Impact of scuba diving underwater environment on satisfaction of scuba diving activity and re-participation intention

( Sang Taek Yoon ),( Cheol Sang Hwang ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: This study intended to identify the impact of resort perceived by the consumers using the scuba diving resort on consumers`` re-participation intention according to the scuba diving underwater environment. The purpose of this can be to provide the strategic basic data for enlargement of scuba diving base and marketing activities by analyzing the scuba diving activity re-participation intention in the consumers experienced the scuba diving. Method: In this study, the questionnaire survey was performed from the qualified divers having scuba diving experience by distributing the questionnaires on the scuba diving underwater environment and scuba diving re-participation intention. The statistical analysis was formed by coding the collected questionnaires using PASW Statistics 18.0 statistic package. The significance level for all statistics was set to 0.05 and for the analysis method used in this study, the frequency analysis to analyze the general characteristics of the individual, exploratory factor analysis to refined the scale of construct in the questionnaire and to verify the convergence validity, Cronbach``s coefficient test to analyze the reliability and the correlation analysis to examine the correlation between the scuba diving underwater environment and the re-participation intention were performed. And finally, the multiple regression analysis was performed the correlation between the scuba diving underwater environment and the re-participation intention. Result: The statistical results analyzed based on the data investigated in this study are as follows. It was represented that the diversity of the underwater point and the activity depth and the diversity of aquatic organism has statistically significant impact on the satisfaction factor by the aquatic organism and out of the sub-factors of the environmental factor, the underwater point and activity depth represented to have significant impact on the satisfaction related to resort facilities. Finally, the factor having statistically significant impact on the re-participation intention was shown as the diversity of activity point and the activity depth. Conclusion and Discussion: First, the sub-factor of the underwater environment represented to have impact on the point, diversity of activity depth and the satisfaction of the aquatic organism. Second, the factor having impact on the scuba diving resort facilities can be the point and the diversity of the activity depth. Third, the re-participation intention after the activity was related to the point and the diversity of activity depth.

스쿠버 다이빙으로 인한 인체의 압력손상

윤석근 ( Seok Keun Yoon ) 영남대학교 기초/임상의학연구소 2007 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.24 No.2S

As economical and social status are getting better, many ordinary people are interested in well being and leisure sports, the populations enjoying SCUBA diving are increasing recently. The medical problems from SCUBA diving are also increasing. To provide diving knowledge to the medical Drs. for prevention of barotrauma from SCUBA diving and to provide medical knowledge to SCUBA divers for safer diving, author reviews barotrauma of the human body from SCUBA diving. Review includes diving physics, mechanism, clinical manifestations and prevention of barotrama. Pulmonary barotrauma manifests as pulmonary tissue damage, pneumothorax, mediastinal emphysema with or without arterial gas embolism. Arterial gas embolism is one of the most serious and urgent medical problem from SCUBA diving and it need immediate recompression treatment. Barotrauma in the middle ear is the most common medical problem from SCUBA diving, it manifests as Eustachian tube salpingitis, otitis media with effusion. Inner ear barotrauma may lead permanent sensorineural hearing loss. Barotruma also can be occurred in mask,1)teeth, dry suit, and gastrointestinal tract. Prevention of barotrauma is more important than treatment. Prevention of barotrauma is up to divers, diving instructors and medical Drs. Divers and diving instructors should follow guidelines in diving fitness test, keep physical state always to fit to dive, keep diving skills as sharp and keep physical ability to adjust changeable ocean environment. Medical Drs. are responsible to their decision of medical fitness test, so they should know about diving physic, diving physiology and recent guidelines about medical fitness to dive.

해양레저체험이 재미인식과 자아실현에 미치는 영향 -장애인의 스쿠버다이빙을 중심으로-

박상훈 ( Sang Hun Park ),문상정 ( Sang Jeong Moon ) 한국관광산업학회 2016 Tourism Research Vol.41 No.2

