난방비 변화 시기의 공동주택 난방에너지 사용량 영향요인 분석 : 서울시 아파트 단지를 대상으로

김교민,김동준,이승일 (사) 한국도시재생학회 2023 도시재생 Vol.9 No.2

The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of various characteristics on energy consumption when heating price change. Previous research has not investigated the impact of changing energy price change, and the analysis of heating energy consumption has primarily relied on physical and sociological characteristic data. This approach fails to reveal the factors influencing energy consumption in response to changes in heating energy price. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of various characteristics on heating energy consumption when heating energy price change. As a result, first, it was found that the spatial characteristics of the water system ratio, the green area ratio, and the average altitude affect the probability of increasing and decreasing the use of heating energy. Second, physical characteristics were found to have an effect on both the increase and decrease in heating energy use as heating price rise. Third, among the demographic and sociological characteristics, the average aging index and the average elderly support ratio only affect the probability of a decrease in heating energy use per household compared to apartments that do not change heating energy use per household. The results of this study can be used as basic data for establishing energy support policies due to rising energy prices in the future by presenting the physical and spatial characteristics of urban space to be considered in urban regeneration and maintenance projects.

해수냉열원을 이용한 태양열계간축열시스템의 건물냉방 적용에 관한 연구

김명래(Kim Myung-Rae),윤재옥(Yoon Jae-Ock) 한국태양에너지학회 2009 한국태양에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.11월

Paradigm depending only on fossil fuel for building heat source is rapidly changing. Accelerating the change, as it has been known, is obligation for reducing green house gas coming from use of fossil fuel, i.e. reaction to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In addition, factors such as high oil price, unstable supply, weapon of petroleum and oil peak, by replacing fossil fuel, contributes to advance of environmental friendly renewable energy which can be continuously reusable. Therefore, current new energy policies, beyond enhancing effectiveness of heat using equipments, are to make best efforts for national competitiveness. Our country supports 11 areas for new renewable energy including sun light, solar heat and wind power. Among those areas, ocean thermal energy specifies tidal power generation using tide of sea, wave and temperature differences, wave power generation and thermal power generation. But heat use of heat source from sea water itself has been excluded as non-utilized energy. In the future, sea water heat source which has not been used so far will be required to be specified as new renewable energy. This research is to survey local heating system in Europe using sea water, central solar heating plants, seasonal thermal energy store and to analyze large scale central solar heating plants in German. Seasonal thermal energy store necessarily need to be equipped with large scale thermal energy store. Currently operating central solar heating system is a effective method which significantly enhances sharing rate of solar heat in a way that stores excessive heat generating in summer and then replenish insufficient heat for winter. Construction cost for this system is primarily dependent on large scale seasonal heat store and this high priced heat store merely plays its role once per year. Since our country is faced with 3 directional sea, active research and development for using sea water heat as cooling and heating heat source is required for seashore villages and building units. This research suggests how to utilize new energy in a way that stores cooling heat of sea water into seasonal thermal energy store when temperature of sea water is its lowest temperature in February based on West Sea and then uses it as cooling heat source when cooling is necessary. Since this method utilizes seasonal thermal energy store from existing central solar heating plant for heating and cooling purpose respectively twice per year maximizing energy efficiency by achieving 2 seasonal thermal energy store, active research and development is necessarily required for the future.

여름철 태양에너지를 적용한 동시냉난방 시스템의 효용성 분석

이석현(Lee Seokhyun),이유진(Lee Yujin),신대욱(Shin Dae-Uk) 한국태양에너지학회 2024 한국태양에너지학회 논문집 Vol.44 No.3

Simultaneous heating and cooling systems (SHC) can eliminate both the heating and cooling loads in a single run of the heat pump. This system is effective for buildings that require simultaneous heating and cooling. However, the use of a secondary heat source is inevitable because cooling and heating are not always equal. In a building, assuming that the cooling load is higher than the heating load, the cooling load that cannot be eliminated by a simultaneous cooling and heating system, and it must be covered by auxiliary cooling equipment. In Korean summers, the cooling load in a building is higher than the heating load. In such an environment, the SHC uses less heating energy, resulting in an increased operation of the auxiliary equipment for cooling. To decrease the use of auxiliary equipment and increase the use of SHC, it is necessary to reduce the heating energy of the SHC. For this purpose, an absorption chiller was used to convert the unused heating energy into cooling energy. In addition, to decrease the energy use of the whole system, photovoltaic (PV) panels that can use solar photovoltaic energy were installed to generate a part of the power used in the system, and solar heat energy was applied for the regeneration of the absorption chiller. In this study, the energy consumptions of a conventional SHC and an SHC using solar energy were analyzed by comparing the methods used for a building in which the cooling load is much higher than the heating load during summers.

