침무보법(鍼無補法)의 의미에 대한 고찰(考察)-『황제내경(黃帝內經)』의 보사법(補瀉法)을 중심으로-

윤기령 ( Yun Ki-ryoung ),백유상 ( Baik Yousang ),장우창 ( Jang Woo-chang ),정창현 ( Jeong Chang-hyun ) 대한한의학원전학회(구 대한원전의사학회) 2018 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.31 No.2

Objectives : Acupuncture therapy’s reinforcement and reduction method is now widely used in the clinical practices. Meanwhile, there has been a voice of concern since the past that acupuncture has no reinforcement. This thought has not been given enough discussion, and the paper attempts to remedy this absence and verify the validity of the concern. Methods : The acupunctural reinforcement and reduction method found in the Huangdineijing is reviewed, and a number of medical books that discuss the idea of lack of reinforcement in acupuncture are studied. Results : Huangdineijing describes the acupunctural unique feature of reduction. The text explains that acupuncture work in a way that is different that medicine, and thus cannot be used for a disease based on deficiency. In addition, it warned the loss of the primordial qi when needling oneself. Reinforcement in the reinforcement and reduction technique as described in Huangdineijing mainly revolves around preventing the loss of the primordial qi. Conclusions : The purpose of the acupunctural reinforcement and reduction is to control the body’s disproportional qi deficiency and excess, where some parts of the body has more qi than others. The reinforcement in “acupunctural reinforcement and reduction method” and the reinforcement in “acupuncture only has reduction and no reinforcement" within the thought of “acupuncture has no reinforcement” are different in that one deals with controlling the imbalance of qi in body, and the other deals with dispelling the deficiency by flowing the qi in the viewpoint of entering and out. This calls for a need to establish the proper acupunctural points, numbers, and times for each disease based on the theory of “acupuncture has no reinforcemen.”

강화 이론에 근거한 교사 보조 로봇 인터랙션 디자인 : 수행도와 반응률 측정을 중심으로

곽소나,이동규,이민구,한정혜,김명석 한국로봇학회 2006 로봇학회 논문지 Vol.1 No.2

This study examines whether the reinforcement theory would be effectively applied to teaching assistant robots between a robot and a student in the same way as it is applied to teaching methods between a teacher and a student. Participants interact with a teaching assistant robot in a 3 (types of robots: positive reinforcement vs. negative reinforcement vs. both reinforcements) by 2 (types of participants: honor students vs. backward students), within-subject experiment. Three different types of robots, such as ‘Ching-chan-ee’ which gives ‘positive reinforcement’, ‘Um-bul-ee’ which gives ‘negative reinforcement’, and ‘Sang-bul-ee’ which gives both ‘positive and negative reinforcement’ are designed based on the reinforcement theory and the token reinforcement system. Participants’ task performance and reaction rate are measured according to the types of robots and the types of participants. In task performance, the negative reinforcement robot is more effective than the other two types, but regarding the number of stimulus, the less the stimulus is, the more effective the task performance is. Also, participants showed the highest reaction rate on the negative reinforcement robot which implies that the negative reinforcement robot is most effective to motivate students. The findings demonstrate that the participants perceive the teaching assistant robot not as a toy but as a teaching assistant and the reinforcement interaction is important and effective for teaching assistant robots to motivate students. The results of this study can be implicated as an effective guideline to interaction design of teaching assistant robots.

모형실험 및 수치해석에 의한 지오그리드 보강효과 분석

안승재,차주희,유세은,전한용,Ahn, Seung Jae,Cha, Ju Hee,Yoo, Se Eun,Jeon, Han Yong 한국섬유공학회 2016 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.53 No.5

In order to minimize settlement of a shallow foundation, a model test is performed using geogrids for reinforcement. The optimal reinforcement is found by varying reinforcement length and changing reinforcement layer. From the test results, it is inferred that 2 layers and 4 times the foundation length is the most effective reinforcement condition obtained using geogrids. As a result of this tendency, 2 layers-4 times and 2 layers-5 times conditions are used to determine the reinforcement effect of two types of geogrids with the same tensile strength and of a single type of geogrid but with two tensile strengths. The reinforcement effect of the welded type is less than that of warp-knitted type. It can be seen that frictional resistance is developed at the soil-geogrid rib interface; therefore, the reinforcement capacity is reduced. It is inefficient to use reinforcement of high tensile strength under conditions of allowable bearing capacity, but it is necessary to choose reinforcement of suitable tensile strength under conditions of ultimate bearing capacity.

