Télétravail malgré soi et confinement lors de la pandémie Covid-19 : Situation, expérience, identité professionnelle

Corinne Baujard 고려대학교 응용문화연구소 2020 에피스테메 Vol.0 No.23

Teleworking during a confinement period, suddenly implemented in France on March 17, 2020, has been in the news for the past few weeks. Research fields on telework have frequently been the opportunity to present promising benefits for employees : time savings due to the absence of travail, work-life balance, flexible working hours, silent environment in order to escape the noisy demands of repetitive word. The deployment of digital relationships and the daily congestion in large cities reinforce these expectations. Il the need to protect the health of employees in order to ensure a certain balance between the modality of remote work and the protection of privacy, no study has taken into account the telework imposed in the context of suprecedented confinement. The challenges of social isolation and damage to professional psychological health are an opportunity to reflect on homowork, especially when it is based on recourse without preparation and without prior consultation. In this context, the human consequences are difficult to grasp, the phenomina of resilience juste as much. This means that feedback is essential to undestand situation for employees in confinement. How does the development of the continuity of remote work during a pandemic pose a social risck for employees ? How does the organization pay attention to the employees forced by the situation ? What work from the experience of employees can we produce for scientific research ? An exploratory approach has led to favorient a reflection of Grounded Theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) type relatively open to secondary sources (newpapers, television programs, internet). Then we proceedet to the coding of the transcribed interviews and to the writing of explanatory memos which allow to keep the thoughts, the comments to explore. Howewer, we cannot yet envisage the full scope of the form of improvised or clandestine organization of the work of employees constrained by the health situation which will emerge from this unprecedented situation in periods of confinement. In any cas, it appears that the lack of preparation of this particular experience for unknown circumstances becomes an identity analyzer of the practice of teleworking of tomorrow. Le télétravail en période de confinement, mis en place soudainement en France, le 17 mars 2020, occupe l’actualité économique des dernières semaines. Les terrains de recherche sur le télétravail ont été fréquemment l’occasion de présenter des bienfaits prometteurs pour les salariés : gain de temps en raison de l’absence des déplacements, équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée, souplesse des horaires de travail, environnement silencieux afin d’échapper aux sollicitations bruyantes du travail répétitif. Le déploiement des relations numériques et l’engorgement quotidien des grandes villes renforcent ces attentes. Si la nécessité de protéger la santé des salariés afin d’assurer un certain équilibre entre la modalité de travail à distance et la protection de la vie privée, aucune étude n’a pris en considération le télétravail imposé dans le cadre d’un confinement inédit à ce jour. Les défis d’isolement social, les atteintes à la santé psychologique professionnelle sont l’occasion de réfléchir au travail à domicile, surtout lorsque celui-ci se fonde sur un recours sans préparation et sans concertation préalable. Dans ce contexte, les conséquences humaines sont délicates à appréhender, les phénomènes de résilience tout autant. C’est dire que les retours d’expériences sont primordiaux pour comprendre les situations des salariés en situation de confinement. En quoi l’aménagement de la continuité du travail à distance en période de pandémie présente-t-il un risque social pour les salariés ? Comment l’organisation porte-t-elle une attention aux salariés contraints par la situation ? Quel travail de réflexion peut-on mener pour la recherche scientifique ? Une démarche exploratoire a conduit à privilégier une découverte progressive relativement ouverte sur des sources secondaires (journaux, émissions de télévision, internet). Puis, à partir de la théorie enracinée (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), il a été procédé au codage des entretiens retranscrits et à la rédaction de mémos explicatifs qui permettent de conserver les pensées, les commentaires à explorer. Toutefois, on ne peut pas encore envisager toute la portée de la forme d’organisation improvisée ou clandestine du travail des salariés contraints par la situation sanitaire qui va émerger de cette situation inédite. Il apparaît en tout cas que le manque de préparation de cette expérience particulière aux circonstances méconnues devient un analyseur identitaire de la pratique du télétravail de demain.