옥상녹화시스템 적용 식물 특성에 따른 건물 냉난방 에너지 저감량 분석

손형민,박동윤 한국생태환경건축학회 2022 한국생태환경건축학회 논문집 Vol.22 No.2

Purpose: This study investigated the effect of green roof plants on the heating and cooling energy reduction in a building. Plant height, leaf area index, leaf reflectivity, leaf emissivity, and minimum stomatal resistances were selected as major variables of the green roof plants. Method: A single building of 85m2 was modeled by Design Builder based on Energy Plus, then heating and cooling energy conservation was analyzed as a green roof was applied. Result: The main simulation results are as follows. As 90cm height plant was applied, 263kWh of heating energy was reduced, which was higher than cooling energy reduction. Thus it is reasonable to select the height of plants in consideration of heating energy. As the leaf area index increased from 1 to 5, the amount of reduction in heating energy decreased by 15.9%, but the amount of reduction in cooling energy increased. As the leaf reflectance and emissivity increased, the amount of reduction in heating energy through the green roof decreased while the amount of reduction in cooling energy increased. As minimum stomatal resistance increased from 50 to 300s/m, the amount of reduction in heating energy was increased by 11%, but the amount of cooling energy reduction was insignificant compared to the amount of heating energy reduction.

설비공학회 분야의 최근 연구 동향

이대영(Dae-Young Lee),김현정(Hyun-Jung Kim),김동선(Dong-Seon Kim),박준석(Jun-Seok Park),임병찬(Pyeong Chan Ihm) 대한설비공학회 2018 설비공학 논문집 Vol.30 No.6

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2017. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) In building mechanical system research fields, twenty studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, renewable energies, etc. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which could be help for improving the energy efficiency of the buildings. (2) The field of architectural environment is mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment are related to the ventilated cavity of curtain-wall system for enhancing insulation and preventing condensation, the improvement plans of condensation defect examples in apartment building and the calculation method for the transmitted solar irradiance using the total horizontal irradiance. The subjects of building energy are worked on the energy consumption characteristics in office buildings, energy performance analysis for energy saving potentials in a hospital building, outdoor air cooling system operated with load prediction, building energy efficiency rating changes by enhanced building envelope standards, energy saving effect for the external insulation construction, energy reduction of a heating network through the application of an absorption heat pump, analysis of thermal load profile according to the window retrofit in an old school building, calculating regional balance point temperature for heating degree-days in korea, short-term load prediction using artificial neural network models, the simple window model applied to EnergyPlus, possibility of building energy saving through the building data, optimal cooling operation of a single family house model equipped with renewable energy facility by linear programming. The remained studies are related to the comparison between korea and china evacuation laws in office building, the effect of cold air stimulation during the driver’s drowsiness, the calculation of the attachedpiping-material rate for the building mechanical-service system in office buildings, the development of a modularlightweight steel ceiling system and the evaluation of local loss coefficients for different waveguide-below-cutoff (wbc) arrays of electromagnetic pulse. (3) Various studies were published in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration/energy system, system control. In the refrigeration cycle category, research subjects include the improvement of Type II and double-effect absorption heat pumps, the seasonal performance of compression heat pumps, a vertical receiver in a compression heat pump, the performance of a domestic built-in ice maker and the performance characteristics of a surface water heat pump system. In the alternative refrigeration/energy system category, subjects include a membrane dehumidification system, a CO₂-hydrate circulation system, a Zeolite 13x chemical thermal energy storage system and the performance criteria for heat pumps as a renewable energy device. In the system control category, subjects include a defrosting control system using photoelectric sensors and the control method for an organic thermal storage-chiller system. (4) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for prediction of stratification model for diffusers in underfloor air distribution system using

설비공학 분야의 최근 연구 동향

이대영(Dae-Young Lee),김사량(Sa Ryang Kim),김현정(Hyun-Jung Kim),김동선(Dong-Seon Kim),박준석(Jun-Seok Park),임병찬(Pyeong Chan Ihm) 대한설비공학회 2017 설비공학 논문집 Vol.29 No.6