EFFECTIVE REINFORCEMENT OF S-SHAPED FRONT FRAME WITH A CLOSED-HAT SECTION MEMBER FOR FRONTAL IMPACT USING HOMOGENIZATION METHOD

CHO Y.-B.,SUH M.-W.,SIN H.-C. The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 2005 International journal of automotive technology Vol.6 No.6

The frontal crash optimization of S-shaped closed-hat section member using the homogenization method, design of experiment (DOE) and response surface method (RSM) was studied. The optimization to effectively absorb more crash energy was studied to introduce the reinforcement design. The main focus of design was to decide the optimum size and thickness of reinforcement. In this study, the location of reinforcement was decided by homogenization method. Also, the effective size and thickness of reinforcements was studied by design of experiments and response surface method. The effects of various impact velocity for reinforcement design were researched. The high impact velocity reinforcement design showed to absorb the more crash energy than low velocities design. The effect of size and thickness of reinforcement was studied and the sensitivity of size and thickness was different according to base thickness of model. The optimum size and thickness of the reinforcement has shown a direct proportion to the thickness of base model. Also, the thicker the base model was, the effect of optimization using reinforcement was the bigger. The trend curve for effective size and thickness of reinforcement using response surface method was obtained. The predicted size and thickness of reinforcement by RSM were compared with results of DOE. The results of a specific dynamic mean crushing loads for the predicted design by RSM were shown the small difference with the predicted results by RSM and DOE. These trend curves can be used as a basic guideline to find the optimum reinforcement design for S-shaped member.

Punching Shear Behavior of Shear Reinforced Slab-Column Connection with Varying Flexural Reinforcement

Jae-Ick Jang,Su-Min Kang 한국콘크리트학회 2019 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.13 No.4

The effects of flexural reinforcement and shear reinforcement on the punching shear strength of slab-column connections are analyzed in this study. For the study, six slab-column connection specimens were constructed with varying flexural reinforcement and shear reinforcement, and were subjected to gravity load tests. Experimental results showed that all specimens were destroyed by punching failure, and that the slab-column connection behaved differently depending on the amount of shear reinforcement and flexural reinforcement. Particularly, the flexural reinforcement in the slab-column connection improved the punching strength of the specimens with or without shear reinforcement. In addition, in this study, a design formula that considers the flexural reinforcement ratio in the calculation of the punching shear strength of the shear reinforced slab-column connection was proposed and was verified using experimental results and existing test data.

鐵筋콘크리트 보에서 剪斷鐵筋이 휨耐力에 미치는 影響

고유신,기진호,김병호,은희창,서일교 제주대학교 산업기술연구소 2000 尖端技術硏究所論文集 Vol.11 No.2

Shear reinforcement has an important role to strengthen shear capacity of reinforced concrete beam. Although the flexural design corresponding to design code does not consider the effects of the shear reinforcement, its utilization in flexural region leads to the improved ductility and the enhanced strength by confining concrete. It allows to design the over-reinforcement beam. In this study, we considered the effects of the shear reinforcement on the flexural ductility and strength of reinforced concrete beam according to the spacing of shear reinforcement, steel ratio, and shear span ratio. The flexural capacity depends on the amount of longitudinal bars and the ductility the confinement degree by the shear reinforcement. The flexural analysis varies with the stress-strain relation of confined concrete. The analytical results based on the stress-strain relation presented by Chung almost corresponded to the experimental ones. It was observed that the proper design of shear reinforcement leads to utilize the over-reinforcement concrete beam.

