Oxidative stress induced by chlorine dioxide as an insecticidal factor to the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella

Kumar, S.,Park, J.,Kim, E.,Na, J.,Chun, Y.S.,Kwon, H.,Kim, W.,Kim, Y. Academic Press 2015 Pesticide biochemistry and physiology Vol.124 No.-

A novel fumigant, chlorine dioxide (ClO<SUB>2</SUB>) is a commercial bleaching and disinfection agent. Recent study indicates its insecticidal activity. However, its mode of action to kill insects is yet to be understood. This study set up a hypothesis that an oxidative stress induced by ClO<SUB>2</SUB> is a main factor to kill insects. The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, is a lepidopteran insect pest infesting various stored grains. Larvae of P. interpunctella were highly susceptible to ClO<SUB>2</SUB> gas, which exhibited an acute toxicity. Physiological damages by ClO<SUB>2</SUB> were observed in hemocytes. At high doses, the larvae of P. interpunctella suffered significant reduction of total hemocytes. At low doses, ClO<SUB>2</SUB> impaired hemocyte behaviors. The cytotoxicity of ClO<SUB>2</SUB> was further analyzed using two insect cell lines, where Sf9 cells were more susceptible to ClO<SUB>2</SUB> than High Five cells. The cells treated with ClO<SUB>2</SUB> produced reactive oxygen species (ROS). The produced ROS amounts increased with an increase of the treated ClO<SUB>2</SUB> amount. However, the addition of an antioxidant, vitamin E, significantly attenuated the cytotoxicity of ClO<SUB>2</SUB> in a dose-dependent manner. To support the oxidative stress induced by ClO<SUB>2</SUB>, two antioxidant genes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thioredoxin-peroxidase (Tpx)) were identified from P. interpunctella EST library using ortholog sequences of Bombyx mori. Both SOD and Tpx were expressed in larvae of P. interpunctella especially under oxidative stress induced by bacterial challenge. Exposure to ClO<SUB>2</SUB> gas significantly induced the gene expression of both SOD and Tpx. RNA interference of SOD or Tpx using specific double stranded RNAs significantly enhanced the lethality of P. interpunctella to ClO<SUB>2</SUB> gas treatment as well as to the bacterial challenge. These results suggest that ClO<SUB>2</SUB> induces the production of insecticidal ROS, which results in a fatal oxidative stress in P. interpunctella.

Repellency and attractancy of plant extracts against <i>Plodia interpunctella</i> and <i>Sitophilus zeamais</i>

Han, Gyung Deok,Kum, Ho Jung,Chun, Yong Shik,Na, Jahyun,Kim, Wook Elsevier 2017 Journal of stored products research Vol.74 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P> <I>Plodia interpunctella</I> and <I>Sitophilus zeamais</I> are among the most destructive insect pests of stored processed food products. The use of natural materials rather than conventional pesticides to control these pests is a promising alternative to conventional neurotoxic insecticides. In this study, we tested organic extracts from 13 species of plants; most showed different effects on <I>S. zeamais</I> and <I>P. interpunctella</I>. Eleven of the extracts had repellent effects on <I>S. zeamais</I> but either an attractant effect or no effect on <I>P. interpunctella</I>. These results suggested that different species of insects have different reactions to plant extracts, and such extracts may have applications as storage products to prevent infestation by both <I>P. interpunctella</I> and <I>S. zeamais</I>.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> <I>Plodia interpunctella</I> was attracted to some of 13 plant extracts but was repelled by others. </LI> <LI> <I>Sitophilus zeamais</I> was repelled by all 13 tested plant extracts. </LI> <LI> <I>Plodia interpunctella</I> is attracted to some plant extracts that repelled <I>Sitophilus zeamais</I>. </LI> </UL> </P>

Evaluation of the composition and fumigant toxicity against Plodia interpunctella of essential oils from Ajania potaninii and Ajania fruticulosa

Shao Yazhou,Ning Anqi,An Yue,Hou Zhibo,Zhou Feng,He Chuyu,Zhang Ji,Liang Junyu 한국응용곤충학회 2021 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.24 No.4

Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a worldwide omnivorous pest. It is the pri mary insect pest in many economically important stored crops. The insecticidal activity of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Ajania potaninii and Ajania fruticulosa were evaluated against Plodia interpunctella. EOs obtained by hydro-distillation were analyzed by GC–MS. Fumigant toxicity testing indicated that both EOs and their main components were toxic to P. interpunctella adults. 1,8-Cineole exhibited the strongest activity, having an LC 50 of 0.86 mg/L air and being twice as active as camphor. Myrtenol was also strongly toxic to P. interpunctella adults (LC 50 0.99 mg/L air), while camphor, verbenol, borneol, and the two complete EOs exhibited lower toxicity. None of the EOs or main components exhibited significant toxicity against the larvae of P. interpunctella. This study provides evidence of the individual active substances accounting for the insecticidal activity of EOs from A. potaninii and A. fruticulosa. These EOs have potential as biological insecticides for controlling insect pest damage in stored crops.

