사회과학의 진화론 수용 비판

조원광(Jo, Wonkoang) 비판사회학회 2013 경제와 사회 Vol.- No.97

여러 사회과학의 주요한 입장들은 경쟁이 효율을 낳는다는 명제를 의심할 필요 없는 공리로 여긴다. 이런 일이 가능한 것은 생존경쟁과 자연선택을 통해 종의 효율화와 혁신이 일어난다고 설명하는, 진화론이라는 ‘과학’이 존재하기 때문이다. 즉 사회과학은 진화론을 수용함으로써 경쟁이 효율로 이어진다는 명제에 ‘객관적 근거’를 확보하게 된다. 하지만 사회과학이 이런 방식으로 진화론을 활용하는 것은 진화론의 여러 다양한 입론에 비추어보았을 때, 일면적이고 편파적이다. 이유는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 진화론은 생존경쟁과 자연선택이 효율과 혁신을 만들어낸다는 명제를 보장하지 않는다. 굴드가 잘 지적하듯, 최적화를 규정하는 환경 자체가 무작위적으로 변화하기 때문이다. 그렇기에 살아남은 개체나 특질은 때때로 부산물에 지나지 않게 된다. 재벌의 사례는 이에 대한 좋은 예다. 재벌이 한국적 환경에 적응한 진화된 효율적이며 적합한 존재라고 보는 ‘진화론적 재벌론’의 설명과 달리, 재벌의 성립과 성장은 효율과 무관했고, 환경변화에서 적합한 적응을 하지도 못했다. 둘째, 진화론의 여러 입장은 경쟁에 따른 자연선택 이외에도 혁신과 효율에 이르는 다양한 길을 제시하고 있다. 공생진화가 대표적이다. 공생진화는 예외적인 양상이 아니라, 진핵 세포의 등장에서부터 식물의 등장에 이르기까지 폭넓게 관찰되는 진화의 방식이다. 경쟁과 분쟁에만 초점을 맞추는 프레임 탓에 제대로 보지 못할 뿐, 사회에서도 공생진화의 수많은 사례가 존재한다. 생존경쟁을 통한 진화만을 특권화 할 이유가 없다는 말이다. 셋째, 현행과 같은 방식으로 진화론을 사회과학에 도입하는 것은 선택적 수용이다. 진화론의 다양한 입장을 무시한 채, 적응주의나 경쟁을 통한 자연선택만을 도입하기 때문이다. 또한 이는 일종의 순환보충이다. 애초에 사회과학에 존재하던 개념들이 진화론이라는 ‘과학’의 이름을 붙인 채 다시 사회과학으로 돌아오고 있기 때문이다. 이러한 편파적이고 왜곡된 수용을 극복하고 좀 더 풍요로운 방식으로 진화론과 사회과학의 만남을 모색할 때다. Many social science theories consider the proposition which maintains competition leads to efficiency as an axiom. It is possible in virtue of a science called the theory of evolution which explains efficiency and innovation of species are made by competition and natural selection. That is, social science theories can secure objective basis for the proposition that competition leads to efficiency by adopting the theory of evolution. But this way of applying the theory of evolution to social science theories is biased and partial, considering various positions of the theory of evolution for the following reasons. First, the theory of evolution does not guarantee that competition and natural selection make efficiency and innovation. As Gould pointed it out, evolution of gradual efficiency is impossible because of a random change of environment. Sometimes, existing individual and property are just a byproduct. Many chaebols are good examples of Gould"s theory. Unlike the "evolutionary chaebol theory", the formation and growth of chaebols had nothing to do with efficiency. And chaebols didn"t adapt to environment appropriately facing environment changes. Second, various positions in the theory of evolution suggested many ways to innovation and efficiency in addition to natural selection through competition. Symbiosis is one of them. Symbiotic evolution is not an exceptional but a widely observed phenomenon which includes from appearance of eukaryotic cell to evolution of plants. Even though we cannot see symbiosis in society because of our frame biased to competition and struggle, it has existed. That is, evolution by natural selection through competition is not the only and privileged way. Third, an existing way of adopting the theory of evolution to social science is selective acceptance because only particular position, like adaptationism, is introduced and other important positions are ignored. In addition, this is a circular supplement of competition theory. A proposition which connects competition and efficiency/innovation existed in social sciences before Darwin. If so, the proposition about competition ended up coming back to social science with the name of science called the theory of evolution. This is the moment to overcome biased and partial adoption of the theory of evolution and find a more productive way to connect the theory of evolution and social science.

