Effects of Organic Trace Mineral Supplementation on Sows' Reproductive and Neonates' Growth Performance through 2 wk Postweaning

Acda, S.P.,Chae, B.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.9

A feeding trial using sows and their neonates was conducted to determine the effects of source and level of organic trace mineral supplementation on reproductive performance of sows and the subsequent performance of their neonates through 2 wk post weaning. A total of 16 gestating sows ($Landrace{\times}$Yorkshire) in parities 2 to 4 were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments following a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. One of the two factors evaluated the effect of the source (inorganic vs organic), and the second factor evaluated the effect of the level (low vs high) of trace minerals added to the diet. The trace mineral premixes were formulated to provide a low concentration of trace minerals (50 ppm Fe/87.5 ppm Fe, 17.5 ppm Cu/85 ppm Cu, 45 ppm Zn/60 ppm Zn, and 20 ppm Mn/17.5 ppm Mn), and a high concentration of trace minerals (100 ppm Fe/175 ppm Fe, 35 ppm Cu/170 ppm Cu, 90 ppm Zn/120 ppm Zn, 40 ppm Mn/35 ppm Mn), when included at 0.20% in sows'/weaned pigs' diets, respectively. The total number born, total born alive and weaned, and the average neonate weight at birth were affected neither by the dietary source nor by the level of trace minerals (p>0.05), but an interaction effect (p<0.05) between the source and level of trace minerals was observed on the average weight at weaning. The neonates from sows fed the low level of organic trace minerals gained weight at an equal rate compared with those farrowed by sows fed the high level of inorganic trace minerals. Sows fed the organic trace minerals nursed their young with milk higher in Fe and Zn (p<0.05) compared with those fed diets with inorganic trace minerals. Consequently, the weaned pigs receiving the organic form of trace minerals tended to grow at a faster rate, consumed less feed and tended to utilize their feed more efficiently (p<0.10). It was further observed that the organic trace minerals significantly increased (p<0.05) Fe contents in the liver and serum, and Zn in the serum and bone. In conclusion, sows and neonates fed the organic minerals at low level showed similar performance compared with those fed the inorganic minerals at high level as specified in this study.

Utilization of Dietary Nutrients, Retention and Plasma Level of Certain Minerals in Crossbred Dairy Cows as Influenced by Source of Mineral Supplementation

Gowda, N.K.S.,Prasad, C.S.,Ashok, L.B.,Ramana, J.V. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.2

Nutrient utilization and plasma level of minerals were studied in lactating crossbred cows fed diet supplemented from different source of minerals. Twelve crossbred cows of first to third lactation during their mid stage of lactation were distributed equally under two groups and were fed concentrate mixture, green fodder (para grass) and finger millet straw as per requirement. Cows in group I were fed concentrate mixture supplemented with 1% mineral mixture whereas cows in group II were not supplemented with mineral mixture in the concentrate mixture but were offered additional quantity of green fodder (1 kg DM/cow/day) to compensate for the requirement of minerals. Balance study conducted towards the end of 120 days of feeding experiment indicated that the total dry matter intake in both the groups did not differ significantly. The cows in group II offered additional quantity of green fodder consumed significantly (p<0.05) more of green fodder (5.11 vs. 4.51 kg /animal/day) and the cows in group I consumed significantly (p<0.01) more of finger millet straw (1.71 vs. 0.92 kg/animal/day). The digestibility of major nutrients did not differ between the groups except for ether extract which was significantly (p<0.05) lower in cows fed additional green fodder. The total daily intake of P, Cu, Fe and Co did not differ significantly in both the groups whereas significantly higher intakes of Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn were observed in cows supplemented with inorganic source of minerals. However, supplementation through both the sources could meet the mineral requirement in group I and group II. The gut absorption (%) of all the minerals was comparable between the groups except for Mg which was significantly (p<0.05) higher in cows supplemented mineral mixture. The net retention of all the minerals was significantly more in the group supplemented with inorganic source of minerals. Except for P, Mg and Co the retention as percentage of total intake was comparable for all minerals in both the groups. Irrespective of source of mineral supplementation the average monthly blood plasma mineral levels (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe) were within the normal range and comparable between the groups. Lower level of Cu observed at the start of the experimental feeding in both the groups increased with the advancement of supplemental feeding. The plasma Zn and Fe content in cows of both the groups did not vary. The blood plasma level of some minerals (Ca, P, Mg and Cu) was significantly higher towards the end of experimental feeding as compared to the initial values due to the reduction in milk yield with advancement of lactation or due to supplemental effect of minerals. It could be concluded that supplementation of minerals through inorganic source is better utilized in terms of retention as compared to green fodder (para grass), which is a moderate source of most nutrients.

