Predicting Mechanistic Detachment Model due to Lead-Contaminated Soil Treated with Iraqi Stabilizers

Abdul-Sahib T. Al-Madhhachi,Ghazi M. Mutter,Manar B. Hasan 대한토목학회 2019 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.23 No.7

Recent studies have investigated the influence of Iraqi stabilizer materials on the stability of artificially lead-contaminated soil. Prior research has not been able to predict the non-linear erodibility model (Wilson model) of mechanistic parameters (b0 and b1) from jet erosion tests (JETs) due to lead-contaminated soil treated with different stabilizers. The aims of this research are to 1) mathematically evaluate the detachment parameters (b0 and b1) of the Wilson model from JETs of lead-contaminated soil samples treated with different percentages of three common Iraqi stabilizers (lime, cement, and bitumen) at different curing times (24 hrs, 72 hrs, and 168 hrs), and 2) to develop relationships between the parameters, b0 and b1, in addition to the physical and chemical soil characteristics. JETs are utilized to determine the mechanistic erodibility parameters b0 and b1 from observed scour data of packed contaminated soils at optimum soil moisture level. The results show that observed scour depths are reduced for treated leadcontaminated soils in JET experiments. The observed b1 values increased at different curing times, while a significant reduction in b0 is observed. The proposed formulas are able to mathematically predict the influence of different stabilizers on the mechanistic erodibility parameters (b0 and b1) of treated contaminated soils with a prior JET experiment based on stabilizer coefficients.

Factors Associated with Doses of Mood Stabilizers in Real-world Outpatients with Bipolar Disorder

Norio Yasui-Furukori,Naoto Adachi,Yukihisa Kubota,Takaharu Azekawa,Eiichiro Goto,Koji Edagawa,Eiichi Katsumoto,Seiji Hongo,Hitoshi Ueda,Kazuhira Miki,Masaki Kato,Reiji Yoshimura,Atsuo Nakagawa,Toshiak 대한정신약물학회 2020 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.18 No.4

Objective: Several evidence-based practice guidelines have been developed to better treat bipolar disorder. However, the articles cited in these guidelines were based on clinical or basic studies with specific conditional settings and were not sufficiently based on real-world clinical practice. In particular, there was little information on the doses of mood stabilizers. Methods: The MUlticenter treatment SUrvey on BIpolar disorder in Japanese psychiatric clinics (MUSUBI) is a study conducted to accumulate evidence on the real-world practical treatment of bipolar disorder. The questionnaire included patient characteristics such as comorbidities, mental status, treatment period, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score, and details of pharmacological treatment. Results: Most patients received mood stabilizers such as lithium (n = 1,317), valproic acid (n = 808), carbamazepine (n = 136), and lamotrigine (n = 665). The dose of lithium was correlated with age, body weight, number of episodes, depression and GAF. The dose of valproic acid was correlated with body weight, number of episodes, presence of a rapid cycle and GAF. The dose of carbamazepine was correlated with age, mania, and the presence of a rapid cycle. The dose of lamotrigine was correlated with the number of episodes, depression, mania, psychotic features, and the presence of a rapid cycle. Doses of coadministered mood stabilizers were significantly correlated, except for the combination of valproic acid and lamotrigine. Conclusion: The dose of mood stabilizers was selectively administered based on several factors, such as age, body composition, current mood status and functioning. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.

토양 특성에 따른 중금속 안정화 효율 평가

김영현 ( Young Hyun Kim ),오세진 ( Se Jin Oh ),금동혁 ( Donghyuk Kum ),신민환 ( Minhwan Shin ),김동진 ( Dongjin Kim ),이상수 ( Sang Soo Lee ) 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회지 Vol.40 No.3

BACKGROUND: Metal contamination of farmlands nearby abandoned mines is a serious environmental problem. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of stabilizers on different type of the soils contaminated with metals. METHODS AND RESULTS: The texture of silt loam soil initially contaminated with heavy metal was artificially adjusted to loam and sandy loam by adding sand, and the soil organic matter content (1.5%) was also altered by adding peat to the soils at 3.5 and 8.0%. The soils were mixed with 3% (w/w) of each limestone, dolomite, and steel slag. For the soils with different textures, the bioavailability of As was found to be the lowest in sandy loam compared to others metals such as Cu, Pb, and Zn. The efficacy of limestone and dolomite was not significantly different compared to the soils having different organic matter contents, but the stabilization efficiency of steel slag increased as the soil organic matter content increased. Moreover, stabilizers showed inhibition effect on the uptake of metals to plant. CONCLUSION: The stabilizers were found as effective materials to immobilize metals in soil and to decrease plant uptake of metals. Studies are needed to deeply elucidate the interaction between influencing factors and various stabilizers.

