양방 중심의 헤게모니적 의료화와 한방의 위축

이성오 ( Seong O Lee ) 전북대학교 인문학연구소 2015 건지인문학 Vol.14 No.-

This paper discusses the shrinkage of oriental medicine. For this, it explores two matters: the process of oriental medicine``s identity formation caused by opposition with biomedicine and the medicalization process that structuralizes biomedicine- oriented health care system. The arrival of biomedicine threatened the survival of oriental medicine, which caused the identity formation of oriental medicine opposing its counterpart. And it is the very reason why oriental medicine took ‘traditional medicine’ and the discourse of ‘nation’ as its identity. However, medical care system and the concept of disease both of which is biomedicine-oriented has been established and spreaded. Emergency, chronic disease, and professionalism have come to be regarded as the core matters concerning medical care. As a result of this, oriental medicine became a unprofessional medicine in public``s perceptions. ‘Medicalization’ played a role to consolidate biomedicine- oriented medical system, and It can be said that ‘medicalization’ played a role to consolidate biomedicine-oriented medical system, and that ‘the medicalization of everyday life’ completed it. In this process, the shrinkage of oriental medicine became more serious. ‘Medicalization of everyday life’ that is biomedicine- oriented became more consolidated by national health insurance and health examination system: because these two institutions was designed on biomedicine basis. In conclusion, this paper argues the shrinkage of oriental medicine was caused by the point that oriental medicine has shaped its identity opposing biomedicine and another point that there was a change of public discourse influenced by the spread of biomedicine-oriented concept of disease and biomedicine-oriented medical system based on medicalization.

특집 : 서양 역사 속의 노년 ; 노년에 대한 현대의학의 개입 -문화인류학이 바라본 당대의 노년-

김태우 ( Tae Woo Kim ) 한국서양사학회 2012 西洋史論 Vol.0 No.114

Every historical period has its own definition of later life. Cultural anthropology pays particular attention to biomedicine as a hegemonic institution providing definitions of later life in contemporary society. This study examines the issue of later life by applying cultural anthropology`s view of biomedicine. Occupying an unprecedentedly influential position over the body, biomedicine constructs and disseminates discourses on the bodies of later life. As a modern institution, having internalized the modern gaze, biomedicine, focusing on the materiality of human existence, defines later life as the abnormal and the pathologized in contrast with younger life as the normal and the healthy. Biomedicine`s recent hegemony in the discipline of gerontology, which originally began as multi-disciplinary study, has contributed to the medicalization of later life. The rise of Viagra exemplifies the medicalization and a materialistic viewpoint of later life by biomedicine. In a move which pathologizes and medicalizes the sexuality of later life, Viagra solely focuses on the biochemical aspects of erection, silencing the multi-layered meanings of later life`s sexuality. Korean medicine`s view destabilizes biomedical discourses on later life. Korean medicine is characterized by its circulatory view of the course of life; admitting change rather than emphasizing younger life as the normal standard. Korean medicine also attends to the social roles of later life, rather than minimizing it as a pathologized and dependent period of life. Biomedicine`s discourses of later life, despite its emphasis on the material aspects of the body, actively intervenes into the social issues of later life by muting endeavors to seek social, cultural, and psychological meanings of later life.

바이오의약품 사고로 인한 피해구제법리 : 제조물책임법리를 중심으로

문상혁(Moon, Sang-Hyuk) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2010 성균관법학 Vol.22 No.3

