Hypoxia Restrains Lipid Utilization via Protein Kinase A and Adipose Triglyceride Lipase Downregulation through Hypoxia-Inducible Factor

Han, Ji Seul,Lee, Jung Hyun,Kong, Jinuk,Ji, Yul,Kim, Jiwon,Choe, Sung Sik,Kim, Jae Bum American Society for Microbiology 2019 Molecular and cellular biology Vol.39 No.2

<P>Oxygen is a key molecule for efficient energy production in living organisms. Although aerobic organisms have adaptive processes to survive in low-oxygen environments, it is poorly understood how lipolysis, the first step of energy production from stored lipid metabolites, would be modulated during hypoxia.</P><P>Oxygen is a key molecule for efficient energy production in living organisms. Although aerobic organisms have adaptive processes to survive in low-oxygen environments, it is poorly understood how lipolysis, the first step of energy production from stored lipid metabolites, would be modulated during hypoxia. Here, we demonstrate that fasting-induced lipolysis is downregulated by hypoxia through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway. In <I>Caenorhabditis elegans</I> and mammalian adipocytes, hypoxia suppressed protein kinase A (PKA)-stimulated lipolysis, which is evolutionarily well conserved. During hypoxia, the levels of PKA activity and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) protein were downregulated, resulting in attenuated fasting-induced lipolysis. In worms, HIF stabilization was sufficient to moderate the suppressive effect of hypoxia on lipolysis through ATGL and PKA inhibition. These data suggest that HIF activation under hypoxia plays key roles in the suppression of lipolysis, which might preserve energy resources in both <I>C. elegans</I> and mammalian adipocytes.</P>

Histologic analysis of lipolysis with a novel 1,927-nm diode laser during 3-month follow-up

( Eui Hyun Oh ),( Sung Soo Han ),( Jae Min Shin ),( Eun Jin Kim ),( Jeong Eun Kim ),( Young Suck Ro ),( Joo Yeon Ko ) 대한피부과학회 2015 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.67 No.2

Background: Although several laser lipolysis devices have been applied in the past, their shortage of efficacy andlong treatment times are shortcomings, leading to lower utilization in lipolysis. Lasers of 1,927-nm promote greater water and fat absorption than previous wavelengths. Objectives: To evaluate the dose-dependent effects and repair processes of 1,927-nm diode laser lipolysis by analyzing histopathologic findings. Methods: Two minipigs were used, and one of the two was injected with a tumescent saline solution. Six 10 x 10 cm2 test fields were treated by a 1,927-nm diode laser with a wide range of total energy levels (4.8-7.2 W, 60-120 mJ, 40-60 Hz). Serial biopsies were performed immediately after the procedure and at 1 day, 1 week, 2weeks, 4 weeks and 3 months after laser lipolysis. The thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer was evaluated. Results: Three months after laser lipolysis, visible and palpable depressed areas on the skin surface of both minipigs were observed without clinically visible damage to the epidermis. Inflammatory cell infiltration or granulomatous reaction began after laser treatment but resolved in the follow-up period. Reduction of the thickness of the subcutaneous layer was also detected. Conclusion: The novel 1,927-nm diode laser may provide effective lipolysis with a better safety margin and faster treatment time. Further studies are warranted to evaluate efficacy and safety in human settings.

Medicarpin induces lipolysis via activation of Protein Kinase A in brown adipocytes

( Khan Mohammad Imran ),( Dahyeon Yoon ),( Tae-jin Lee ),( Yong-sik Kim ) 생화학분자생물학회(구 한국생화학분자생물학회) 2018 BMB Reports Vol.51 No.5