현대사회의 여가행태가 ‘보는 활동’에서 ‘참여하고 행동하는 활동’으로 변모함에 따라 extream sport 중 하나인 스쿠버다이빙은 일부 계층만의 레저라는 인식에서 벗어나, 새로운 환경에 대한 경험과 보다 흥미로운 여가를 즐길 수 있는 야외형 레저 활동으로 정착되고 있으며, 삼면이 바다인 우리나라에서 해양레저의 한 분야로 발전할 가능성을 보여주고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 장애인들의 제한수역 내에서의 스쿠버다이빙 체험이 재미를 인식하는데 어떠한 영향을 미치며, 스쿠버다이빙에 대한 관심 의 증대와 지속적인 참여를 유도할 수 있는 재미인식에 대한 변인들을 밝히고, 해양레저활동 중 스쿠버다이빙과 재미인식 그리고 자아실현과의 관계를 규명하고자 한다. 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 장애인의 스쿠버다이빙 체험은 재미인식에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설(H1)을 검증한 결과 스쿠버다이빙 체험은 재미인식의 하위요인인 흥미와 인정에 통계적으로 유의한(+)의 영향을 미 치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 재미인식의 사교에는 오락적 체험은 유의미한 (+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 해양레저체험은 자아실현에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설(H2)을 검증한 결과 통계적으로 유의한 예언력을 지닌 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 재미인식은 자아실현에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라는 H3을 검증한 결과 통계적으로 유의한 (+)의 예언력을 지닌 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 볼 때, 스쿠버다이빙 체험은 장애인의 재활프로그램으로서의 가능성을 지니고 있으며, 위험한 레저라는 인식의 개선, 장애인을 고려한 최적의 경험이 연출된 공간(포인트)개발, 역량 있는 지도자 양성 및 관련 산업의 노력들이 필요함을 시사하고 있다. Scuba diving, one of extream sport activities has increasingly become popular since people pay more attention to leisure activities which they can actively participate in. In particular, scuba diving has great potential in Korea, because Korea is surrounded by the ocean on three sides. Therefore, this study examines and tests how respondents`` scuba diving experiences influence Disabled person``s enjoyment and self-realization. First, respondents`` experience of scuba diving in the ocean positively influences two factors of enjoyment, namely interest and admit, while it only partially influences commendation. Second, respondents`` experience of scuba diving in the ocean positively influences self-realization. Therefore H2 is supported. Third, all the factors of enjoyment positively influenceself-realization. This research has academic significance since it analyzes theoretical structure, providing theoretical foundation for future research by proposing a new research model. Also, the results imply that in order to provide better experience of scuba diving, possibility of rehabillitation program and the scuba diving industry should pay more attention to improving awareness of scuba diving as a safe activity and developing better diving places. Despite these implications, the current study has limitations; in particular, it did not reflect various conditions of scuba diving, such as geographical environments, water temperature, conditions of place and ocean.

스쿠버다이빙리조트 최적화 경영 모델 개발을 위한 지역관광인프라 연계 방안 연구

엄대영(Eum, Dae-Young),석강훈(Seok, Kang-Hoon) 한국체육과학회 2014 한국체육과학회지 Vol.23 No.5

The purpose of this study is to propose a solution of linkage with regional tourist infrastructure to develop an optimized administration model for scuba-diving resorts that can create regional brands through the specialization of marine sports tourism. First, the core elements to realize the core value; the maximization of the essential value of scuba-diving resorts and the regional development, are the maximization of strong operation ability, the maximization of administrative performance and the maximization of organizational capacity. Second, as the assessment items and criteria for the selection of location for scuba-diving resort, main items are underwater environment, climate, regional tourist conditions, regional receptive level, accessibility of transportation and possibility of developing marin tourist complex, and each main item has 2-6 sub-items. Third, various services such as tourism in connection with region, accommodation and locally specialized products should be provided to visitors in a form of resort focused on scuba-diving service, and optimized administration model of marine management to co-work with local fisherman should be established. Fourth, scuba-diving sites should be revitalized through increasing the number of scuba-divers by developing the market that can secure consumers, considering the existing small scuba-diving shops and maintaining cooperative relationship with the local fishery residences, and a new model should be created to foster the scuba-diving resort industry by organizing advisory panel mainly with the personnels who have good experience in diving training institutes, media, equipment suppliers and resorts to develop policies for the advancement and future of scuba-diving or develop a good system applicable to large center. Lastly, if government, academy, marin industry and local community make together a co-work to drive scuba-diving industrial cluster, select the suitable location for the cluster and maximize the industrial convergence by combining local scuba-diving resort industry into one, not only the economic advancement which is the essential value of local development but also a new value of sustainable marin industry could be created.