Humankind history is faced with one gigantic turning point due to development of genetically modified organisms. Food production by means of GMO is on the acceleration in an effort to solve the shortage of food problems. Food is also used as alternative energy source. Use of GMO product is not only limited to food and energy, but is actively utilized in various fields of medicines. This paper is first to check out the state of biomedicine developed and associated problems from industries that use GMO, after which we made an attempt on legislative approach to find out means of relief, through examples of such laws legislated for the sufferer from the adverse effect of the biomedicine. As for the liable subject to bear the responsibility for compensatory damage in a way of relieving the victim owing to adverse effect of biomedicine, those who manufactured and sold biomedicine and who are related to the damage to the victim due to the accident and medical doctors and pharmacists who prescribe and administer the medicine in question have been looked into. Accidents involving medicines and medical supplies could take place without reason for imputation on part of the liable subjects or fault of the victim, in which case the victim can’t receive damage compensation from any of both parties. When such accidents happened turn out to be no fault accidents, introduction of damage relief measures might have to be reviewed against side effects of medicine and medical supplies as no fault compensation in order for actual relief to be possible. Talking about technicality of legislation, we can suggest a method of strengthening the accountability of manufacturer for stereotypical agenda on biomedicines by newly legislating special regulation with an issue that resists claim on risks associated with the development of medicine and incorporating the same into Manufactured Product Liability Law. After all, when an accident happens associated with biomedicine, the damage will be done to the consumer. And the consumer will be exposed to fatal danger even without the time to cope with potential risks associated with medicine and medical supplies they take. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the potential victim by having the manufacturer of biomedicines bear the liability of medical risks.

Determinants of the concurrent use of biomedicine and Korean Medicine: A study based on the Korean Health Panel survey (2008–2014)

Elsevier 2019 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE Vol.25 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Introduction</B></P> <P>This study was conducted to analyze the factors associated with the concurrent use of biomedicine and Korean Medicine (KM) in an outpatient medical service using data from the Korean Health Panel (KHP) 2008–2014.</P> <P><B>Method</B></P> <P>Using the KHP, which is an ongoing longitudinal survey of a nationally representative Korean population, descriptive analysis was employed to present the frequency and percentage of concurrent use of biomedicine and KM with those who only used biomedicine. In addition, factors associated with the types of medical institutions receiving outpatient medical services were analyzed using the random effects panel probit model and the random effects panel logit model.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Analysis of the KHP data from 2008 to 2014 revealed that 16–18% of the population used both biomedicine and KM services concurrently. Moreover, concurrent users were more likely to be female, over 40 years old, have a lower confidence in healthcare services quality, have chronic disease, have used medication for more than three months and to have a high mean frequency of medical services use.</P> <P><B>Conclusion</B></P> <P>Identifying determinants associated with concurrent use of biomedicine and KM might help medical professionals and policy makers to make wise judgments, plan treatments successfully and allocate resources efficiently.</P>

LMO에 대한 손해배상책임 - 바이오신약을 중심으로

문상혁 대한의료법학회 2011 의료법학 Vol.12 No.1

Humankind history is faced with one gigantic turning point due to development of Living genetically Modified Organisms. Food production by means of LMO is on the acceleration in an effort to solve the shortage of food problems. Food is also used as alternative energy source. Use of LMO product is not only limited to food and energy, but is actively utilized in various fields of medicines. This paper is first to check out the state of biomedicine developed and associated problems from industries that use LMO, after which we made an attempt on legislative approach to find out means of relief, through examples of such laws legislated for the sufferer from the adverse effect of the biomedicine. As for the liable subject to bear the responsibility for compensatory damage in a way of relieving the victim owing to adverse effect of biomedicine, those who manufactured and sold biomedicine and who are related to the damage to the victim due to the accident and medical doctors and pharmacists who prescribe and administer the medicine in question have been looked into. Accidents involving medicines and medical supplies could take place without reason for imputation on part of the liable subjects or fault of the victim, in which case the victim can’t receive damage compensation from any of both parties. When such accidents happened turn out to be no fault accidents, introduction of damage relief measures might have to be reviewed against side effects of medicine and medical supplies as no fault compensation in order for actual relief to be possible. Talking about technicality of legislation, we can suggest a method of strengthening the accountability of manufacturer for stereotypical agenda on biomedicines by newly legislating special regulation with an issue that resists claim on risks associated with the development of medicine and incorporating the same into Manufactured Product Liability Law. After all, when an accident happens associated with biomedicine, the damage will be done to the consumer. And the consumer will be exposed to fatal danger even without the time to cope with potential risks associated with medicine and medical supplies they take. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the potential victim by having the manufacturer of biomedicines bear the liability of medical risks.

