conducting two kinds of past climate simulation. First climate simulation is the equilibrium experiment during the mid-Holocene (6,000 BP), when orbital parameters were different compared to those at present. The overall accuracy of simulated global atmospheric fields by LOVECLIM is relatively lower than that in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) and Paleoclimate modelling Intercomparison Project phase 3 (PMIP3) simulations. However, surface temperature over the globe, the 800 hPa meridional wind over the mid-latitude coastal region, and the 200 hPa zonal wind from LOVECLIM show similar spatial distribution to those multi-model mean of CMIP5/PMIP3 climate models. Second one is the transient climate experiment from mid-Holocene to present. LOVECLIM well captures the major differences in surface temperature between preindustrial and mid-Holocene simulations by CMIP5/ PMIP3 multi-model mean, even though it was performed with short integration time (i.e., about four days in a single CPU environment). In this way, although the earth system model of intermediate complexity has a limit due to its relatively low accuracy, it can be a very useful tool in the specific research area such as paleoclimate.

우리나라의 고기후 복원을 위한 습지 퇴적물의 안정동위원소 분석 가능성 연구

박정재(Jungjae Park) 대한지리학회 2008 대한지리학회지 Vol.43 No.4

호수나 습지 퇴적물을 대상으로 동위원소분석을 실시하여 얻은 결과들은, 다양한 해석들을 통해 고기후를 복원하는데 일조할 수 있다. 호소퇴적물의 경우 보통 유기ㆍ무기 탄산염 등을 추출하여 산소ㆍ탄소 동위원소 분석을 실시하게 된다. 산소동위원소 분석은 과거의 기온과 습도 변화를 정량적ㆍ정성적으로 복원하는데 이용되며, 탄소동위원소 분석결과는 호수의 주위환경 변화나 인간의 영향 등을 파악하는데 유용하다. 그리고 고산습지의 피트 층에 존재하는 반부패상태의 물이끼는 탄소동위원소분석의 좋은 시료이며 기온, 대기 중 이산화탄소압 등 고기후 정보를 제공해준다. 해안의 염습지나 염하구 등의 습지지역에서는 육상기원의 유기물과 해상기원의 유기물이 서로 탄소동위원소비율값에서 차이를 보인다는 점을 이용하여 해수면 상승에 관한 연구를 할 수 있다. 또한 탄소동 위원소비율이 상이한 C4 식물과 C3 식물이 염도에 따라 분포가 변한다는 점을 이용하여 몬순과 관련된 연구를 할 수도 있다. 우리나라의 경우 아직까지 동위원소분석방법을 이용한 고환경 연구들이 활성화되어있지 않은 상태이며, 이는 연구방법에 대한 관심 부족과 국내에서는 적절한 시료 채취에 어려움이 존재한다는 점에 기인한다. 제주도의 하논, 무제치늪이나 용늪 같은 고산습지, 그리고 해안의 염습지 등에서 얻은 퇴적코어들에 동위원소 분석을 시행하면, 우리나라 고환경 연구에 도움이 되는 흥미로운 결과가 산출될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Stable isotope analyses on lake or wetland sediments are useful to reconstruct paleoclimate. Organic and inorganic carbonates obtained from lake sediment are isotopically analyzed to get oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios. Oxygen isotope ratios can be used to quantitatively and qualitatively reconstruct paleo-temperature or humidity while carbon isotope ratios be used to reveal environmental changes around the lake or human impacts on the area. Peat mosses in peat bogs are nice samples for the carbon isotope analysis, which derives paleo-temperature and paleoatmospheric CO₂ changes. In coastal area, the reconstruction of past sea-level is possible because terrestrial originated organic matter is carbon isotopically different from marine originated organic matter. Also, scientists can do research on Asian Monsoon based on the fact that ∂13C of C3 plants and C4 plants are consistently different each other and that they are distributed differently with respect to salinity. In Korea, paleoenvironmental studies using stable isotopes are not popular yet because of low academic interests on the methodology and difficulties of obtaining proper sediment samples. Interesting results can be produced to answer paleoenvironmental questions of Korea if scientists isotopically analyze sediment cores from a paleo-lake such as Hanon in Jeju island, peat bogs such as Mujechi-Neup and Yong-Neup, and coastal wetlands.