Mineral Retention in Young Broiler Chicks Fed Diets Based on Wheat, Sorghum or Maize

Thomas, D.V.,Ravindran, V. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.1

The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in mineral retention of broiler chicks fed diets based on wheat, sorghum or maize during the first two weeks post-hatch. The retention of five major minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and magnesium) and four trace minerals (iron, manganese, zinc and copper) was determined on days 3, 5, 7, 9 and 14 of age. The retention coefficients of individual minerals differed widely and the retention coefficients of major minerals were found to be considerably higher than those of trace minerals. Age effects were significant (p<0.05) for all minerals. In general, mineral retention coefficients were highest at day 3, declined to day 7, and remained unchanged to day 14. Decline in mineral retention with age was similar on all three diets. The cereal effect was significant (p<0.05) for several minerals, with a general tendency for the sorghum-based diet to have greater retention than maize- or wheat-based diets.

중국의 핵심광물 자원 확보전략과 정치⋅경제적 의미 분석: 리튬 광물자원을 중심으로

김민주,서창배 원광대학교 한중관계연구원 2023 韓中關係硏究 Vol.9 No.3

Interest in major countries such as the United States, China, the EU, and Japan, as well as Korea, is increasing rapidly in order to secure “Critical Minerals.” This stems from the following background. First, most of the key minerals designated by major countries recently are related to the conversion of key industries such as electric vehicle (EV) batteries based on “climate change, carbon neutrality.” Second, unlike iron, which used to be called “industrial rice,” these core minerals can be weaponized at any time because their stores and production in certain areas are limited. Third, it is related to the global hegemony competition between the United States, a traditional power, and China, which is emerging as an emerging power. Currently, China already controls a large portion of global production through various methods, and industries that use minerals are somewhat more competitive in the global market than the United States. As a result, major countries, including the United States, are feeling a serious threat, which is likely to be very important in terms of economic security in the future. Therefore, this study focused on China's strategy, status, and direction of use of “lithium” mineral resources among key minerals designated by major countries, which are essential in new industries related to carbon neutrality. In particular, how China is securing key minerals was analyzed through government policies, key companies, and the status of securing domestic and international mines. Based on this, we have identified the political and economic implications of China's "lithium" mineral resource acquisition strategy, and based on this, we would like to present the following implications for Korea. Korea, along with China and Japan, is a major producer of electric vehicle batteries where lithium is applied upstream. As of 2022, South Korean companies accounted for about 23.7 percent of the world's electric vehicle battery share, the second-largest in the world after China. However, since most of the raw materials depend on the outside, they are in a vulnerable structure that can be seriously hit if a "lithium price wave" such as 2021 occurs. Therefore, Korea should continue to invest and develop in various countries along with existing suppliers in order to pursue practical benefits beyond its geopolitical position. In addition, various efforts should be made to actively implement the recycling policy of waste batteries to compensate for the vulnerability that does not have natural resources and to develop new industries.

청소년 성별에 따른 손톱의 영양미네랄 함량 비교분석

박미성,권기한 한국피부과학연구원 2014 대한피부미용학회지 Vol.12 No.6

According to analysis of correlations between nail growth and diseases, the selenium content oftoenails can be a barometer of liver or coronary artery disease. In addition, the calcium and magnesiumcontents of fingernails can be correlated with Bone Mineral Density (BMD) according to age. This studycollected nail samples from adolescents, who are undergoing rapid mental and physical development,and analyzed the major minerals. Adolescence is a critical period in which nutritional balance has asignificant effect on mental and physical growth. For this study, nails were sampled from a total of60 adolescents in Seoul, and the contents of 15 different minerals (macro- and micro-minerals) weremeasured using the ICP emission spectrochemical analysis tester. The mineral content of nails by genderwas then comparatively analyzed. In terms of macro-minerals, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium,phosphorus and sulfur were measured. In terms of micro-minerals, copper, zinc, iron, manganese,chromium, selenium, boron, cobalt and molybdenum were measured to provide a reference range for themineral content of nails in Korean adolescents. According to a comparative analysis of mineral contentsbetween boys and girls based on the results of the test above, boys had greater mineral content thangirls in fingernails for Na (p<.05) and K (p<.001). In the cases of Zn (p<.001), Fe (p<.001), Mn (p<.001)and Cr (p<.001), in contrast, the nails of girls were higher than those of boys. This study investigatedthe mineral content of fingernails in Korean adolescents, which has never been undertaken before. Because there were no reference data on the standard mineral content of adolescent fingernails, thisstudy measured the average reference range through the quantitative measurement of mineral contentsper 1 gram of fingernail using 60 adolescents as the sample. Changes in mineral content were examinedthrough comparative analysis between boys and girls. The study results found that nail samples canbe used as a clinical tool to measure Korean adolescents’ nutritional status based on mineral content,which revealed statistically significant differences. The reference values obtained in this study wouldbe useful in studying the relationship between diverse diseases and mineral content of nails in Koreanadolescents provided that there is no large regional difference in terms of the mineral content of nails inthe adolescents living in other regions.

