클로드 베르나르의 일반생리학 : 형성과정과 배경

한기원(HAN Ki Won) 大韓醫史學會 2010 醫史學 Vol.19 No.2

Claude Bernard, a French physiologist in the nineteenth century, strove to establish experimental physiology as a medical branch and scientific field. In 1854, he started his lecture series on general physiology at the Paris Faculty of Sciences, which was continued at the National Museum of Natural History since 1869 when Bernard’s chair was transferred from the Faculty to the Museum. At the Museum, Bernard titled his lecture series the “Phenomena of Life Common to Animals and Plants,” which revealed the main characteristic of his general physiology. At that time, physiology was generally considered a medical science which dealt only with the human body. Bernard, on the other hand, came to have the idea that physiology could study the functions of plant, animal, and human bodies in the same manner. Bernard’s lectures on general physiology had two distinct phases. At Sorbonne, general physiology was a rather speculative theoretical system. It was mainly because of the fact that he did not have a laboratory at the Faculty of Sciences. There, the lecture dealt only with animal functions, and he had no concern for plant physiology at all. After he moved to the Museum, significant changes occurred. In the new laboratory, general physiology was transformed into a truly experimental science, which dealt with both animals and plants. Protoplasm, a physiological basic unit, replaced tissue, which was basically an anatomical unit that fell short of explaining physiological phenomena. The Museum of Natural History played an important role in this transformation. At the museum, zoologists, botanists, and physiologists worked together, and the peculiar natural history tradition of the institution enabled scientists to study animals and plants at the same time. Although there existed some conflicts between experimentalists and naturalists, Bernard could wisely figure out the problem by asserting that the role of a physiologist was to disclose, by experimentation, the fundamental principles that lay behind the superficial facts of life that were already discovered by natural historians. At the Museum, Bernard could break down the distinction between the animal and plant kingdoms in the domain of experimental physiology, and it can perhaps be considered a step toward the formation of the general science of biology.

한의학 출산생리(出産生理)의 기경팔맥론(奇經八脈論) 적용에 대한 고찰

( Jeong Ah Lyu ),( Chang Hyun Jeong ) 대한한의학원전학회(구 대한원전의사학회) 2013 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.26 No.3

Subject : The application of eight extra Meridians theory to birth physiology of Korean Medicine. Objective : This study suggests physiological theories in child birth in Korean Medicine. Method : First, the application of eight extra Meridians and extraordinary organs theories to physiology, pathology, pregnancy, postnatal period of women were examined based on major publications and theories of some historical characters. This work provided clues for application of eight extra Meridians theory to birth physiology. Second, the progressing birth physiology of modern medicine based on the importance of the brain function was examined, with which the application of eight extra Meridians and extraordinary organs theories to the birth process showed close relationship. Conclusion : The following conclusions could be drawn. In traditional publications of Korean Medicine, the contents explaining birth physiology with eight extra Meridians theory were scarce, mainly due to the doctor`s perception of birth as part of the natural female physiology along with menstruation and pregnancy. However, the contents explaining menstruation, pregnancy, postnatal physiology and pathology through eight extra Meridians theory could be found in classical texts such as Neijing, Jebyeong-wonhuron, Imjeunginameuian. Therefore, it is reasonable to apply the eight extra Meridians theory to the birth process as well. Modern medicine`s understanding that pituitary and hypothalamus hormones are in play on womb in the birth process, such as Oxytocin, is in continuous progress. Moreover, the environmental condition that has been traditionally known ideal to the birth process in both the East and West-dark, warm, quiet and secluded-is being confirmed in modern research. The application of eight extra Meridians theory to birth physiology can help to explain these modern information, and thus make them more acceptable.

중등교원 임용시험 체육교과 운동생리학 문항의 출제 경향 분석

지동철(Dong Cheol Chi) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2022 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.22 No.7