다양한 분체를 이용한 W/O와 O/W 형 에멀젼의 안정화

이상길(Sang Gil Lee),김영호(Young Ho Kim),표형배(Hyeong Bae Pyo),이동규(Dong Kyu Lee) 한국유화학회 2009 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.27 No.3

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of solid particles as a stabilizing agent instead of surfactant for preparing emulsions in the cosmetics. The type of emulsions stabilized by solid particles was dependent on wettability of the particles for water and oil. The optimal conditions of emulsions stabilized by solid particles were determined with ratio of water and oil phase, polarity of oils and amount of stabilizers. In the foundation appling the optimal condition of emulsions stabilized by solid particles without surfactant, the stable emulsion type foundation was successfully prepared. As a result, this work indicates that emulsions stabilized by solid particles can be applied to make-up cosmetics.

Taxation Rates and Stabilization in the Framework of Supply-side Distortions

SÉVERINE MENGUY 한국국제경제학회 2014 International Economic Journal Vol.28 No.1

We use a simple macroeconomic modeling of a monetary union made of two structurally heterogeneous countries, with distortions in the supply function. We find that higher taxes are always output stabilizing in the event of demand shocks, but that stronger automatic stabilizers are often inflation destabilizing in the framework of large supply-side distortions. These inflationary risks are only limited if the transmission mechanisms of economic policies are more efficient, if countries are weakly open, and if economic authorities care more about price stability than instrument smoothing. Furthermore, our model also shows that in the event of supply shocks, higher taxation rates would be inflation as well as output destabilizing, and all the more as distortions are accentuated in the supply function. Therefore, reducing taxes may often improve economic stabilization. Indeed, there would be a ‘critical level of supply-side distortions’ above which some of the stabilization properties of automatic stabilizers become perverse even in case of demand shocks. Furthermore, the necessity to reduce the tax burden would be much more acute in the smallest and most open European countries.

합성 열안정제에 의한 나일론 4의 분해거동

장근석(Geun Seok Jang),김종호(Jong Ho Kim),김대근(Dai Geun Kim),김영준(Young Jun Kim),이택승(Ta다 Seung Lee) 한국고분자학회 2014 폴리머 Vol.38 No.3

힌더드 아민기를 포함하고 있는 헤테로환을 가지며 알킬사슬 길이가 서로 다른 세 종류의 나일론 4 열안정제를 합성하였다. 힌더드 아민기를 이용하여 라디칼에 의한 열분해를 방지하고, 열안정제와 나일론 4의 아마이드기 간수소결합을 조절하여 나일론 4의 열적 특성에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 안정제의 알킬사슬의 수가 4개일 때 수소결합이 가장 최적화되는 것으로 등온 TGA 결과를 통해서 확인하였다. 또한 시판중인 나일론 6의 열안정제를 사용하여 나일론 4에 대한 열안정성을 비교 실험한 결과, 합성 열안정제가 나일론 4의 열안정성을 실질적으로 향상시킨것을 확인하였다. Three kinds of thermal stabilizers for nylon 4 were synthesized to incorporate both hindered amine groups andmethylene units with various lengths. It is expected that the hindered amine groups play a role in the capture of degradation-triggering species. Considering sequence rules, hydrogen bonding formed between nylon 4 and the stabilizersis optimized to alter the lengths of the methylene units in the stabilizers. As a result, it was found that a tetramethyleneunit in the stabilizer is an optimal length for hydrogen bonding in terms of isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Considering the slight and often negligible improvement of thermal stability of nylon 4 containing commercially-availablenylon 6 stabilizers, retardation of thermal degradation has been substantially improved upon.

사람혈청알부민 20% 최종원액의 안정성에 관한 연구

최범열 ( Bum Ryoul Choi ),김기중 ( Gi Juong Kim ),배종원 ( Jong Won Bae ),임성빈 ( Sung-bin Lim ),이애경 ( Ae Kyoung Lee ),김수경 ( Su-kyong Kim ),염정주 ( Jung Joo Yum ),이재상 ( Jae-sang Lee ) 대한임상검사과학회 2003 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.35 No.2

The major therapeutic human serum albumin was purified into three batches by cold ethanol precipitation method and albumin were studied for the stability. In storage over 39 months, the pH of albumin was slowly acidified from pH 7.0 to pH 6.8. The turbidity was not changed. However, the heme content in albumin was progressively increased with time in storage. Therefore, the color of albumin changed after 1-year of storage. The polymer and aggregates was investigated by HPLC techniques. The HPLC analysis are compared with the polymerization. The polymer form of albumin was increased during storage after the preparation. It is suggested that the denaturation of albumin is not dependent in temperature but dependent increased in fatty acids during storage. The results passed all the internal specifications at the albumin during the tentative expiration.