Changes in Cerebral Hemodynamics and Hematological Aspects Following Scuba Diving at 5 Meters of Seawater

Park, Mi-Ri-Nae,Hyun, Kyung-Yae,Moon, Seong-Min,Kim, Yun-Tae,Kim, Dae-Sik,Kang, Shin-Beum,Choi, Seok-Cheol The Korean Society for Biomedical Laboratory Scien 2008 Journal of biomedical laboratory sciences Vol.14 No.4

The present study was designed to clarify whether scuba diving at 5 meters of seawater influences cerebral hemodynamics, hematological and biochemical variables. Twenty healthy young men well trained scuba diving participated in this study. The blood flow velocity in the right and left middle cerebral arteries (L-MCAV and R-MCAV), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), CBC and differential count, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), biochemical variables, D-dimer and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels were determined before, immediately after scuba diving for 30 min, and after 30 min of rest (Pre-scuba, Scuba and R-30m, respectively). L-MCAV and R-MCAV tended to increase, but the only significant increase was in L-MCAV in Scuba. SBP and HR significantly declined in R-30m compared with those of Pre-scuba and the Scuba. IL-8 levels were elevated in Scuba and R-30m compared with that of Pre-scuba. In Scuba and R-30m, hematological variables except PT and biochemical parameters excluding glucose and lactic acid did not significantly changed in comparison with those of Pre-scuba. PT level at Scuba and glucose level at R-30m significantly declined in Scuba, while lactate level at R-30m increased compared with each in Pre-scuba. However, PT level at Scuba was within a normal range. These results suggest that scuba diving at 5 m of seawater for 30 min has no adverse effects, is safe and useful for improving health. However, further study must be performed to clarify the mechanism of elevated IL-8 level following scuba diving.

여성과 당뇨병 환자를 중심으로 한 스쿠버 다이빙의 대중화를 위한 고찰

신승환,우재홍,강현주,전태원,박익렬 대한운동사협회 2009 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.11 No.2

It has been 40 years after scuba diving is known in Korea, but it is not popularized yet. Scuba diving would be popularized with government's marine policies and proliferation of marine leisure sports. Also, participation of women and diabetics' is expected to increase. Thus scientific and reliable study is needed to improve participants' accessibility. Women must be cautious in 1st week of menstrual cycle, in using contraceptivepill, because it could be increase danger by bloodconcentration in scuba diving. Either, In pregnant, women must be refrained from scuba diving, because it could be related with fetus' safety. Diabetics' must have physical inspect before entrance scuba diving, study about blood glucose control, get license, follow guidelines, and guarantee safety. The cognition of safety is one of the most important factors for popularization. So an organization like DAN(DiversAlertNetwork) must be organized in Korea for popularization to provide objective safety information of scuba diving through many researches and efforts. This study can be useful in participating and popularization of scuba diving for women and diabetics' with scientific and practical information. Futhermore, it is expected to useful in enjoying scuba diving safely for existing population. 국내에 스쿠버 다이빙이 보급된 지 40년이 지났지만 아직 대중화되지 않은 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 정부의 각종 해양 관련 정책 추진과 해양 관련 국민 여가의 확산을 고려할 때 스쿠버 다이빙은 대중화될 것이며, 여성과 당뇨병 환자의 참여도 확대될 것이라고 생각된다. 따라서 이들의 접근성을 향상시킬 수 있도록 과학적이고 실용적인 정보를 제공해 줄 수 있는 국내의 연구가 매우 필요한 실정이다. 고찰 결과, 여성은 월경 후 첫 주에는 감압병의 위험이 높은 것으로 사료되고, 경구용 피임약의 복용은 호르몬 농도에 따라 감압병의 위험도가 개개인에 따라 다르므로 피하는 것이 좋으며, 임신 중에는 태아의 안전에 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 스쿠버 다이빙을 삼가는 것이 좋을 것으로 생각된다. 당뇨병 환자는 사전 건강진단과 함께 혈당조절계획에 대해 확신을 가진 상태에서 자격증을 취득하고 지침에 따라 안전을 보장한 상태에서 다이빙을 해야 할 것이다. 스쿠버 다이빙의 대중화를 위해서는 안전하다는 인식이 매우 중요한데, DAN(DiversAlertNetwork)과 같은 단체가 조직되어 많은 연구를 통해 객관적인 정보를 제공하도록 노력해야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 여성과 당뇨병 환자에게 있어서 과학적이고 실용적인 정보를 제공하여 스쿠버 다이빙 참여를 통한 대중화에 기여할 뿐 아니라, 기존 동호인들이 안전하고 즐거운 스쿠버 다이빙을 즐기는 데에도 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