중국 古氣候 연구와 그 활용 방안

김광림 중국고중세사학회 2023 중국고중세사연구 Vol.69 No.-

This paper examines the climate of ancient China and the challenges of interpreting past climate data in a historical context. The study of paleoclimate in China began with the work of Chinese geologist and meteorologist Kezhen Zhu, who used historical documents to reconstruct past climate patterns. Since then, the development of science and technology has enabled scientists to reconstruct the climate of the entire Holocene period (the past 11,700 years). The Holocene climate optimum, which occurred in the middle of the Holocene, was characterized by a continuous rise in temperature, reaching a temperature of 0.5-1°C higher than today. However, this is a general trend, and the climate change in different regions of China shows different trends. Therefore, it is important to be careful when interpreting past climate data. The results of climate model studies and climate proxy data-based studies are often contradictory, which makes the reconstruction of Holocene climate a complex and challenging task. In order to deal with paleoclimate quantitatively in historical research, a paleoclimate dataset is needed. However, there is no paleoclimate database for the entire Holocene period in China yet. Nevertheless, paleoclimate research datasets are being collected, and several research teams are continuously trying to build databases. The climate of ancient China has been approached from different perspectives by historians and climatologists. When investigating the research to date, there are often problems in the interpretation of the research results. To solve this, interdisciplinary research between history and climatology is essential. Examples of interdisciplinary research are the HCS (History of Climate and Society) and the archaeology of climate change. The diverse aspects of ancient history that have been overlooked so far in China, which has more archaeological data than any other region in the world, will be revealed anew with the use of climate data and interdisciplinary research in the future.

High resolution paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstruction in the Northern Mesoamerican Frontier for Prehistory to Historical times

Wogau, Kurt H.,Arz, Helge W,Bö,hnel, Harald N.,Nowaczyk, Norbert R.,Park, Jungjae Pergamon Press 2019 Quaternary science reviews Vol.226 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The relationship between climatic-environmental changes and its cultural implications in the Northern Mesoamerican Frontier is poorly understood, because of the lack of high-resolution well-dated records. In this work we present a high-resolution paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Northern Mesoamerican Frontier for the last 6700 yr BP, using laminated sediments from La Alberca maar lake, Guanajuato. For this purpose, we used different techniques such as X-ray fluorescence, microfacies analysis, magnetic parameters, bulk sedimentary δ<SUP>18</SUP>O, δ<SUP>13</SUP>C records and twelve AMS <SUP>14</SUP>C ages. In Prehistory times, different climatic events are well defined. At around 5600 yr BP, our data indicate the end of Holocene Thermal Maximum and a subsequent decline of monsoon strength is observed. Variable hydrological conditions start to dominate around ∼4400 yr BP consistent with the rise of latitudinal variations of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. A rise in sedimentation rate and increase in <I>Amaranthaceae</I> pollen percent occurred between ∼225 CE- 600 CE are linked to the beginning of agricultural activities by the Chupicuaro Pre-Hispanic culture. In Historical times, during the Epiclassic period, we interpreted two drought events around ∼700–790 CE and ∼810–880, supporting the Armillas’ theory that drastic climate events motivated the social changes and shift in the geographic position of Northern Mesoamerican Frontier. In the final part of the Postclassic period a pluvial interval is associated with the rise of Tarascan culture in the area. We propose that droughts and pluvial periods between 600 and 1500 CE are connected with SSTs variability of the Atlantic Basin.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The first high resolution paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental record for the last 6700 yr BP in the Northern Mesoamerican Frontier. </LI> <LI> This work highlights the important relationship between cultural evolution and climatic-environmental changes in the Northern Mesoamerican Frontier. </LI> <LI> The end of the Holocene Thermal Maximum is well represented in the La Alberca, paleoclimatic record. </LI> <LI> Our investigation support Armillas’ theory about drought conditions motivated the fall of Pre-Hispanic societies in the Northern Mesoamerican Frontier. In this regard, our record suggests two short dry periods during the Epiclassic between ∼700 and 790 CE and between ∼810 and 880 CE. </LI> <LI> Favorable humid climate conditions accompanied the development of the Tarascan Empire. </LI> </UL> </P>