Role of clay minerals on reduction of Cr(VI)

Kwak, Songjong,Yoo, Jong-Chan,Moon, Deok Hyun,Baek, Kitae Elsevier 2018 Geoderma Vol.312 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Clay minerals could reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the soil, but the mechanisms and influential factors for the reduction reaction have not been clearly reported. In this study, it was hypothesized that the Fe(II) released from the clay minerals or adsorbed on the clay surface plays a crucial role in the reduction of Cr(VI). The Fe(II) released from clay minerals reduced Cr(VI) rapidly in the aqueous phase at the initial stage, and the amount of Fe(II) in the aqueous phase was directly proportional to the amount of Cr(VI) reduced. Cr(VI) was then reduced gradually by the Fe(II) adsorbed on the clay minerals. XPS analysis confirmed the change of Fe speciation on the surface of the clay minerals. Therefore, we concluded that the reduction in Cr(VI) by the clay minerals was due to the Fe in the clay minerals.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Fe(II) released from clay mineral reduced Cr(VI) fast. </LI> <LI> Fe(II) adsorbed on the surface of clay mineral reduced Cr(VI) slowly. </LI> <LI> Clay minerals are sources of Fe(II) to reduce Cr(VI). </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

기술동향 : 한국의 광산물 HSK Code 개정방안 연구

이화석 ( Hwa Suk Lee ),김유정 ( Yu Jeong Kim ) 한국광물학회 2014 광물과산업 Vol.27 No.-

본 연구에서는 법정광물 및 정부비축광물을 대상으로 HSK Code 개정(안)을 수립하였다. 법정 광물 중 리튬 광, 희토류 광, 사문석, 연옥, 비축 대상 광종 중 인듐 괴, 페로텅스텐, 안티모니 괴, 셀렌 그래뇰, 갈륨, 산회란탄, 탄산세륨 등의 경우 타 품목과 혼합되어 HSK Code가 부여되어있어 세부 품목별로 정확한 무역통계를 파악하기가 어렵다. 또한 현재의 HSK Code분류체계에서는 대략적인 품목의 명칭 정도만을 확보할 수 있을 뿐 용도, 규격, 성분, 타입 등 보다 구체적인 품목에 대한 정보는 확보하는기가 어려운 상황이다. 법정광물, 정부비축 등 국가적 차원에서 관리되고 있는 광물자원에 대해서는 정확한 통계적 데이터 구축을 위해 품목분류를 세분화하여 단독으로 HSK Code를 관리하는 것을 원칙으로 하였다. 단, 국제 공통기준 (HS Code 6단위)을 준수하는 범위 내에서 개정안을 마련하였으며, 수입규모가 일정규모이상(금액기준: 5천만불 이상, 물량기준: 5천톤 이상)인 품목을 개정 대상으로 선정하였고 HSK Code간 Hierarchy의 균형을 고려하였다. In this study, a proposal for revision of HSK Code was established on legally designated minerals and national stockpile minerals. It is difficult to exactly identify trade balances of minerals, such as lithium ore, rare earth ore, serpentine, kidney stone in legally designated minerals and ingot of indium, ferro-tungsten, ingot of antimony, granule of selenium, gallium, lanthanum oxide, cerium carbonate in national stockpile minerals because HSK Codes of them were not allocated separately. Furthermore, specific use, standard, component, type of products cannot be exactly identified in current HSK Code system Therefore, it is makes rule to separately manage minerals which were managed by government such as legally designated minerals and national stockpile minerals. However, a proposal for revision of HSK Code system was established to comply with international standard(HS Code) and the items over a certain size(amounts : over 50 mil.$, volumes : over 5000 ton) were selected as revised subjects. Moreover hierarchies between HSK Codes were considered.