韓国における経済近代化と日本

김영근 한일경상학회 2016 韓日經商論集 Vol.70 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to understand economic modernization of Korea. It aims to analyze a process of cooperation and confrontation between Korea and Japan throughout the modernization. What is Korean economic modernization that had been proceeded under the rapid geopolitical shift of post-war? And what is the similarity and distinction of economic modernization of Korea and Japan? This study investigates how Korea had understood the diverse concept of modernity and modernization, and how its flow of economic modernization had been developed. Distinctions in the mechanism and process of modernization were comparatively analyzed. The modernization is the relative concept that indicates the subjective change of modernity, or the evolution (or shift) of areal components, such as politics (democratization), economy (industrialization), socio-culture (liberalization and rationalization), and historical cognition (peace theory). To understand the flow of change in Korea-Japan relations from the pre-war to the post-war in terms of economic modernization of two countries, this paper categorizes the post-war relationship into the 4 different stages of analytic frame. Korea and Japan (1) start from the post-war regime (1945- ) out of the pre-war. Their (2) relationship of vertical division of labor (subordinate developmental model) from the 1960s to 1980s had reshaped to the (3) relationship of vertical competition (autogenous developmental model) in the 1990s. This relationship has been on its progress to become the horizontal symbiotic relationship (cooperative developmental model) since from Global Financial Crisis of the mid-2000s. The post-war Korea concentrated to accomplish its economic modernization and to develop its global competitiveness. Korea has been focused to alter its global position in the system of international trade, by focusing on the trade of industrial products in the 1960s to improve industrial competitiveness in the global market. By clinging to its plan for economic modernization, Korea, therefore, has achieved the development of heavy industry and resulted to increase its share in the global market. However, differed from Japan, the pre and post-war Korean modernization had multiple vulnerabilities, which include the colonial period, for the progress of modernity. Trade policies of Korea and Japan show similarity in their pursuit of modernity on FTA (Free Trade Agreement) stance under the economic perspective. Both countries have been pushing economic policies that give priority to a FTA into force with a large and advanced economy since from 2010. A creative acceptance and practice appear as the important tasks of Korean modernization in the process of international proliferation of governance for modernization. It is indeed important to manage risks from the disaster (securing peace) for people to enjoy their economic life in the Security Revolution (safety-centered world of today). Economic development for human security and other issues of disaster recovery must be concerned as a part of new modernity. Furthermore, the need of theoretical and empirical understanding on surrounding elements of international politics on domestic issues, such as international cooperation for the disaster governance, became more apparent for the comprehensive understanding on economic modernization. 본 논문의 목적은 한국의 경제근대화를 이해하고, 그 과정에서 나타난 한국과 일본의 협력과 대립 프로세스를 분석하는 데 있다. 특히, 전후의 급격한 지정학적 환경 변화 속에서 진행된 한국의 경제근대화란 무엇인가? 또한 한국이 다양한 근대성 및 근대화를 어떻게 받아 들였는지, 경제근대화가 어떻게 전개되었는지를 규명하고자 한다. 아울러 일본과 한국의 경제근대화에 관한 교차점(차이와 유사점)은 무엇인가? 즉, 근대화 과정과 메커니즘의 차이를 비교․분석하는 것이다. 우선 근대화란 상대적 개념으로, 근대성의 주체 변화 혹은 정치적(민주화), 경제적(산업화), 사회문화적(자유화․합리화), 역사인식(평화사상) 등 영역별 구성요소가 진화(변화)한다는 의미이다. 한일 경제근대화 과정에 있어서 전전(戦前)에서 전후(戦後)에 이르기까지의 관계 변화를 이해하기 위해 전후에 관해서는 다음 4단계로 구별하여 분석한다. 우선 한일 양국은 ① 전전(戦前)에서 벗어나 전후체제(1945년-)에서 출발하여, ② 1960년대에서 1980년대까지의 <수직적 분업관계(종속적 발전모델)>는 ③ 1990년대에 들어서 <수직적 경쟁관계(자생적 발전모델)>로 전환되었다. 이후 ④ 2000년 중반 세계적 금융위기를 전후로 하여 <수평적 공생관계(협력적 발전모델)>로 발전하고 있다. 결론적으로 한국의 경제근대화 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 전후 한국은 산업의 근대화와 경쟁​​력 강화(확보)를 목표로 하였다. 1960년대 들어 한국은 공산품 무역을 중심으로 세계시장에서 산업경쟁력 강화를 통한 국제무역체제에서의 지위 변화를 도모하였다. 결과적으로 한국의 경제근대화 계획에 따라 중공업 발전을 실현하였고, 나아가 한국의 세계 시장점유율 확보(회복) 증진에 기여하였다. 그러나 전전과 전후 한국의 ‘근대화’는 일본과는 달리 식민지 시기 등 여러 취약성으로 인하여 진행속도 및 근대성의 진전을 위한 여러 저해 요인(과제)을 안고 있었다. 한편, 한국과 일본의 통상정책에 관해 살펴보면 양국이 2010년 이후 거대시장 및 선진경제권과의 FTA 체결을 우선하는 정책을 추진하고 있다는 점에서 경제적 관점에서의 근대성 추구는 거의 유사하다. 한국의 근대화에 관한 과제로는 근대화 거버넌스의 국제적인 파급과정에서 창조적인 수용과 실천(진화)이 중요하다. 특히, 오늘날 인류가 경제생활을 영위하는 데 있어서 재난 및 재해 등 위험으로부터 관리(평화 확보)가 무엇보다도 중요한 <안전혁명> 시대에 있어서, 새로운 근대 영역 및 근대성으로서의 <인간의 안전보장을 위한 경제발전>과 재해 부흥 이슈에 대비해야 할 것이다. 또한 경제근대화를 제대로 이해하기 위해 재해 거버넌스의 국제협력 등 국내 정치체제를 둘러싼 국제 정치적 요인을 이론적으로 한편 경험(사례분석)적으로도 이해할 필요성이 높아지고 있다.