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2016. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of flow, heat and mass transfer, the reduction of pollutant exhaust gas, cooling and heating, the renewable energy system and the flow around buildings. CFD schemes were used more for all research areas. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results of the long-term performance variation of the plate-type enthalpy exchange element made of paper, design optimization of an extruded-type cooling structure for reducing the weight of LED street lights, and hot plate welding of thermoplastic elastomer packing. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, the heat transfer characteristics of a finned-tube heat exchanger in a PCM (phase change material) thermal energy storage system, influence of flow boiling heat transfer on fouling phenomenon in nanofluids, and PCM at the simultaneous charging and discharging condition were studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, one-dimensional flow network model and porous-media model, and R245fa in a plate-shell heat exchanger were studied. (3) Various studies were published in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration/energy system, system control. In the refrigeration cycle category, subjects include mobile cold storage heat exchanger, compressor reliability, indirect refrigeration system with CO2 as secondary fluid, heat pump for fuel-cell vehicle, heat recovery from hybrid drier and heat exchangers with two-port and flat tubes. In the alternative refrigeration/energy system category, subjects include membrane module for dehumidification refrigeration, desiccant-assisted low-temperature drying, regenerative evaporative cooler and ejector-assisted multi-stage evaporation. In the system control category, subjects include multi-refrigeration system control, emergency cooling of data center and variable-speed compressor control. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, fifteenth studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, renewable energies, etc. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which could be help for improving the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the analyses of indoor thermal environments controlled by portable cooler, the effects of outdoor wind pressure in airflow at high-rise buildings, window air tightness related to the filling piece shapes, stack effect in core type’s office building and the development of a movable drawer-type light shelf with adjustable depth of the reflector. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy consumption analysis in office building, the prediction of exit air temperature of horizontal geothermal heat exchanger, LS-SVM based modeling of hot water supply load for district heating system, the energy saving effect of ERV system using night purge control method and the effect of strengthened insulation level to the building heating and cooling load.

An analysis of energy consumption to identify urban energy poverty in Seoul

김진식,이임학,안용한,임성은,김신도 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2016 도시과학국제저널 Vol.20 No.1

The Korean Government defines ‘energy poverty’ as households that spend more than 10% of their total income on lighting and heating. This study estimated the percentage of urban energy poverty in Seoul for the winter season, based on the amount spent on energy of various types by households with different levels of income, the amount of energy they used per month and the price charged per unit of electricity and city-gas usage. Energy usage–income graphs were used to determine a Gini coefficient of 0.08 for Seoul, which signifies a relatively fair energy distribution in the city’s low-income population in comparison to that of other countries, which ranged from 0.19 for Norway to 0.87 for Kenya. Our results reveal that the energy poverty problem in Seoul is primarily due to a rapid increase in the unit cost of gas for heating. Although the energy distribution of households in Seoul is fairer than that in many other countries, the problem of energy poverty remains. This is primarily because the main energy sources for city residents are electricity and gas, and the cost of the gas utilized for heating in the winter months has increased at a much faster rate than the income of the city’s poorest residents in recent years. According to the result of this study, cities where energy consumption rapidly increases because of higher demand during the winter season should be required to support polices that assist energy consumption for heating in the winter for people suffering from energy poverty.

지역별 온실내의 잉여 태양에너지 산정

윤용철,임재운,김현태,김영주,서원명 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2011 농업생명과학연구 Vol.45 No.4