A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ANTECEDENTS, MODERATORS AND OUTCOMES OF CONSUMER CONFINEMENT IN AIRLINE TRAVEL

Stephanie Feiereisen,Thorsten Hennig-Thurau,Vincent-Wayne Mitchell 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

The passenger airline industry is worth $623 billion, transporting around 3,530 million passengers a year (IATA, 2015). Although useful, most prior research focuses only on specific situations and on a minority of passengers, and takes a producercentric view which conceptualizes consumers as the target of airline activities (Reisinger and Movondo, 2005, Wangenheim and Bayón, 2007, Folkes et al., 1987, Bejou and Palmer, 1998). Instead, we focus on a characteristic of airline travel that affects all airline consumers: confinement. Airline consumers are often confronted with restrictions in terms of space and activity which can lead to discomfort, frustration, dissatisfaction, and reduced well-being. The objectives of this study are therefore to: 1) Define the concept of consumer confinement, 2) Develop a model showing how the problems faced in confined contexts, solution strategies used to deal with these, moderators and outcomes are related, 3) Show how confined airline experiences can be managed more effectively to improve consumer and company outcomes. In understanding how companies and consumers play a role in avoiding and reducing these, we investigate how consumers become problem solvers and deal with confinement using a thematic analysis of blogs and forums. Our study shows that long-haul travellers face a wide range of problems and have developed inventive, personalized solution strategies to address these. We also develop a conceptual model which identifies the problems faced by consumers such as boredom and not looking good; moderators such as propensity to plan and claustrophobia; potential confinement solution strategies consumers and companies can action, such as talking with other passengers and watching movies; and how these may affect company and consumer outcomes such consumer emotions, satisfaction and loyalty. The paper contributes to theory development in marketing by conceptualizing confinement, which has received very limited attention in prior work (see Chen, Gerstner, and Yinghui, 2009 for an exception). Second, we build on prior work on negative service experiences, such as the effect of overbooking service capacity (Wangenheim and Bayón, 2007) and service failure (Folkes, Koletsky, and Graham, 1987) that took a more producer-centric view, conceptualizing consumers as the recipient of the company’s activities. We extend and go beyond this work by showing that consumers are actually active co-solvers of their consumption experience problems (Prahalad and Ramaswamy, 2004). Third, our conceptual model provides theoretical relationships between confinement and company as well as consumer outcomes such as satisfaction, emotions and loyalty to show how effective strategies are used to help consumers reduce the problems caused by confined situations. Fourthwe contribute to an understanding of the boundary conditions of when strategies work by showing that in particular, individual differences such as fear of flying could have an effect on the effectiveness of strategies. Fifth, we complement the travel medicine and the general travel literature which has researched travel risk and anxiety (Reisinger and Movondo, 2005) and physical health problems resulting from flying phobias (McIntosh et al., 1998), with a focus on the more common problems and strategies used by the large majority of long-haul flyers to occupy time and improve emotional well-being. We conclude with suggestions for further research.

Compressive behaviour of circular steel tube-confined concrete stub columns with active and passive confinement

Mahdi Nematzadeh,Iman Hajirasouliha,Akbar Haghinejad,Morteza Naghipour 국제구조공학회 2017 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.24 No.3

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive experimental investigation on the compressive behaviour of steel tube-confined concrete (STCC) stub columns with active and passive confinement. To create active confinement in STCC columns, an innovative technique is used in which steel tube is laterally pre-tensioned while the concrete core is simultaneously pre-compressed by applying pressure on fresh concrete. A total of 135 STCC specimens with active and passive confinement are tested under axial compression load and their compressive strength, ultimate strain capacity, axial and lateral stress.strain curves and failure mode are evaluated. The test variables include concrete compressive strength, outer diameter to wall thickness ratio of steel tube and prestressing level. It is shown that applying active confinement on STCC specimens can considerably improve their mechanical properties. However, applying higher prestressing levels and keeping the applied pressure for a long time do not considerably affect the mechanical properties of actively confined specimens. Based on the results of this study, new empirical equations are proposed to estimate the axial strength and ultimate strain capacity of STCC stub columns with active and passive confinement.

Phase Transition of Block Copolymer/Homopolymer Binary Blends under 2D Confinement