Development of anti-insect multilayered films for brown rice packaging that prevent <i>Plodia interpunctella</i> infestation

Lee, Soo-Hyun,Chang, Yoonjee,Na, Ja Hyun,Han, Jaejoon Elsevier 2017 Journal of stored products research Vol.72 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The aim of this study was to develop a multilayered insect-proof film that prevents contamination with <I>Plodia interpunctella</I> (Hübner; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) insect larvae. The anti-insect activities of five essential oils (EOs), allyl disulfide (AD), and allyl mercaptan isolated from garlic and onion, respectively, were evaluated. Subsequently, fumigation insecticidal assays were performed to identify the anti-insect agents, their optimal concentrations. Garlic, onion EOs and their compounds were chosen as efficient anti-insect agents for application to rice flour-based multilayered plastic films. Penetration tests were then used to evaluate the ability of multilayered films to resist invasion by <I>P. interpunctella</I> larvae. Films containing 5% AD (AD-5) had the strongest resistance to penetration by insects. Thus, AD-5 was applied to brown rice packaging to measure protection from insects and to assess sensory properties. In these analyses, AD-5 showed insect-proofing effects and no undesirable changes to the sensory properties of the rice after cooking. Hence, this novel multilayer film could be used as an active packaging material with effective anti-insect activities and desirable physical properties.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Insecticidal activity of allyl disulfide was shown against <I>Plodia interpunctella.</I> </LI> <LI> A multilayered LDPE film containing 5% allyl disulfide and rice was developed. </LI> <LI> Newly developed film prevented contamination with <I>Plodia interpunctella</I> larvae. </LI> <LI> Undesirable effects on sensory characteristics were not shown in cooked brown rice. </LI> </UL> </P>

Chlorine dioxide enhances lipid peroxidation through inhibiting calcium-independent cellular PLA₂ in larvae of the Indianmeal moth, <i>Plodia interpunctella</i>

Han, Gyung Deok,Na, Jahyun,Chun, Yong Shik,Kumar, Sunil,Kim, Wook,Kim, Yonggyun Elsevier 2017 Pesticide biochemistry and physiology Vol.143 No.-

<P>Polyunsaturated fatty acids usually undergo lipid peroxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Calcium-independent cellular phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) can maintain fatty acid compositions in phospholipids depending on physiological conditions. An insect iPLA(2) (Pi-iPLA(2)) was predicted from the transciptome of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella. It encodes 835 amino acids. It possesses five ankyrin repeats in the N terminal and patatin lipase domain in the C terminal. Pi-iPLA(2) was expressed in all developmental stages of the Indianmeal moth. In the larval stage, it was expressed in all tissues tested. RNA interference (RNAi) specific to Pi-iPLA(2) was performed using specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). It resulted in almost 70% of reduction in gene expression. Under such RNAi condition, P. interpunctella exhibited significant accumulation of lipid per oxidation based on the amount of malondialdehyde. RNAi of Pi-PLA(2) expression also impaired cellular immune response of P. interpunctella. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), an insecticidal agent by generating ROS, increased lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. However, the addition of vitamin E (an antioxidant) reduced the formation of lipid peroxidation. ClO2 treatment significantly reduced expression of Pi-iPLA(2) but increased lipid peroxidation in larval fat body of P. interpunctella. Furthermore, larvae treated with dsRNA specific to Pi-iPLA(2) were significantly susceptible to ClO2 treatment. These results suggest that Pi-iPLA(2) plays a crucial role in repairing damaged fatty acids from phospholipids. Our results also suggest that ClO2 can elevate lipid peroxidation through inhibiting Pi-iPLA(2) expression in addition to direct ROS production.</P>

Repellent efficacy of essential oils and plant extracts against Tribolium castaneum and Plodia interpunctella

Lee Hwa‐Eun,Hong Su Jung,Hasan Najmul,Baek Eun Joo,Kim Jun Tae,Kim Young‐Duk,Park Mi‐Kyung 한국곤충학회 2020 Entomological Research Vol.50 No.9

This study was conducted to investigate the repellent efficacy of essential oils (Origanum vulgare, Pimpinella anisum, and Tanacetum cinerariifolium) and four plant extracts (Agastache rugosa, Capsicum annuum, Citrus reticulata, and Ginkgo biloba) against Tribolium castaneum (adults and larvae) and Plodia interpunctella (larvae). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of carvacrol, anethole, and jasmolin I as the predominant constituent in O. vulgare, P. anisum, and T. cinerariifolium, respectively. Furthermore, ethyl hexopyranoside, 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid, cyclopentanol, and 2‐cresol were identified in A. rugosa, C. annuum, C. reticulata, and G. biloba, respectively. The repellent efficacy of each essential oil, plant extract, and the combination of oils was evaluated using a specially designed cylinder trap for 120 h. Among the three oils, O. vulgare and T. cinerariifolium had greatest repellent efficacy against P. interpunctella larvae. T. cinerariifolium exhibited effective repellence against the adults and larvae of T. castaneum. Therefore, O. vulgare (O) and T. cinerariifolium (T) were selected for further investigation of combined effects. Two essential oils were mixed in three different ratios of OT1 (1:3), OT2 (1:1), and OT3 (3:1). The repellent efficacies of OT1 and OT2 against the adults of T. castaneum were significantly greater than that of OT3. OT1 was effective against the larvae of T. castaneum, whereas OT2 was effective against the larvae of P. interpunctella. OT1 enhanced the repellent efficacy by approximately five times against larvae of T. castaneum, compared with that of T. cinerariifolium. Overall, OT1 was selected as the best repellent substance against all the tested insects.