Review : Emerging Frontiers of Graphene in Biomedicine

( Jong Hoe Byun ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2015 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.25 No.2

Graphene is a next-generation biomaterial with increasing biomedical applicability. As a new class of one-atom-thick nanosheets, it is a true two-dimensional honeycomb network nanomaterial that attracts interest in various scientific fields and is rapidly becoming the most widely studied carbon-based material. Since its discovery in 2004, its unique optical, mechanical, electronic, thermal, and magnetic properties are the basis of exploration of the potential applicability of graphene. Graphene materials, such as graphene oxide and its reduced form, are studied extensively in the biotechnology arena owing to their multivalent functionalization and efficient surface loading with various biomolecules. This review provides a brief summary of the recent progress in graphene and graphene oxide biological research together with current findings to spark novel applications in biomedicine. Graphenebased applications are progressively developing; hence, the opportunities and challenges of this rapidly growing field are discussed together with the versatility of these multifaceted materials.

한의학 진단의 현상학과 근대적 시선 생경하게 하기

김태우 한국문화인류학회 2012 韓國文化人類學 Vol.45 No.3

본 논문은 의학적 시선에 대한 인류학적 고찰을 통해 근대적 시선을 드러내 보이고자 하는 시도이다. 마커스와 피셔의 "생경하게 하기(defamiliarization)" 의 제안을 받아들여, 비(非)근대적인 학의학적 시선에 대한 인류학적 현지조사의 결과물을 근대적 시선의 생의학 논의로 가져와, 근대라는 시대가 추동하는 바라보기에 대한 생경하게 하기를 시도해 보았다. 한의사와의 도제식 관계를 동반한 한의학에 대한 장기간의 현지조사는 메를로풍티의 현상학이 한의학적 진단을 잘 설명한다는 것을 보여 주었다. 도제제를 통해 초심자는 한의학적 대상에 대한 지향성을 만들어 나가고, 그 지향성을 확고히 다져 나가면서 관록 있는 한의사가 되어 간다. 의학적 대상과 주체 사이에 드러나는 지각 경험을 강조하는 한의학은, 지각된 대상을 강조하는 생의학과 차이를 보인다. 생의학은 공간화와 언어화의 이중대상화를 통해 의학적 "대상"을 구축하지만 한의학은 환자의 몸이 드러내는 맥, 색, 성정 등의 "현상"을 한의사의 단련된 지향성으로 식별한다. 근대적 시선은 현상에 눈감게 할 뿐만 아니라 시선의 특정 종착지 또한 배타적으로 규정함으로써 근대적 시선/지식/권력의 융합이 완성된다. 존재가 세상에 열려 있는 방식인 시선을 규정하는 근대적 시선은 근대성의 핵심적인 부분이라고 할수있다. This paper attempts to illuminate the modem gaze through an anthropological examination of medical seeing. In response to Marcus and Fischer's call for "aefamiliarization, this study brings an ethnography of non-modem Korean medical seeing to the discussion of biomedicine's modem gaze, and attempts to defamiliarize the mode of seeing imposed by the modem era. Long-term fieldwork, including my own apprenticeship under Korean medicine doctors, has informed that Merleau- Ponty's phenomenology meticulously explains Korean medical diagnosis. Through apprenticeship, a novice sets up intentionality toward Korean medical objects, and the novice, cultivating intentionality, becomes a practitioner of virtuosity. Korean medicine's attention to the "kxperience of perception taking place between subject and medical objects is differentiated from biomedicine's emphasis on "objects perceived." While in biomedicine the dual objectifications of spatialization and verbalization procure medical "objects", in Korean medicine practitioners' cultivated intentionality grasps "phenomena of patients' bodies such as pulse, color and seungjeung. The modem gaze not only silences phenomena but also exclusively defines its own destination, completing the modem conflation of gaze, knowledge and power. By defining the mode of seeing that is the fundamental condition of human existence, the modem gaze constitutes an essential part of modernity.