김영걸,문재완,유귀덕,차국헌 한국고분자학회 2017 Macromolecular Research Vol.25 No.6

Constraints imposed by nanometer scale confinement lead to the changes in bulk equilibrium behavior of block copolymers (BCPs). Cylindrical pores with diameter corresponding to the equivalent length of several copolymer chains have been employed to investigate the influence of two-dimensional (2D) confinement on the behavior of BCPs. Herein, we reported the microdomain transition behavior of block copolymer/homopolymer (AB/A) binary blends in cylindrical confinement. Lamellae forming poly(styrene-b-butadiene) (PS-b-PBD) and PS homopolymers (hPS) were drawn into the pores of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) and isolated by selective etching of the AAO templates. Concentric ring morphologies of neat PS-b-PBD in the cylindrical confinement varied with on the addition of hPS. Given the volume fraction of homopolymers, the phase behavior of polymer blends was dependent on the molecular weight of homopolymers. When the ratio between the molecular weight of hPS and PS block was much lower than unity (α«1) (i.e., wet brush regime), the concentric ring structure was transformed into helical or spherical structure depending on the volume fraction of hPS. For α≈1 (i.e., dry brush regime), additional hPS chains were localized at the center of concentric ring where the entropic penalty of copolymer chains induced by confinement is maximized. Over the capability of hPS in the BCP domains in radial axis, the phase transition into microemulsions occurred in the dry brush regime. In both wet and dry brush regimes, the effect of hPS on the phase transition of BCP was significantly enhanced in the nanoscale 2D confinement compared to the bulk state due to the loss of conformational entropy of polymer chains.

Confinement of ultra-high-performance fiber reinforced concrete columns

Shin, H.O.,Min, K.H.,Mitchell, D. Applied Science Publishers ; Elsevier 2017 Composite structures Vol.176 No.-

This study investigates the axial load response of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) columns with compressive strengths of 163 and 181MPa (design strengths of 150 and 180MPa). The UHPFRC used in this study had 1.5% of hybrid micro-steel fibers (1.0% of 19.5mm fibers and 0.5% of 16.3mm fibers) and did not contain coarse aggregate. A total of nine UHPFRC columns confined by transverse reinforcement with volumetric ratios of 0.9-9.9% and two different configurations (Types A and C) were tested under pure axial load to investigate the influence of these variables. The overall behavior of the UHPFRC columns was compared with the response of similar strength ultra-high-strength concrete (UHSC) columns having coarse aggregate. Test results showed a pronounced effect of the volumetric ratio of the transverse reinforcement on the confinement. Hybrid micro-steel fibers controlled brittle cover spalling very well and assisted the transverse confinement reinforcement after the peak load. Applicability of the confinement reinforcement equations in the current seismic design provisions for developing ductile behavior of the UHPFRC columns was investigated. The analytical study examined the ability of the existing high-strength concrete (HSC) confinement models for predicting the axial load response of the UHPFRC columns, and a prediction model that accounts for the effects of steel fibers and the stress-strain relationship of UHPFRC is proposed.

The Effect of Rebar Embedment and CFRP Confinement on the Compressive Strength of Low-Strength Concrete

Nima Hashemi,Sina Hassanpour,Asghar Vatani Oskoei 한국콘크리트학회 2022 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.16 No.3

Low-strength concrete (LSC) elements are prone to several seismic and static loads and are one of the priorities to be considered for FRP strengthening. However, certain provisions should be taken into account according to provisions, as elements with considerably low compressive strength are not eligible for FRP confinement. This experimental study investigates (1) the effect of rebar planting on increasing the initial compressive strength of LSC to achieve allowable compressive strength for FRP strengthening, and (2) the effect of CFRP confinement on increasing the strength of rebar-embedded specimens and determining the most effective factor for strength improvement. For this purpose, 38 standard concrete cylinders were tested under compressive load. The variables of this study were rebar length and diameter, the compressive strength of concrete, and the number of CFRP sheets. Two initial compressive strengths below the designated compressive strength of 17 MPa (12.5 and 14.5 MPa) were selected. After determining rebar-reinforced specimens with compressive strength of more than 17 MPa, CFRP confinement and compressive tests of these cylinders were utilized. A statistical single-factor ANOVA analysis is performed to determine the most effective variable for ultimate strength and strain, individually. In the end, available models in the literature were utilized to predict experimental data. The results indicated the effectiveness of rebar planting for strength enhancement up to 53%, also showing that specimens with initial compressive strength of 14.77 MPa were suitable for CFRP confinement after rebar planting. The experimental and statistical ANOVA results demonstrated the CFRP confinement and its interaction with rebar embedment as the most effective factors with respect to increasing the load-bearing capacity of LSC concrete.