정신과적 질환에 대한 새로운 약물요법

우영섭,박원명 대한의사협회 2011 대한의사협회지 Vol.54 No.10

Psychopharmacology has developed over approximately the past five decades. The remarkable proliferation of information in this area has made it difficult for clinicians to understand the characteristics of various psychotropic agents. Atypical antipsychotics including amisulpride, asenapine, aripiprazole, blonanserin, clozapine, iloperidone, lurasidone,olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, and zotepine cause fewer extrapyramidal problems and have many clinical applications, but they can cause metabolic disturbances. Mood stabilizers and lamotrigine are widely used for bipolar disorder. Other novel anticonvulsants such as topiramate, oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, tiagabine, pregabalin, vigabatrin,levetiracetam, and riulzole have also been tested with diverging or inconclusive results. Antidepressants are commonly used in the clinical treatment of depression and anxiety disorder. However, the mechanism of action of medications used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders remains unclear. Understanding the mechanisms of action and clarifying the diagnosis may enhance the treatment outcome in psychiatry. In this review, we analyzed clinical pharmacology data for each drug within a class and discussed clinical strategies for administering currently available antipsychotics, mood stabilizer/anticonvulsants, and antidepressants widely used for various psychiatric indications.

Activation of TREK-1, but Not TREK-2, Channel by Mood Stabilizers

Kim, Eun-Jin,Lee, Dong Kun,Hong, Seong-Geun,Han, Jaehee,Kang, Dawon MDPI AG 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.18 No.11

<P>Earlier studies have demonstrated that the tandem pore domain weak inward rectifying K<SUP>+</SUP> channel (TWIK)-related K<SUP>+</SUP> (TREK)-1 channel is inhibited by antidepressants and is associated with major depression. However, little is known about the effect of mood stabilizers that are commonly used for treatment of bipolar disorder on TREK channels, members of the two-pore domain K<SUP>+</SUP> (K<SUB>2P</SUB>) channel family. This study sought to investigate the effect of mood stabilizers on TREK-1 and TREK-2 channels. HEK-293A cells were transfected with human TREK-1 or TREK-2 DNA. The effect of mood stabilizers on TREK-1 and TREK-2 was studied using the patch clamp technique. Changes in TREK protein expression by mood stabilizers were studied in the HT-22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells using western blot analysis. Lithium chloride (LiCl, 1 mM), gabapentin (100 μM), valproate (100 μM), and carbamazepine (100 μM) increased TREK-1 currents by 31 ± 14%, 25 ± 11%, 28 ± 12%, and 72 ± 12%, respectively, whereas they had no effect on TREK-2 channel activity. In addition, western blot analysis showed LiCl and carbamazepine slightly upregulated TREK-1 expression, but not TREK-2 in the HT-22 cells. These results suggest that TREK-1 could be a potential therapeutic target for treatment of bipolar disorders as well as depression, while TREK-2 is a target well suited for treatment of major depression.</P>

Prescription Patterns for Bipolar Disorder in Asian Countries: Findings from Research on Asian Prescription Pattern-Bipolar Disorder

Shih-Ku Lin,Shu-Yu Yang,Seon-Cheol Park,Ok-Jin Jang,Xiaomin Zhu,Yu-Tao Xiang,Wen-Chen Ouyang,Afzal Javed,M. Nasar Sayeed Khan,Sandeep Grover,Ajit Avasthi,Roy Abraham Kallivayalil,Kok Yoon Chee,Norliza 대한정신약물학회 2022 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.20 No.1

Objective: Pharmacotherapy including mood stabilizers and antipsychotics are frequently used in bipolar disorder (BD); however, the lack of consensus regarding the definition of polypharmacy hinders conducting comparative studies across different settings and countries. Research on Asian Prescription Pattern (REAP) is the largest and the longest lasting international collaborative research in psychiatry in Asia. The objective of REAP BD was to investigate the prescription patterns of psychotropic medications across Asian countries. The rates of polypharmacy and psychotropic drug load were also analyzed. Methods: The data collection was web-based. Prescription patterns were categorized as (1) mood stabilizer monotherapy: one mood stabilizer; (2) antipsychotic monotherapy: one antipsychotic; (3) simple polypharmacy: one mood stabilizer and one antipsychotic; and (4) complex polypharmacy: ≥ 2 mood stabilizers or/and antipsychotics. The psychotropic drug load in each patient was calculated using the defined daily dose method. Results: Among 2003 patients with BD (52.1% female, 42.4 years) from 12 countries, 1,619 (80.8%) patients received mood stabilizers, 1,644 (82.14%) received antipsychotics, and 424 (21.2%) received antidepressants, with 14.7% mood stabilizer monotherapy, 13.4% antipsychotic monotherapy, 48.9% simple polypharmacy, 20.3% complex polypharmacy, and 2.6% other therapy. The average psychotropic drug load was 2.05 ± 1.40. Results varied widely between countries. Conclusion: Over 70% of psychotropic regimens involved polypharmacy, which accords with the high prevalence of polypharmacy in BD under a permissive criterion (2 or more core psychotropic drugs) worldwide. Notably, ≥ 80% of our sample received antipsychotics, which may indicate an increasing trend in antipsychotic use for BD treatment.