보강토옹벽의 배부름에 관한 실험적 연구

주재우(Ju Jae-Woo),박종범(Park Jong-Beom),나현호(Na Hyun-Ho) 한국토목섬유학회 2011 한국지반신소재학회 논문집 Vol.10 No.2

최근 보강토 옹벽은 점차 콘크리트옹벽을 대체하는 안정화된 공법으로 자리 잡아가고 있다. 그러니, 보강제로서 신장성보강재 (Extensible reinforcement)를 사용할 경우 보강토 옹벽의 전면벽에서 배부름(Bulging) 현상이 발생할 수 있다. 보강토옹벽의 배부름(Bulging)은 임의의 블록 높이에서 그 블록의 상단 및 하단 블록이 설계상의 상대적인 위치를 확보하지 못하는 현상이다. 이는 보강재가 인장력을 발휘하기 위해서는 어느 정도 변형이 필요하기 때문에 이에 대한 설계상의 검토가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 알루미늄 봉을 이용하는 소형모형실험을 통해서 보강재의 신장특성이 보강토 옹벽거동에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 연구하였다. 보강재는 비신장성 보강재로서 창호지와 신장성 보강재로서 멤브레인을 이용하였다. 실험결과로부터 보강재의 강성은 보강토옹벽의 변위형태에 많은 영향을 미치는 인지임을 알 수 있었으며, 전반적으로 보강재의 강성이 증가함에 따라 최대수평변위의 발생지점이 벽체 상부로 이동하는 경향을 보이고 있다. Recently reinforced retaining walls secure their position as a stabilized method of construction replacing concrete retaining walls gradually. However, in the event of using extensible reinforcement, a bulging phenomenon can be happened in the front of reinforced retaining walls. Bulging of reinforced retaining walls means a phenomenon that, in the height of an arbitrary block, the upper part and the lower part of the block don’t secure a relative position in design. Therefore, it is judged that it has the necessity to be examined in design since reinforcement needs metamorphosis to some degree to display tensile force. Therefore, the study examined about how extensibility of reinforcement had an effect on movement of reinforced retaining walls through a small-scale model test with aluminum rods. The study used Changhoji(traditional korean paper made from mulberry bark) as inextensible reinforcement and membrane as extensible reinforcement. As the result of the test, rigidity of reinforcement had a lot of effects on displacement of reinforced retaining walls and generally occurrence point of the maximum horizontal displacement had a tendency transferring to the upper parr of walls according to rigidity of reinforcement was increased.

FRP로 보강된 복보강 콘크리트보의 휨성능에 관한 연구

이상열 ( Lee¸ Sang-youl1 ),손병직 ( ·son¸ Byung-jik ) 한국복합신소재구조학회 2022 복합신소재구조학회논문집 Vol.13 No.5

본 연구는 ACI 등 규정에 없는 FRP 보강 콘크리트의 복보강에 대한 설계흐름도를 제시하였으며, 단보강과 복보강을 비교, 분석하였다. 다양한 파라미터 연구를 통해서 각각 단보강일 때의 이점과 복보강일 때의 이점을 분석하였다. 콘크리트의 단면이 작을수록 보강량이 클수록 복보강의 휨성능이 유리하며, 반대의 경우는 단보강이 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 콘크리트의 단면을 크게 하는 것이 FRP 보강량을 크게 하는 것보다 효과가 좋으며, 콘크리트 단면 중에서 콘크리트 높이를 크게 하는 것이 효과가 우수하게 나타났다. 콘크리트의 설계기준강도가 클수록, FRP의 탄성계수가 작을수록 단보강이 유리하며, 반대의 경우는 복보강이 유리한 것으로 나타났다. This paper presented a design flow chart for double reinforced concrete beams with FRP reinforcing bars, which is not specified in regulations such as ACI, and compared and analyzed single reinforcement and double reinforcement. Through various parametric studies, the advantages of single reinforcement and double reinforcement were analyzed. The results suggest that the smaller the cross-section of concrete and the larger the amount of FRP reinforcement, the better the flexural performance of the double reinforcement, and vice versa. Enlarging the cross-section of concrete is more effective than increasing the amount of FRP reinforcement, and increasing the concrete height of the concrete cross-sections is more effective. As the design reference strength of concrete is large and the modulus of elasticity of FRP is small, single reinforcement is advantageous, and in the opposite case, double reinforcement is advantageous.