Natural pterocarpan Medicarpin (Med) has been shown to have various beneficial biological roles, including inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, stimulation of bone regeneration and induction of apoptosis. However, the effect of the Med on lipolysis in adipocytes has not been reported. Here, we show the effect of Med on lipolysis in different mouse adipocytes and elucidate the underlying mechanism. We observed that Med treatment promoted release of glycerol in the media. Differentiated mouse brown adipose tissue cells were treated with Med. RNA-Seq analysis was performed to elucidate the effect of med and subsequently was confirmed by qRT-PCR and western blotting analyses. Med treatment increased both protein and gene expression levels of hormone-sensitive lipase (Hsl) and adipose triglyceride lipase (Atgl), which are two critical enzymes necessary for lipolysis. Mechanistic study showed that Med activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) and phosphorylates Hsl at PKA target position at Serine⁶⁶⁰. Silencing of PKA gene by short interfering RNA attenuated the Med-induced increase in glycerol release and Hsl phos-phorylation. The results unveil that Med boosts lipolysis via a PKA-dependent pathway in adipocytes and may provide a possible avenue of further research of Med mediated reduction of body fat. [BMB Reports 2018; 51(5): 249-254]

Development of Minimally Invasive Mid-infrared Lipolysis Laser System for Effective Fat Reduction

Ji-Young Lee,Han Young Ryu,Young-Seok Seo 대한의학레이저학회 2021 MEDICAL LASERS Vol.10 No.2

Background and Objectives: Due to changes in diet and lifestyle, the number of obese people worldwide is steadily increasing. Obesity has an adverse effect on a healthy life, so it needs treatment and improvement. Research related to this is continuously being conducted. Materials and Methods: The laser system to compact designed using 808 nm laser diode and Neodymium Yttrium orthovanadate generates a 1064 nm wavelength, the periodically polarized nonlinear crystal pumping laser beam. The pulsed 1064 nm wavelength beam passing through the AO Q-switch is used as the pumping light of the nonlinear optical crystal and is irradiated to the periodic polarized nonlinear optical crystal with a quasi-phase matching period. Nonlinear optical crystals use an oven to control the temperature to generate the desired 1980 nm and 2300 nm wavelengths. Results: The 1980 nm and 2300 nm wavelengths generated by temperature control of nonlinear optical crystals are effective for lipolysis. A fiber catheter was used so that the laser could be directly irradiated to the fat cells. In particular, the new wavelength (1980 nm, 2300 nm) can increase the fat reduction effect with low energy (1.3 W). When a laser with a combination wavelength of 1980 nm and 2300 nm was used, an average lipolysis effect of 20% was obtained. Conclusion: A mid-infrared lipolysis laser system with excellent absorption of fat and water has been developed. We conducted a princlinical study to confirm the efficacy and safety of the lipolysis laser system, and obtained good results for lipolysis with low energy.

Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Attenuates Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Lipolysis via Protection of Perilipin in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Hong, Seok-Woo,Lee, Jinmi,Park, Se Eun,Rhee, Eun-Jung,Park, Cheol-Young,Oh, Ki-Won,Park, Sung-Woo,Lee, Won-Young Korean Endocrine Society 2014 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.29 No.4

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are known to stimulate and repress lipolysis in adipocytes, respectively; however, the mechanisms regulating these processes have not been completely elucidated.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>The key factors and mechanism of action of TNF-α and AMPK in lipolysis were investigated by evaluating perilipin expression and activity of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α) by Western blot and an immunofluorescence assay in 24-hour TNF-α-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with artificial manipulation of AMPK activation.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Enhancement of AMPK activity by the addition of activator minoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) suppressed TNF-α-induced lipolysis, whereas the addition of compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK phosphorylation, enhanced lipolysis. Perilipin, a lipid droplet-associated protein, was decreased by TNF-α and recovered following treatment with AICAR, showing a correlation with the antilipolytic effect of AICAR. Significant activation of PERK/eIF2α, a component of the unfolded protein response signaling pathway, was observed in TNF-α or vesicle-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The antilipolytic effect and recovery of perilipin expression by AICAR in TNF-α-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were significantly diminished by treatment with 2-aminopurine, a specific inhibitor of eIF2α.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>These data indicated that AICAR-induced AMPK activation attenuates TNF-α-induced lipolysis via preservation of perilipin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, PERK/eIF2α activity is a novel mechanism of the anti-lipolytic effect of AICAR.</P>