본 연구에서는 주간동안 온실 내에서 발생되는 잉여 태양에너지를 분석하고, 또한 잉여 태양에너지의 적정 축열 시스템 설계에 필요한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 수행하였다. 분석에 이용된 기상자료는 표준기상년 데이터로서 이용하여 국내 주요 지역을 대상으로 온실 형태별로 잉여 태양에너지를 분석하였을 뿐만 아니라 소요 난방에너지 등도 분석 및 검토하였다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 9개 지역을 대상으로 지역별 잉여 태양에너지를 대해 분석한 결과, 난방에너지 대비 잉여 태양에너지 비율은 온실 형태별로 각각 약 212.0~228.0%로서 제주가 가장 높게 나타났다. 그 다음으로 부산, 광주, 진주, 대구, 대전, 전주, 수원, 및 대관령 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 온실 형태에 관계없이 몇 몇 지역을 제외하면 잉여 태양에너지만으로 소요 난방에너지를 거의 대체할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. This research was conducted to provide basic data of surplus heat for designing solar heat-storage systems. The surplus heat is defined as the heat exhausted by forced ventilations from the greenhouses to control the greenhouse temperature within setting limits. Various simulations were performed to compare the differences of thermal behaviors among greenhouse types as well as among several domestic areas by using pseudo-TMY (Typical Meteorological Year) data manipulated based both on the weather data supplied from Korean Meteorological Administration and the TMY data supplied from The Korean Solar Energy Society. Additional analyses were carried out to examine the required heating energy together with some others such as the energy balances in greenhouses to be considered. The results of those researches are summarized as follows. Regional surplus solar heats for the nine regions with 4-type were analyzed. The results showed that the ratio of surplus solar energy compared to heating energy was the highest in Jeju (about 212.0~228.0%) for each greenhouse type. And followed by Busan, Kwangju, Jinju, Daegu, Daejeon, Jeonju, Suwon and Daekwanryung. And irrespective of greenhouse types, surplus solar energy alone could cover up nearly all of the required supplemental heating energy except for a few areas.

히트펌프와 잉여 태양에너지를 이용한 축열 및 온실의 난방효과

김하늘,최만권,윤성욱,김현태,민영봉,윤용철 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2014 농업생명과학연구 Vol.48 No.6

본 연구는 공기열원 히트펌프 온실에서 환기에 의해 배출되는 에너지 즉 잉여 태양에너지 및 태양열 집열기를 이용하여 축열량 및 이들 에너지를 이용한 온실의 난방효과를 실험적으로 검토하였다. 태양열 집열기의 경우, 실험기간동안 누계 수평면 일사량의 최대, 평균 및 최솟값은 각각 52.2, 22.9 및 3.2 MJ․m-2이었고, 총 일사량은 869.8 MJ․m-2 정도였다. 그리고 집열량의 최대, 평균 및 최솟값은 각각 38,118.2, 22,545.9 및 2,622.1 kcal 정도였고, 총 집열량은 856,742.6 kcal 정도인 것으로 나타났다. 잉여 태양에너지의 경우, 여러 가지 요인에 의해서 온실로부터 회수되는 열량은 다르지만, 온실로부터 회수된 총 잉여 태양에너지는 375,946.7 kcal 정도인 것으로 나타났다. 히트펌프의 경우, 설정온도를 고려하지 않고 축열된 총 축열량은 17,519,085.3 kcal이고, 이 때 소비된 소비전력량은 7,169.6 kWh정도이었고, 시스템의 성능계수는 2.84정도이었다. 그리고 온실로 공급된 난방에너지는 최저 외기온과 유사한 경향을 보이는 것으로 나타났으며, 실험기간동안 총 난방에너지는 9,554,541.9 kcal로서 시간당으로 환산하면 평균 6,653.1 kcal․h-1정도인 것으로 나타났다. 특히 실제 히트펌프에 의해 축열된 량의 54.5%정도만 이용하는 것으로 나타나 난방시스템의 개선이 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 실험기간동안 태양열 집열기, 잉여 태양에너지 및 히트펌프에 의한 축열량을 난방에너지로 100.0% 이용할 경우, 탄소배출량은 각각 259.7, 116.9 및 5,403.5 kgCO2정도 절감시킬 수 있을 것으로 나타났다. This study examined through an experiment the heating effects of a greenhouse by using energy discharged from air source heat pumps and greenhouses through ventilation or surplus solar energy, solar collectors with their storage of heat, and their energy. The maximum, mean, and minimum volume of a solar collector's aggregate horizontal solar radiation during the experiment period were 52.2, 22.9 and 3.2 MJ․m-2, respectively, with total solar radiation of 869.8 MJ․m-2. The maximum, mean, and minimum volume of a solar collector's collection of heat were 38,118.2, 22,545.9 and 2,622.1 kcal, respectively, with total collection of heat of 856,742.6 kcal. There were differences in the amount of surplus solar energy collected from a greenhouse due to several factors, but total surplus solar energy collected from a greenhouse was 375,946.7 kcal. The total storage of heat of a heat pump with no consideration of set temperature was 17,519,085.3 kcal with consumed electricity of 7,169.6 kWh and the system performance coefficient of 2.84. In addition, heating energy supplied into a greenhouse showed a similar trend to the lowest outside air temperature. During the experiment period, total heating energy was 9,554,541.9 kcal, which was translated to mean 6,653.1 kcal․h-1 per hour. Only 54.5% of heat energy stored in a heat pump was put to actual use, which raises a need to improve heating systems. If the heat energy stored in solar collectors, surplus solar energy, and heat pumps had been used heating energy 100.0% during the experiment period, carbon emissions would have been reduced by 259.7, 116.9 and 5,403.5 kgCO2, respectively.