Effect of axial loading conditions and confinement type on concrete-steel composite behavior

Mahdi Nematzadeh,Saeed Fazli 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2020 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.25 No.2

This paper aims to analytically study the effect of loading conditions and confinement type on the mechanical properties of the concrete-steel composite columns under axial compressive loading. The axial loading is applied to the composite columns in the two ways; only on the concrete core, and on the concrete core and steel tube simultaneously, which are called steel tube-confined concrete (STCC) and concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns, respectively. In addition, the confinement is investigated in the three types of passive, short-term active and long-term active confinement. Nonlinear finite element 3D models for analyzing these columns are developed using the ABAQUS program, and then these models are verified with respect to the recent experimental results reported by the authors on the STCC and CFST columns experiencing active and passive confinements. Axial and lateral stress-strain curves as well as the failure mode for qualitative verification, and compressive strength for quantitative verification are considered. It is found that there is a good consistency between the finite element analysis results and the experimental ones. In addition, a parametric study is performed to evaluate the effect of axial loading type, prestressing ratio, concrete compressive strength and steel tube diameter-to-wall thickness ratio on the compressive behavior of the composite columns. Finally, the compressive strength results of CFST specimens obtained via the finite element analysis are compared with the values specified by the international codes and standards including EC4, CSA, ACI-318, and AISC, with the results showing that ACI-318 and AISC underestimate the compressive strength of the composite columns, while EC4 and CSA codes present overestimated values.

Behavior of Circular RC Columns with Two Layers of Spirals

Lin-Zhu Sun,Dong-Yan Wu,Jun-Liang Zhao,Fang Yang,Wei Li 대한토목학회 2017 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.21 No.3

RC columns with two layers of hoops is a new kind of column recently proposed. The concrete of the column is under three different degrees of confinement, namely unconfined concrete cover, singly-confined concrete between the two layers of hoops and doubly-confined concrete inside the inner layer of hoops. The strength and ductility of the column can be greatly enhanced due to better confinement. In this study, the behaviour of circular RC columns confined using two layers of spirals were investigated through axial compression test on scaled-down column models. The responses and failure modes of the columns were examined. The average stress-strain curves of the singly-confined and doubly-confined concrete were derived, taking advantage of the concept of average effective confinement pressure. The performance of a stress-strain model previously proposed for square RC columns with two layers of hoops was also investigated.

'5·18, 광주 일원에서의 연행·구금 양상과 효과: 계엄군의 연행·구금이 지역민 및 일선 행정기관에 미친 영향을 중심으로

김형주 민주화운동기념사업회 2020 기억과 전망 Vol.- No.43

This study aims to reveal how citizens were arrested and confined during the May 18th Uprising and understand the effects of such arrest and confinement in the local context. Specifically, the experiences of citizens who were arrested and confined from May 18th to 26th and the actions and language of the martial law force inflicted at this time were analyzed to identify the factors, methods, and effects of the arrest and confinement. Based on the analysis, the following information was obtained. The citizens were indiscriminately arrested by martial law forces, regardless of whether they actually participated in the demonstration, were just passed through the site, or just watching. At a place close to where they were first arrested, they were forced to kneel and wait with their clothes stripped off and their heads bent to the ground. Then, they were loaded onto military trucks, riot-police buses, police task force minibuses, prisoner escort vans, etc. and taken to various sites for detention, such as the Gwangju Police Station, Western Police Station, Gwangsan Police Station, Air Force Military Police, Chosun University, Chonnam National University, 31st Infantry Division, Gwangju Prison, and the Sangmudae military training facility. At the detention site, the citizens were investigated and classified into A, B, C, and D grades to be released or confined. In this process, the martial law forces inflicted ruthless violence on the citizens, a behavior caused by the idea instilled in soldiers to annihilate enemies for victory, the military culture that takes pride in being the strongest, the government's orders to suppress the riots, and the experiences of tension, fear, anger, and exhaustion from their engagement with the protesters, etc. The arrest and confinement during the May 18th Uprising, instilled fear not only in those who were arrested and taken into detention place but also among citizens in general and frontline officials, which forced their obedience. Also, the frontline administrative agencies became collectively mobilized and organically involved in arrest and confinement, influencing local administrative agencies to cooperate with the military authority.

Ultimate strength and strain models proposed for CFRP confined concrete cylinders

Mohammed Berradia,Amar Kassoul 국제구조공학회 2018 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.29 No.4

The use of external carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates is one of the most effective techniques existing for the confinement of circular concrete specimens. Currently, several researches have been made to develop models for predicting the ultimate conditions of this type of confinement. As most of the major existing models were developed based on limited experimental database. This paper presents the development of new confinement ultimate conditions, strength and strain models, for concrete cylinders confined with CFRP composites based on a statistical analysis of a large existing experimental database of 310 cylindrical concrete specimens wrapped with CFRP. The database is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed and major existing strength and strain models. Based on the two different statistical indices, the coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the two proposed confinement ultimate conditions presents a good performance compared to the major existing models except the models of Lam and Teng (2003) and Youssef <i>et al</i>. (2007) which have relatively similar performance to the proposed models.