우리나라 일부 스쿠버잠수자의 잠수행태와 감압병 증상 경험률

오강진 ( Kang Jin Oh ),박재용 ( Jae Yong Park ),사공준 ( Joon Sa Kong ) 대한스포츠의학회 2008 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.26 No.1

This study was performed to supply a database for an effective method for preventing Decompression Sickness and in taking care of scuba divers` health. The questionnaires about the characteristics and diving pattern of SCUBA divers were administrated to 1,734 divers who visited a diving shop for the purpose of diving itself and to some diving hobbyists. Mean age of divers was 35.1±7.4 years in professional group, 35.2±7.5 years in adults recreational group, 23.1±4.3 years in students recreational group, and 23.0% of divers were 40 years old and more. When divers were classified by BMI, 32.7% of divers were overweight and 29.8% of divers were obesity. It was found that 56.6% of divers were current smoker. Mean duration of diving was 5.1 years and duration of diving of 26.5% of divers were less than 1 year. Mean diving days per year were 29 days or less in 61.6% of divers. On the average, the divers dived 2 times a day with 40 minutes of diving time at 20~29 min depth. It was found that 5.7% of divers were diving without buddy diver. Only 37.1% of divers were observing decompression stop always during ascending and 42.6% of divers have experienced uncontrolled ascent. Not a few divers were having flight after diving. Musculoskeletal symptoms such as `pain in the upper and lower extremities` were experienced by 12.9% of the subjects. 8.1% of them experienced `dizziness or nausia`, 4.9% `cutaneous itching`, 3.3% `muscle weakness`, and 3.2% `hearing disorder`. The repetitive diving, uncontrolled ascent and flight after diving were proved as significant risk factors for decompression sickness related symptoms in scuba divers. Considering the diving patterns, most SCUBA divers have significant risk factors of decompression sickness. To prevent decompression sickness and diving accidents of SCUBA divers, regular and systematic education on diving safety as well as diving skill is required.

스쿠버 다이버 특성에 따른 다이빙 활동 전과 다이빙 활동 중 안전 준수 실태

박홍철(Park, Hong-Chul),황지영(Hwang, Ji-Young),조근자(Cho, Keun-Ja) 한국산학기술학회 2015 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구는 스쿠버 다이버의 특성에 따른 다이빙 활동 전과 활동 중 안전 준수 실태를 파악하여, 안전교육의 방향을 제시하고자 시도하였다. 2012년 9월 21일부터 2013년 8월 16일까지 스쿠버 다이버 227명을 대상으로 동의를 받은 후 설문조 사를 시행하였다. 자료 분석은 SPSS PC/21.0을 이용하여 기술통계와 X2-test로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 다이빙 활동 전 안전 준수 항목 중 ‘음주’, ‘준비 운동 여부’, ‘호흡기 질병 시 다이빙 여부’의 항목은 주로 경력 또는 자격 수준이 높은 경우 잘 지켜지지 않고 있었다. 반면에, 다이빙 활동 중 안전 준수 항목 중 ‘신체 이상 시 중단 여부’, ‘상승 시 안전 정지 여부’, ‘상승 시 수면과 주변 확인 여부’ ‘분당 상승 및 하강 속도 인지 여부’, ‘알파 깃발 또는 부표 사용 여부’의 항목은 주로 경력 또는 자격 수준이 낮은 경우 잘 지켜지지 않고 있었다. 따라서 스쿠버 다이버들의 안전사고 예방을 위해 다이빙 경력과 수준을 고려한 차별적이고 정기적인 교육과 점검이 필요하다 This study aimed to suggest education direction for diving safety through investigating actual condition to diving safety before and during scuba diving. The study subjects were 227 scuba divers. Data were collected from September 21, 2012 to August 16, 2013. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. The results were as follows. Many higher level divers didn't obey regulations: 'alcohol drinking', 'warming-up exercise', 'to dive even when he/she suffers from respiratory disease' before scuba diving. Many lower level divers didn't obey regulations: 'to stop diving under abnormal physical condition', 'to do safety stop during ascending time', 'to check during ascending time', 'to know ascending and descending speed per minute', 'to use an alpha flag or buoy' during scuba diving. In conclusion, it is necessary to implement a discriminative safety education and to check actual condition to diving safety periodically in consideration of duration and level of diving.