벤로형 온실의 잉여 태양에너지 분석

최만권,윤용철,신익수,윤성욱,김현태 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2013 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.22 No.2

This research analyzed surplus solar energy in Venlo-type greenhouse using acquired typical meteorologicalyear (TMY) data for designing a heat storage system for the surplus solar energy generated in the greenhouseduring the day. In the case of paprika, the region-dependent heating loads for Jeju, Jinju, and Daegwanryong areawere approximately 1,107.8 GJ, 1,010.0 GJ, and 3,118.5 GJ, respectively. The surplus solar energy measured in Jejuarea was 1,845.4 GJ, Jinju area 1,881.8 GJ, and Daegwanryong area 2,061.8 GJ, with the Daegwanryong area showing11.7% and 9.6% higher than the Jeju region and Jinju region respectively. In the case of chrysanthemums,regional heating loads were determined as 1,202.5 GJ for the Jeju region, 1,042.0 GJ for the Jinju region, and3,288.6 GJ for the Daegwanryong region; the regional differences were similar to those for paprika. The recordedsurplus solar energy was 1,435.2 GJ, 1,536.2 GJ, and 1,734.6 GJ for Jeju, Jinju, and Daegwanryong region, respectively. The Daegwanryong region recorded heating loads 20.9% and 12.9% higher than in the Jeju and Jinju region,respectively. From the above, it can be said that cultivating paprika, compared to cultivating chrysanthemums,requires less heating energy regardless of the region and tends to yield more surplus solar energy. Moreover, if theDaekwan Pass region is excluded, the surplus solar energy exceeds the energy required for heating. Although therequired heating energy differs according to regions and crops, cucumbers were found to require the highest amount,followed by chrysanthemum and paprika. The amount of surplus solar energy was the highest in the case of paprika,followed by cucumber and chrysanthemum. 본 연구는 주간동안 온실 내에서 발생되는 잉여 태양에너지 축열 시스템 설계에 필요한 기초자료를 제공할 목적으로 확보한 표준기상년 데이터를 이용하여 벤로형 온실을 대상으로 잉여 태양에너지를 분석하였다. 파프리카의경우, 지역별 난방부하는 제주, 진주 및 대관령지역에 대해 각각 약 1,107.8GJ, 1,010.0GJ 및 3,118.5GJ로 분석되었다. 잉여 태양에너지의 경우, 제주지역 1,845.4GJ, 진주지역 1,881.8GJ, 대관령지역은 2,061.8GJ로 나타나 대관령지역이 제주 및 진주지역에 비해 각각 11.7% 및 9.6%정도 크게 나타났다. 국화의 경우, 지역별 난방부하는제주지역 1,202.5GJ, 진주지역 1,042.0GJ, 대관령지역은3,288.6GJ 정도인 것으로 분석되었으며 지역별 차이는파프리카의 경우와 유사였다. 잉여 태양에너지는 제주,진주 및 대관령지역에 대해 각각 1,435.2GJ, 1,536.2GJ,및 1,734.6GJ로 나타나 대관령 지역이 제주 및 진주지역에 비해 각각 20.9% 및 12.9% 정도 크게 나타났다. 파프리카를 재배하는 경우가 국화에 비해 상대적으로 지역에 관계없이 난방에너지가 차지하는 비중은 적고 잉여태양에너지는 많은 경향이 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 대관령지역을 제외하면 잉여 태양에너지가 난방에 소요되는 에너지보다 많은 것을 알 수 있다. 소요 난방에너지는 지역 및 재배작물별로 다소 차이는 있지만, 오이가일반적으로 많게 나타났으며, 그 다음으로 국화 및 파프리카 순이었다. 잉여 태양에너지는 대체적으로 파프리카,오이 및 국화 순으로 많게 나타났다.