Use of steel fibers as transverse reinforcement in diagonally reinforced coupling beams with normal- and high-strength concrete

Jang, Seok-Joon,Jeong, Gwon-Young,Yun, Hyun-Do Elsevier 2018 Construction & building materials Vol.187 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study investigates the effects of using steel fibers as transverse reinforcement on the seismic performance of diagonally reinforced coupling beams that are composed of normal- and high-strength concrete. Four types of coupling beams were fabricated and tested under quasi-static reversed cyclic loading. A normal-strength reinforced concrete (RC) coupling beam with the compressive strength of 40 MPa was designed with the full confinement of a beam section according to ACI 318-14. A second RC coupling beam specimen with the same reinforcement details and concrete with the compressive strength of 80 MPa was fabricated also to evaluate the effects of strength. In addition, steel fiber was used in an attempt to simplify the complex details of transverse reinforcements for diagonally RC coupling beams. To this end, two fiber volume fractions of 1.0% and 1.25% were used for 40 MPa and 80 MPa steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) coupling beams, respectively. Test results indicated that the shear strength of the coupling beams increased with an increase in compressive strength, whereas the energy dissipation capacity was similar for the normal- and high-strength concrete RC coupling beams. Furthermore, this study found that the inclusion of steel fiber prevented buckling of the diagonal steel rebar as well as provided additional transverse reinforcement. The overall performance, including strength, stiffness degradation, and the energy dissipation capacity, of the SFRC coupling beams was similar to that of the conventional concrete coupling beams. Comparisons of the conventional concrete and SFRC beam specimens indicate that the use of steel fiber allows for the simplification of transverse reinforcement construction details for diagonally reinforced coupling beams.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The inclusion of steel fibers improves flexural behavior and toughness of concrete. </LI> <LI> SFRC significantly contributed to prevent the buckling of the diagonal reinforcement. </LI> <LI> Using fibers as transverse reinforcement improves constructability of coupling beam. </LI> <LI> Shear strength is well predicted considering contribution of diagonal concrete strut. </LI> </UL> </P>

Study on Mechanical Properties of Press-Bending Members Based on Transmission Towers Diagonal Member Reinforcement In-Situ

Zhenke Xin,Huanhuan Wei,Yunhe Liu,Gang Liang 한국강구조학회 2022 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.22 No.4

According to the reinforcement requirements of load-bearing members of existing transmission tower, a new type of in-situ reinforcement scheme for the angle steel T-shaped composite section is proposed. Through the compression test of 10 groups of members, the infl uence of slenderness ratio, the number of fi xtures, the number of bolt rows and other parameters on the failure mode and bearing performance of members was studied. A simulation model was established using ABAQUS software, the load-displacement curve, failure models and other aspects verify the reliability and validity of simulation results. The results show that when the slenderness ratio of member reaches a certain value, the ultimate bearing capacity of member reinforced with the reinforcement angle steel of same specifi cation and strength can be multiplied and increased several times, the slenderness ratio has little eff ect on the force transmission effi ciency of reinforcement angle steel. The number of bolt rows has a small eff ect on the ultimate bearing capacity of member, the increase rate of ultimate bearing capacity, the failure mode and the force transmission effi ciency of reinforcement angle steel, the infl uence of strength of reinforcement angle steel, the specifi cation of reinforcement angle steel on the ultimate bearing capacity, and the increase rate of ultimate bearing capacity of member obviously, the higher strength and specifi cation of reinforcement, the greater the ultimate bearing capacity of reinforced member, and the higher the rate of improvement of ultimate bearing capacity, the smaller the thickness of fi ller plate, that is the smaller the eccentricity, the higher force transmission effi ciency of reinforcement. The research results can provide experimental and theoretical basis for the reinforcement of tower structure and engineering design.