불확실성과 함께 살아가기: 유방암 환자/경험자들의 자기관리 실천이 제기하는 윤리적 질문들

이지은 ( Jieun Lee ) 한국문화인류학회 2016 韓國文化人類學 Vol.49 No.2

본 논문은 급성기 치료 ‘이후’의 암 환자/경험자들의 개인화된 건강 ‘관리’ 실천과 이를 둘러싼 담론들을 통해 이들이 몸으로 경험하는 신체의 취약성과 불확실성, 그것을 폐제함으로 써 유지되는 근대적 삶의 시간성 사이의 긴장이 어떻게 협상되는지 살펴본다. 병의 ‘완치’와 건강으로의 복원을 약속하는 생의학 담론은 신체의 취약성을 망각함으로써 유지된다. 그러 나 암 치료 이후의 삶은 이러한 생의학의 약속이 불가능한 것임을 드러낸다. 본 논문은 스트레스, 면역력, 먹거리 등에 관한 담론이 개인화된 관리의 서사로 자연스럽게 통합되도록 하 는 환자/경험자들의 불확실한 삶의 조건에 주목한다. 급성기 치료 이후 암 환자/경험자들의 ‘관리’의 실천은 단지 재발 방지를 위한 것만이 아니라, 몸에 대한 통제권을 가지는 자아의 행위자성을 복원하기 위한 것이기도 하다. 스트레스, 면역력, 먹거리에 대한 담론들은 암 환 자/경험자들이 느끼는 항상적인 불안과 공명하는 동시에, 그 불확실성을 길들일 수 있도록 하는 단서들이 된다. 이러한 담론들을 통해 암 환자/경험자들은 암 치료 이후의 불확실한 시 간을 살아가며, 몸 안에서 벌어지고 있는 암세포의 활동에 대한 불안과 거기서 비롯된 미래 에 대한 공포를 통제하기 위한 관리의 실천에 노력을 기울인다. 여기서 관리의 실천은 암의 경험으로 상실한 ‘일반인’으로서의 자아, 미래를 선택하고 계획하는 자율적인 개인 행위자로 서의 자아를 회복하고자 하는 실천인 동시에, 생의학 담론과 실천이 전제하는 복원의 시간 성을 전제하는 근대사회의 환상, 혹은 폭력을 드러낸다. This article explores the culture of ‘self-care’ among women whose breast cancer is now in remission. This article shows how the practices of self-care and related health discourses enable those women to cope with the tension between the temporality of “living in progonisis” characterized by the vulnerability of the body and life’s precariousness, and the temporality of modern life which is sustained by the foreclosure of the life’s precariousness. While biomedicine promises that cancer patients can be cured and restituted to health, people whose cancer is now in remission realize the promise was an impossible one. The popular health discourses on stress, immunity, and eating are actively incorporated in the ‘self-care’ culture among cancer patients in remission, as they could relate those discourses to the precarious conditions of living in remission. Attending to the precariousness of living in remission, I show how the practices of self-care are not simply pragmatic responses taken by cancer patients to prevent recurrence, but also ethical gestures which they carry out to recover the agencyof the self to control the body and live the “normal” life, which has been disrupted by the experiences of cancer and the anticipation of its recurrence. The discourses of stress, immunity, and eating resonate with the sustained anxiety that those patients feel, and further work as a kind of grip for taming the precariousness. These discourses help patients to live the precarious present, threatened by the unknown life of cancer cells in the body and fear about the future that might come to be. The practices of self-care show the struggle of cancer patients in remission to recuperate the self as a “normal” person, an autonomous individual who can freely choose and plan the future. Indeed, the agency the patients are trying to recuperate is a fantastic figure of the modern subject with the capacity to control one’s life, and their efforts reveal the fantasy, or even the violence of the modern ideal of life, which is constitutive of biomedicine’s temporality.

BioCabinet: A Bio-3D Printing and Three-Dimensional Culture System for Space Biomedicine

ChanHum Park(박찬흠) 한국항공우주학회 2023 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2023 No.6

생의학(Biomedicine)의 의사학적 고찰과 이 의학모델의 한계성 및 문제점

이태준(Tae Jun Lee) 大韓醫史學會 1993 醫史學 Vol.2 No.1