해외 스킨스쿠버 선택속성 요인탐색 연구

김옥주(Kim, Ok-Ju),김류경(Kim, Ryu-Kyeong),정현민(Jung, Hyun-Min),한태용(Han, Tae-Yong) 한국체육과학회 2019 한국체육과학회지 Vol.28 No.6

This study aims at investigating various factors of selection attribute that the participants in overseas scuba diving have and, basing on the result, at expanding native scuba diving devotees, and at presenting the direction to the development of markets through its popularization. With the purpose of attaining the aims, this study used Q-Method, for this author judged that it would help analyze the factor of overseas scuba diving selection attribute. At first, this study extracted preliminary questions two times (First: preceding study/Second: expert group), and prepared a statement composed of 32 questions in the end through the appreciation of appropriateness and the validity. It took six months from January to May, 2019 to perform Q-Classification. All of the respondents attained the license (qualification) of scuba diving. By P-Sample this study selected 20 objects who experienced in overseas scuba diving. There was no material missed or excepted. At last, this study used the materials of 20 persons for the last analysis. This study classified the objects in Q-Sorting Chart by Q-Sorting classification forcibly, coded in order of numbers of Q-Sample the scores given from the distribution on which Q-Sample was sorted. Afterwards, this study performed Principal Component Analysis by QUANL. PC Program to draw the conclusion as follows. As a result of analyzing the selection attribute factors concerning overseas scuba diving, this author found out three types - typeⅠ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ. The concrete affirmative three factors abstracted from the types are as follows. TypeⅠ: When I participate in overseas diving, I find out that ‘I can experience various diving points and various spectacles with distinctions classified with countries (corals, aquatic creatures, aquatic environments etc.)’, ‘I can access resorts and seas easily’, ‘Seasons don"t change frequently and are constant thanks to warm weather’, ‘I can secure constant view and enjoy safe and advantageous diving’, ‘I can enjoy overseas diving at a cheap price, for it doesn"t demand expensive expense of resort facilities (diving, accommodation, meal, etc.), and neither does it other charges’, and ‘I can enjoy sports and sightseeing at the same time’. As such, the affirmative factors were shown. TypeⅡ: When I participate in overseas diving, I find out that ‘It is abundant in energizer enjoyable at travel’, ‘It doesn"t demand complicated procedures, and it"s convenient to set and move equipment and to go out from the water’, ‘It"s possible to experience various fishes (sardines, threshers, sharks, jackfishes, whalesharks, turtles, tunas, and sea sharks) with distinction in respective regions’, ‘I can enjoy sea environments different from those of our country’, and ‘I can escape from everyday life, and feel freedom and the mood of rest’. As such, the affirmative factors were shown. TypeⅢ: When I participate in overseas diving, I find out that ‘Overseas diving staffs, instructors, guides etc. are kind’, ‘Overseas diving can replace with native winter season activities and motivate the activities’, ‘Overseas diving resorts prepare the system more convenient than those of our country’, ‘I can link diving destinations with accommodations and move to anywhere conveniently’, ‘I can experience diving points and various spectacles (corals, aquatic creatures, and aquatic environments) with distinctions classified with countries’. As such, the affirmative factors were shown.

잠수관련 사망의 부검을 위한 기술적 접근

김윤신 대한법의학회 2014 대한법의학회지 Vol.38 No.1

Recreational diving is an exciting and adventurous sport, but is also potentially hazardous. Despite its inherent hazards, an increasing number of people enjoy SCUBA(self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) diving; the number of diving-relatedaccidents is therefore also likely to increase. Divers might face physical or psychologicalstresses from the unfamiliar or hostile underwater environment, which can lead tofatal accidents. To investigate deaths related to SCUBA diving, a forensic pathologistshould understand the types and mechanisms of injuries and illnesses unique toSCUBA diving. Postmortem examination of diving fatalities is therefore a formidabletask for most forensic pathologists because cases are sparse and the processrequires an understanding of diving physiology, diving equipment, and the underwaterenvironment. The primary aim of autopsies in SCUBA diving fatalities is to detect evidenceof pulmonary barotrauma, intravascular gas, or pre-existing illnesses. Standardautopsy protocol for SCUBA diving-related deaths should include methods to detectintravascular gas and gas accumulation in the tissue or body cavity through plain radiographsor Computerized Tomography (CT) scans. Analysis of the gas componentsis also helpful for determining the origin of the gas. Here, the author proposes a practicalmethod for performing an autopsy on a person who died while SCUBA diving.