고려 홍삼이 암독소 호르몬-L의 체지방 분해작용에 미치는 영향

이성동,황우익 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 1998 保健科學論集 Vol.24 No.1

This study was devised to observe the inhibitory effects of 3 kinds of petroleum ether extracts (percolation by petroleum ether), methanol treatment residue material (percolation by methanol) and ethanol treatment precipitate (crude acidic polysaccharide) from Korean red ginseng, Chinese red ginseng and American white ginseng on a lipolytic action of Toxohormone - L which has been known as lipolytic and anorexigenic factors. Toxohormone - L was obtained by partial purification of the ascites fluid from mice which has been inoculated with sarcoma -180. The yields of crude acidic polysaccharide from Korea red ginseng, Chinese red ginseng and American white ginseng were 63.5, 61.3 and 60.4% respectively, indicating that the Korean red ginseng was the highest. In vitro, at the concentration of 2㎍/㎖, the total inhibitory activity of lipolysis by the petroleum ether extract of Korean red ginseng, Chinese red ginseng and American white ginseng per gram of ginseng material were 18, 12 and 13 unit respectively, indicating that the Korean red ginseng was the most effective in the inhibition of the lipolysis. And then at the concentration of 500㎍/㎖, the inhibition rate of lipolysis by the methanol treatment residue material of Korean red ginseng, Chinese red ginseng and American white ginseng were 36.8, 32.6 and 29.5% respectively, and that of lipolysis by the crude acidic polysaccharide of each ginseng were 38.8, 34.7 and 37.8% respectively, and the total inhibitory activity per gram of ginseng material were 4.9×10³, 4.3×10³ and 4.6×10³unit respectively, also indicating that the Korean red ginseng was the most effective in the inhibition of the lipolysis.

The Regulation of Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue

( Julia Serr ),( Xiang Li ),( Ki Choon Lee ) 한국동물자원과학회(구 한국축산학회) 2013 한국축산학회지 Vol.55 No.4

Knowledge regarding lipid catabolism has been of great interest in the field of animal sciences. In the livestock industry, excess fat accretion in meat is costly to the producer and undesirable to the consumer. However, intramuscular fat(marbling) is desirable to enhance carcass and product quality. The manipulation of lipid content to meet the goals of animal production requires an understanding of the detailed mechanisms of lipid catabolism to help meticulously design nutritional, pharmacological, and physiological approaches to regulate fat accretion. The concept of a basic system of lipases and their co-regulators has been identified. The major lipases cleave triacylglycerol(TAG) stored in lipid droplets in a sequential manner. In adipose tissue, adipose triglyceride lipase(ATGL) performs the first and rate-limiting step of TAG breakdown through hydrolysis at the sn-1 position of TAG to release a non-esterified fatty acid(NEFA) and diacylglycerol(DAG). Subsequently, cleavage of DAG occurs via the rate-limiting enzyme hormone-sensitive lipase(HSL) for DAG catabolism, which is followed by monoglyceride lipase (MGL) for monoacylglycerol(MAG) hydrolysis. Recent identification of the co-activator(Comparative Gene Identification-58) and inhibitor [G(0)/G(1) Switch Gene 2] of ATGL have helped elucidate this important initial step of TAG breakdown, while also generating more questions. Additionally, the roles of these lipolysis-related enzymes in muscle, liver and skin tissue have also been found to be of great importance for the investigation of systemic lipolytic regulation.