Role and functions of micro and macro-minerals in swine nutrition: a short review

Vetriselvi Sampath,Shanmugam Suresh kumar,Woo Jeong Seok,김인호 한국축산학회 2023 한국축산학회지 Vol.65 No.3

Livestock production depends on the utilization of nutrients, and when this is accomplished, there is accelerated momentum toward growth with a low cost-to-feed ratio. Public concern over the consumption of pork with antibiotic residues in animals fed antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) has paved the way for using other natural additives to antibiotics, such as herbs and their products, probiotics, prebiotics, etc. Numerous feed additives are trending to achieve this goal, and a classic example is vitamins and minerals. Vitamins and minerals represent a relatively small percentage of the diet, but they are critical to animal health, well-being, and performance; both play a well-defined role in metabolism, and their requirements can vary depending on the physiological stage of the animals. At the same time, the absence of these vitamins and minerals in animal feed can impair the growth and development of muscles and bones. Most commercial feeds contain vitamins and trace minerals that meet nutrient requirements recommended by National Research Council and animal feeding standards. However, the potential variability and bioavailability of vitamins and trace elements in animal feeds remain controversial because daily feed intake varies, and vitamins are degraded by transportation, storage, and processing. Accordingly, the requirement for vitamins and minerals may need to be adjusted to reflect increased production levels, yet the information presented on this topic is still limited. Therefore, this review focuses on the role and function of different sources of minerals, the mode of action, the general need for micro and macro minerals in non-ruminant diets, and how they improve animal performance.

Photoprotective Effects of Minerals from Korean Indigenous Ores on UVA-irradiated Human Dermal Fibroblast

Kang, Dong-Kyu,Lee, Mi-Young The Korean Society of Toxicogenomics and Toxicopro 2008 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.4 No.2

The photoprotective effects of minerals from Korean indigenous ores, consisting mainly of sericite, on UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblast (HDF) were examined. Zymographic analysis showed that the treatment of the minerals significantly reduced the UVA-enhanced MMP-1 activity and mRNA level. The minerals also showed strong inhibitory effect on MMP-2 activity and mRNA expression. Moreover, the minerals were better than polyphenol in reducing MMP-1 and MMP-2 expressions. Notably, the minerals significantly enhanced collagen biosynthesis in the HDF. Inhibition of the elastase activity and protection against the oxidatively damaged HDF cell were also found in the presence of the minerals. Taken together, the ore minerals may be used as the potent photo-protective and anti-skin-aging ingredients which can prevent skin cell damage by UVA.

Effects of Trace Mineral Source and Growth Implants on Trace Mineral Status of Growing and Finishing Feedlot Steers^a,b,c

Dorton, K.L.,Wagner, J.J.,Larson, C.K.,Enns, R.M.,Engle, T.E. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.7

Three hundred and seventy-three steers (approximately 7 mo of age and $247{\pm}19.4\;kg$) were utilized to determine the effects of trace mineral (TM) source and growth implants on trace mineral status. Steers were blocked by ranch, post-weaning treatment within ranch, stratified by initial body weight, and randomly assigned to one of 36 pens (9-12 head/pen). Treatment consisted of: I) control (no supplemental Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co), ii) inorganic trace minerals, and iii) organic trace minerals. Six pens of steers per treatment received a growth implant at the beginning of the experiment and were re-implanted during the finishing phase. The remaining steers received no growth implants. Steers were fed a corn silage-based growing diet for 56 d then were gradually switched to a high concentrate finishing diet. Treatments during the finishing phase consisted of: i) control (no supplemental Zn); ii) inorganic Zn (30 mg of Zn/kg DM from $ZnSO_4$); and iii) organic Zn (iso-amounts of organic Zn). By the end of the growing and finishing phases, implanted steers had greater (p<0.01) plasma Cu concentrations than non-implanted steers. During the growing phase, liver Cu concentrations (p<0.01) and plasma Zn concentrations (p<0.02) were greater in steers supplemented with TM compared to control steers. Steers supplemented with inorganic minerals had greater liver Cu concentrations than steers supplemented with organic minerals at the beginning (p<0.01) and end (p = 0.02) of the growing phase. During both the growing (p = 0.02) and finishing phases (p = 0.05), nonimplanted control steers had greater plasma Cu concentrations than non-implanted steers supplemented with TM, whereas, implanted control steers had similar plasma Cu concentrations than implanted steers supplemented with TM. Non-implanted steers that received inorganic TM had lower plasma Cu concentrations (p = 0.03) during the growing phase and ceruloplasmin activity (p<0.04) during the finishing phase than non-implanted steers that received organic TM, whereas, implanted steers supplemented with either organic or inorganic TM had similar plasma Cu concentrations.