Development of Educational Program for Production Managers Based on a Symbiotic Competition with ABC-G Network

Ishihara, Masahiko,Nakano, Makoto,Ishii, Kazuyoshi Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers 2014 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.13 No.3

This paper proposes a management system for the educational program of production managers on the basis of value co-creation by the learner and the instructor. The program combines an intelligent knowledge-based approach with the kaizen activity program. The program helps individuals acquire knowledge and skills to ensure the total rather than the partial optimization of processes and operations facilitating continuous improvement in the workplace. To achieve these goals, the program uses models of a learning process and a swing of enlightenment. In addition, the program is supported by a framework of academic, business people, consultants, and government officers. The program was developed using an instructional design approach. This paper discusses the process of developing and managing the educational program between 2006 and 2012 as well as the results obtained.

Development of Educational Program for Production Managers Based on a Symbiotic Competition with ABC-G Network

Masahiko Ishihara,Makoto Nakano,Kazuyoshi Ishii 대한산업공학회 2014 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.13 No.3

This paper proposes a management system for the educational program of production managers on the basis of value co-creation by the learner and the instructor. The program combines an intelligent knowledge-based approach with the kaizen activity program. The program helps individuals acquire knowledge and skills to ensure the total rather than the partial optimization of processes and operations facilitating continuous improvement in the workplace. To achieve these goals, the program uses models of a learning process and a swing of enlightenment. In addition, the program is supported by a framework of academic, business people, consultants, and government officers. The program was developed using an instructional design approach. This paper discusses the process of developing and managing the educational program between 2006 and 2012 as well as the results obtained.

포스트 사드 시대 한중문제의 인식과 그 출로

이종민 한국중국현대문학학회 2021 中國現代文學 Vol.0 No.96

Although the experience of 40 years since the diplomatic relations between Korea and China has made us feel the difference in personality and behavior with Chinese people, it is a difference that can be overcome through mutual understanding. In particular, the problem occurred due to the immature and selfish behavior of the Chinese in the profitable business, but it is also thought to be a problem that can be solved according to the understanding and wise coping with Chinese practices. If a relationship that can gain mutual benefit is maintained, the problems that have occurred in the process can be understood and solved. Rather, what should be thought is that there are continuing problems that Koreans can not embrace at a personal level. This is the case where Chinese people violate Korean laws and order, such as the Beijing Olympic torch relay. As China's core profit offensive is strengthened, excessive Chinese activities in Korea are occurring, and illegal or misused Korean law should be controlled. It is necessary to establish clearly that Chinese actions can be embraced as long as they comply with Korean laws and order. It is also a way to correct the bias of Chinese centralism inherent in Chinese people and to study how to live as a global citizen. To do this, Koreans should practice conditions to create symbiotic relations with Chinese people, accumulate economic skills to exchange profits with Chinese people, and create advanced values ​​that can be respected by Chinese people. This is the geopolitical fate of Koreans.