Terrestrial n-alkanes and their carbon isotope records from the Hanon paleo-maar sediment, Jeju Island, Korea: Implications for paleoclimate and paleovegetation over the last 35 kyrs

Hyun, S.,Shin, K.H.,Lee, S.C.,Chang, S.W.,Nam, S.I. Pergamon Press 2017 QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL Vol.441 No.1

<P>The carbon isotope of total carbon (delta C-13(org)), long-chain n-alkanes, and their compound-specific carbon isotope ratios (delta C-13(ALK)) were investigated in the Hanon paleo-maar sediment, Jeju Island of Korea to understand paleoclimate variabilities and their paleovegetation linkages. Based on the organic geochemical data (TOC (%), TN (%), and their delta C-13(org) and delta N-15), the core column stratigraphy was divided into three units, namely from the bottom to 14.5 ka (Unit I), from 14.5 ka to 3.01<a (Unit II), and from 3.0 ka to the core top (Unit III), respectively. In particular, delta C-13(org) showed marked fluctuation from -17.31%o to -28.68%o, suggesting different organic carbon sources. A relatively narrow range of variation in delta C-13(org) was observed in Unit III, and drastic changes in delta C-13(org) were observed from Unit I to Unit II. This may indicate a predominance of C-4 plants in Unit I, and drastic changes from terrestrial C-4 to C-3 in Unit II and predominance of C-3 plants in Unit III. The distributions of n-alkane were characterized by a continuous predominance of odd-numbered n-alkanes, particularly nC(29) and nC(31), and by high fluctuation of the total n-alkanes concentration. The average chain length (ACL), carbon preferences index (CPI), and paleoplant proxy (Paq) showed high fluctuation and glacial-interglacial variations with distinctive a high and low ratio at about 9.2 ka, corresponding to the switching points of delta C-13(org) and a high concentration of nalkane distribution. Individual n-alkane odd-numbered isotopes of delta C-13(Auc) ranged between -11.80%o in delta C-13n(21) and -34.93%o in delta C-13n(31), suggesting different sources of n-alkanes. The distribution of n-alkanes and their individual delta C-13(Auc), in particular delta C-13n(21), support paleovegetation changes, and their time dependent variations matched well with glacial-interglacial paleoclimate variations. Therefore, organic geochemical proxies recorded in Hanon paleo-maar sediment reflects paleoclimate variabilities as well as paleovegetation changes for the last 35 kyr in Jeju Island, Korea. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.</P>