Heat Tolerance of the Indian Meal Moth, Plodia interpunctella

Minhyun Kim,Seunghee Lee,Yonggyun Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2015 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.10

Heat treatment has been widely used to control some stored insect pests. The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, gives massive economic loss to most stored grains. Heat tolerance of P. interpunctella was assessed in most developmental stages in this study. Heat treatment at 44oC for 1 h was lethal to P. interpunctella. Compared to other developmental stages, late larval instar larvae were more tolerant to the heat treatment. Some of the fifth instar larvae could survive under 44oC for 80 min, but completely died at exposure to 45oC for 80 min. However, the survival rates of the larvae significantly increased by pre-exposure to sublethal temperature at 37oC. The rapid induction of heat tolerance was accompanied with increases in gene expressions of two heat shock proteins, Hsp70 and Hsp90, but not in that of Hsp25. Interestingly, hemolymph trehalose levels also increased from 39.2 mM to 51.3 mM by pre-exposure to 37oC for 30 min. These results suggest that P. interpunctella induces a rapid heat tolerance by up-regulation of heat shock protein levels and hemolymph trehalose levels.

Calcium-independent cellular PLA2 prevents lipid peroxidation in the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella

한경덕,김철영,수닐쿠마르,김욱,김용균 한국응용곤충학회 2017 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.04

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces oxidation against various biomolecules including fatty acids. Calcium-independent cellular phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) has been known to function maintenance of fatty acids in phospholipids in mammals. An insect iPLA2 (Pi-iPLA2) was predicted from transciptomes of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella. It was expressed in all developmental stages from egg to adult. RNA interference (RNAi) against Pi-iPLA2 was performed with specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with more than 70% efficiency in reduction of its expression. Under this RNAi condition, P. interpuctella exhibited developmental retardation with significant accumulation of lipid peroxidation measured by the amount of melondialdehyde

Insecticidal Constituent from Eucalyptus dives Leaves and Its Structural Analogues Show Insecticidal Efficacy against Plodia interpunctella and Tribolium castaneum

Na-Hyun Lee,Ye-Jin Jeon,Tae-Min Lee,Sang-Guei Lee,Jeong-Moon Kim,Hoi-Seon Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2016 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.10

Insecticidal toxicities of the isolated constituent of Eucalyptus dives oil and its analogues were bioassayed. 3-Carvomenthenone was isolated by chromatographic techniques and determined by EI-MS, 13C-NMR,1H-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, and HMQC. In the fumigant bioassay against P. interpunctella, cyclohexenone exhibited the strongest insecticidal toxicity (LD50 against larvae and adults, 2.45 and 3.63 μg/cm3), followed by methylcyclohexenone, seudenone, and 3-carvomenthenone. In the structure-activity relationships between 3-carvomenthenone analogues and insecticidal toxicity, the mode of the insecticidal action of 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone was through the dermal organs of T. castaneum and P. interpunctella. This study indicates that 3-carvomenthenone, cyclohexenone, methylcyclohexenone, and seudenone have potential capacity for the development as safety natural agents to control the stored grain insects.

Effects of azadirachtin on the development and gene expression of fifth instar larvae of Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella

Ohn Mar Lynn,김장억,이경열 한국응용곤충학회 2012 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.15 No.1

The effects of azadirachtin on the rates of pupation, adult eclosion, and the expression of nine selected genes were evaluated in Plodia interpunctella. The newly molted fifth instar larvae (V0) were fed a pollen diet containing different amounts of azadirachtin. When larvae ingested azadirachtin at 1 and 10 ppm, pupation was 85 and 75.8%, respectively, and adult eclosion was 81.7 and 55.3%, respectively. The effects of azadirachtin on gene expression were analyzed using real-time RT-PCR analysis. When V0 larvae ingested azadirachtin for 2 days, expression of some genes related to development, stress, and immunity was affected by azadirachtin. mRNA levels of shsp, hsp90, ecdysone receptor, ultraspiracle, prophenoloxidase and hemolin were upregulated,although both ultraspiracle and hemolin were downregulated at higher doses. Levels of hsc70, hsp70 and β-1,3-glucan recognition protein were not changed. Overall, azadirachtin significantly inhibited post-embryonic development and differentially modulated gene expression patterns of P. interpunctella.