천연 유래 6 종 혼합물의 지방세포 조절 효과

김유나,장영수,박덕훈,정 은 선 사단법인 대한화장품학회 2022 대한화장품학회지 Vol.48 No.4

Obesity is one of the metabolic diseases caused by excessive differentiation and accumulation of adipose tissue due to an imbalance between energy intake and consumption. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of SliMax, a natural-derived 6 compounds mixture, by using 3T3-L1 cells. As a result, SliMax showed the inhibitory effect on adipocyte differentiation through down-regulation of the PPARγ and C/EBPα expression, which are known to regulate the late adipogenesis stage. In the process of lipolysis on differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, SliMax accelerated decomposition of large-sized unilocular lipid droplet into numerous small-sized multilocular lipid droplets through up-regulation of the expression of lipolysis-related proteins ATGL and HSL. Finally, in order to confirm the effect of SliMax on induction of brown adipocyte, the expression of UCP-1 and the amount of mitochondria were confirmed by immunofluorescent staining, and as a result, SliMax increased the expression of UCP-1 and the amount of mitochondria in fat cells. Taken together, those results suggest that SliMax, a naturally-derived mixture, have a potential to be anti-obesity agent through exerting inhibitory effect on the formation of lipid droplet by suppression of adipogenesis and stimulation of lipolysis, and browning effect associated with generation of heat energy and energy consumption. 비만은 에너지의 섭취와 소비의 불균형으로 인해 지방조직이 과도하게 분화하여 과잉 축적이 되면서발생하게 되는 대사질환 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서 저자들은 3T3-L1 지방세포를 이용해 천연 유래 6 종 혼합물인SliMax의 항비만 효과를 확인하였다. 그 결과 SliMax는 지방분화 단계에서 후기 분화를 조절하는 것으로 알려진PPARγ와 C/EBPα의 발현 억제를 통해 지방분화를 억제하는 결과를 보였다. 또한 지방세포 분화 유도 후 지방세포 분해 과정에서 SliMax는 지방분해 관련 단백질인 ATGL과 HSL 발현 증가를 통해 큰 사이즈의 단방성 지방구를작은 사이즈의 수많은 다방성 지방구로 분해하였다. 마지막으로 갈색지방으로 유도하는 효능을 확인하기 위해UCP-1의 발현과 미토콘드리아 양을 면역형광염색법으로 확인한 결과 SliMax가 지방세포의 UCP-1의 발현과미토콘드리아 양을 증가시켰다. 결과를 종합해볼 때, 천연 유래 혼합물인 SliMax는 지방 분화억제와 지방분해촉진을 통해 지방구의 형성을 억제하고, 열 생산과 에너지 소비와 관련된 갈색지방화 촉진 기능을 가져 항비만소재로의 가능성을 가진다.

A Comparison of Wavelength Dependence for Laser-assisted Lipolysis Effect Using Monte Carlo Simulation

윤종인 한국광학회 2009 Current Optics and Photonics Vol.13 No.2

The aim of this study is to evaluate wavelength dependence for laser-assisted lipolysis using a mathematical simulation. In this study, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed to simulate light transport in fat and dermal tissue with 3 different laser wavelengths (λ = 1064 nm, 1320 nm, and 1444 nm) that are currently used in clinic settings for laser-assisted lipolysis. The relative rates of heat generation versus penetration depth showed that the greatest amount of heat generation was seen in the tissues at λ = 1444 nm. This Monte Carlo simulation may help lend insight into the thermal events occurring inside the fat and dermal tissue during laser-assisted lipolysis.

다양한 식품 시료와 라드를 이용한 지방 분해 효율 탐구 연구

엄시온 ( Sion Eom ),유가은 ( Gaeun Yu ),이수민 ( Sumin Lee ),이시연 ( Siyeon Lee ),( Iqbal Jalaludin ),김정권 ( Jeongkwon Kim ) 충남대학교 기초과학연구원 2020 충남과학연구지 Vol.37 No.1

In this study, foods known to have an effect on lipolysis were reacted with lard to measure the amount of fatty acids, and the lipolysis efficiency of each sample was compared. After lard was incubated with each of 9 samples (green tea powder, onion powder, ginger powder, garlic powder, pepper powder, red pepper powder, black coffee powder, coffee powder, and brown rice powder) and then reacted with benzene and Cu2+ solution, the supernatant was taken and its absorbance at 715 nm was measured with a spectrophotometer. The maximum absorbance was obtained from the solution obtained from the brown rice powder. Brown rice powder is therefore concluded to be an efficient food for lipolysis.