Paleoclimate study using blue ice in Antarctica

허순도(Soon Do Hur),안진호(Jinho Ahn) 대한지질학회 2017 지질학회지 Vol.53 No.4

잎화석의 CLAMP 탐구를 통한 고등학교 기후변화 교육 프로그램 개발

윤마병 대한지구과학교육학회 2019 대한지구과학교육학회지 Vol.12 No.1

본 연구는 고등학교 ‘통합과학’ 교과와 연계하여 CLAMP(Climate-Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program) 고 기후 탐구를 통해 기후변화 교육을 할 수 있는 STEAM 프로그램을 개발했다. PDIE 교수 설계 모형에 따라 2015 개정교육과정과 과학 교과서를 분석했고, 전문가 패널 과 pilot test를 통해 10차시의 수업자료를 개발했다. STEAM 수업 과정에 따라 상황제시 단계에서는 학교 부근의 광엽수종에서 잎을 수집하여 LMA(Leaf Margin Analysis) 기후 탐구활동으로 학습목표를 제시했다. 창 의적 설계 단계에서는 연구 지역의 지질과 화석에 대 해 학습했고, CLAMP 입력자료(잎화석의 인상학적 31 가지 특성)를 분류하는 실습을 했다. 감성적 체험과 새 로운 도전 단계에서는 야외학습으로 화석을 채집하고, CLAMP 방법으로 고기후를 탐구하며 신생대의 기후 변화 경향과 원인에 대해 토의하는 과정에서 기후소양 을 함양하게 하였다. 개발 프로그램의 타당도 검증은 전문가 패널 간의 신뢰도 구축 과정을 통해 모든 항목 에서 개발 목적에 적합하다는 평가(CVI .84)를 받았다. 이 프로그램을 고등학교 현장에 적용하기 위해서 불일 치 사항을 보완하고, 적합성을 검토하기 위해 예비수 업을 실시했다. 참여한 학생들의 수업만족도는 4.48이 었고, 이들의 의견을 반영하여 프로그램을 완성했다. 이 연구는 고등학생들에게 기후변화에 대한 실천적 지식과 대응 행동 의지를 갖게 하고, 기후소양 함양에 기 여할 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study is to develop a STEAM program for teaching climate change through CLAMP (Climate-Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program) paleoclimate inquiry in connection with high school 'Integrated Science' subject. In order to do so, we analyzed the 2015 revised national curriculum and science textbook in terms of the PDIE instructional design model, and developed the teaching-learning materials for 10 class hours through expert panel discussion and pilot test. According to the STEAM class procedure, in the situation presentation stage, the fossil leaves were collected from the dicotyledon plants near school, and the LMA (Leaf Margin Analysis) climate inquiry activity. was presented as the learning goal. During the creative design stage, students were taught about geology and leaf fossils in the study region, and CLAMP input data (31 characteristics of morphotype and leaf architectural of fossil leaves) were given. In the emotional experience and new challenge stage, we collected leaf fossils for outdoor learning, explored paleoclimate with CLAMP method, and promoted climatic literacy in the process of discussing tendencies and causes of Cenozoic’s climate change. The validity of the development program was assessed (CVI .84) as being suitable for development purpose in all items through the process of establishing reliability among expert panel. In order to apply the program to the high school, a pilot test was conducted to supplement the discrepancies and to review the suitability. The satisfaction rate of the participants was 4.48, and the program was complemented with their opinions. This study will enable high school students to have practical knowledge and reacting volition for climate change, and contribute to fostering students’ climate literacy.

Pollen-based quantitative paleoclimate reconstruction: Brief methodological introduction and case study

이재영(Jaeyoung Lee),전창표(Chang-Pyo Jun),이상헌(Sangheon Yi),김동욱(Dongwook Kim) 대한지질학회 2020 지질학회지 Vol.56 No.5

화분 분석을 통한 의왕시 지역의 후기 플라이스토세 고식생 및 고기후 연구

정철환,임현수,윤호일 한국지구과학회 2011 한국지구과학회지 Vol.31 No.7

The Late Pleistocene pollen record from the Poil-dong, Uiwang, Kyunggi-do, reveals that mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaved forests were spread along with herb and fern understory. Palynofloral changes reflect climate fluctuations. From ca. 43,100 to 41,900 cal. yr BP, a mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaved forest combined with open grassland occupied the study area, which indicates cooler condition than today. During the period of ca. 41,900-41,200 cal. yr BP, along with fern understory a decrease in subalpine conifers and an increase in temperate deciduous broadleaved trees suggest a climatic amelioration. A climatic deterioration, as evidenced by an increase in subalpine conifers and a decrease in the density of vegetation cover, occurred from ca. 41,200 to 39,700 cal. yr BP. 경기도 의왕시 포일동의 후기 플라이스토세 퇴적층에 대한 화분분석 결과, 초본류 및 양치식물로 이루어진 저층의 발달과 함께 침엽수-낙엽성 활엽수 혼효림이 분포했던 것으로 나타났다. 기후조건을 반영하는 식생조성의 변화가 인지되는데, 약 43,100년 전-41,900년 전 시기에는 오늘날보다 다소 추운 한랭한 온대 기후하에서 초지식생을 수반한 침엽수-낙엽성 활엽수 혼효림이 발달하였다. 약 41,900년 전-41,200년 전 동안에는 양치식물 저층의 발달과 함께 침엽수-낙엽성 활엽수 혼효림 내에서의 아한대성 침엽수의 감소와 온대성 낙엽 활엽수의 증가가 나타나는데 이는 기후조건의온난화를 지시한다. 약 41,200년 전-39,700년 전 시기에는 기후 한랭화에 따른 아한대성 침엽수의 증가와 식생밀도의감소가 나타난다.