목적 본 연구는 중등교원 임용시험 체육과에서 출제된 운동생리학 문항을 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 방법 연구 목적을 위해 한국교육과정평가원에서 공식적으로 공개한 2002년부터 2020년까지 19년간 출제된 총 520문항 중 운동생리학 73문항을 대상으로 문항분석틀에 맞춰 전문가 집단 회의를 걸쳐 분석을 수행하였다. 결과 첫째, 체육과에서 운동생리학의 문항 비중은 전체 520문항 중 73문항이 출제되어 14%의 비중을 차지하고 있으며, 총 배점은 1,990점 중 320.5점으로 나타나 16.1%의 비중이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 운동생리학의 세부 영역별로 생체에너지와 운동대사에서 17문항이 출제되어 출제 빈도가 가장 높게 나타났고, 호르몬에서 3문항이 출제되어 가장 출제 빈도가 낮게 나타났지만 상위 영역별로는 출제의 편중이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 첫째, 체육 교과 전공 시험에서 운동생리학의 비중이 매년 차이가 나는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 평가 영역 및 내용 요소에 대한 운동생리학 문항을 분석한 결과, 단원에 따라 문제의 출제빈도의 편차가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 한편 교과교육학 등 다른 과목과의 융합형 문항은 2011년부터 본격적으로 출제되기 시작하는 모습을 보였지만 운동생리학은 아직까지 융합형 문항이 저조한 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 운동생리학은 2004년부터 단원 간 복합형 문제가 지속적으로 출제되는 경향을 알 수 있다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 중등교원 임용시험의 운동생리학의 중요성을 알아보고, 향후 시험에서 운동생리학의 반영사항에 관한 논의를 제시하였다. Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the set questions of exercise physiology in the physical education section of the employment examination for secondary school teachers. Methods To achieve this goal, this study targeted 73 questions out of 520 set questions officially presented by the Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation for 19 years from 2002 to 2020. Results First, 73 out of 520 questions were questions about exercise physiology in the physical education section and accounted for 14%, and 320.5 points were alloted out of 1,990 points and accounted for 16.1% ratio. Second, in the case of each detailed field of exercise physiology, 17 set questions were about the bio-energy and exercise metabolism and had the highest ratio of questions. Meanwhile, 3 questions were about hormones and had the lowest ratio of questions, but there was no unequal distribution of set questions for each of the upper domains. Conclusions First, there were annual differences in the ratio of exercise physiology in the physical education subject major field examination. Second, physiology questions about evaluation and content elements were analyzed, and the findings presented a large deviation in the ratio of questions depending on the chapter. Meanwhile, convergent questions with other subjects like subject matter education started to be applied in 2011, but there is still a low ratio of convergent questions about exercise physiology. However, this study verified a trend of continuous complex questions between the chapters about exercise physiology since 2004. Based on the findings, the importance of exercise physiology in the employment examination of secondary school teachers was examined and the conditions to consider about exercise physiology in the examination hereafter were suggested.

Anismus, Physiology, Radiology: Is It Time for Some Pragmatism? A Comparative Study of Radiological and Anorectal Physiology Findings in Patients With Anismus

Umberto Pisano,Lesley Irvine,Justina Szczachor,Ahsin Jawad,Andrew MacLeod,Michael Lim 대한대장항문학회 2016 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.32 No.5

Purpose: Anismus is a functional disorder featuring obstructive symptoms and paradoxical contractions of the pelvic floor. This study aims to establish diagnosis agreement between physiology and radiology, associate anismus with morphological outlet obstruction, and explore the role of sphincteric pressure and rectal volumes in the radiological diagnosis of anismus. Methods: Consecutive patients were evaluated by using magnetic resonance imaging proctography/fluoroscopic defecography and anorectal physiology. Morphological radiological features were associated with physiology tests. A categorical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, and agreement was assessed via the kappa coefficient. A Mann-Whitney test was used to assess rectal volumes and sphincterial pressure distributions between groups of patients. A P-value of <0.05 was significant. Results: Forty-three patients (42 female patients) underwent anorectal physiology and radiology imaging. The median age was 54 years (interquartile range, 41.5–60 years). Anismus was seen radiologically and physiologically in 18 (41.8%) and 12 patients (27.9%), respectively. The agreement between modalities was 0.298 (P = 0.04). Using physiology as a reference, radiology had positive and negative predictive values of 44% and 84%, respectively. Rectoceles, cystoceles, enteroceles and pathological pelvic floor descent were not physiologically predictive of animus (P > 0.05). The sphincterial straining pressure was 71 mmHg in the anismus group versus 12 mmHg. Radiology was likely to identify anismus when the straining pressure exceeded 50% of the resting pressure (P = 0.08). Conclusion: Radiological techniques detect pelvic morphological abnormalities, but lead to overdiagnoses of anismus. No proctographic pathological feature predicts anismus reliably. A stronger pelvic floor paradoxical contraction is associated with a greater likelihood of detection by proctography.

근대전환기 서구 근대 생리학의 수용과 변용-애니 베어드 역, 『리학초권』(1908)과 안상호 역 『신편생리학교과서』(1909)를 중심으로-

오선실 ( Oh Sunsil ) 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2021 한국학연구 Vol.- No.60

근대전환기 과학교과서는 서구에서 새롭게 유입된 과학기술 지식을 수용하는 중요하는 경로 중 하나였다. 이과로 묶인 과학기술 교과들 중에서도 생리학 분야는 중등학교 교과서만 대략 6종이 번역, 출판될 정도로 관심이 높았다. 그 중 이 연구는 선교사 부인이자 숭실학교에서 직접 생물학과 생리학을 가르쳤던 생물학 교수, 애니 베어드가 번역한 『리학초권』(1908)과 한국인 최초로 일본 의사 자격을 취득한 의사, 안상호가 번역한 『신편생리학교과서』(1909)를 읽고 비교ㆍ분석함으로써, 근대전환기 서구 생리학의 수용과 변용의 양상을 추적한다. 두 권의 책은 각각 미국의 중등학교 생리학교과서와 일본의 중등학교 교과서를 번역한 책으로 애니 베어드가 약물의 위험성과 절제를 강조했다면, 안상호의 책은 인간을 꼭대기로 하는 선형적 진화론을 제시했다. 즉 신체의 구조와 작동원리를 다루는 생리학 교과서에 담긴 과학은 하나가 아니었다. 저자들은 저마다 품고 있던 근대를 교과서에 투영했고, 생리학 교과서는 서로 다른 근대가 충돌하며 새롭게 만들어지는 근대전환공간이었다. In the transition to the modern era, Science textbooks became one of the main channels for accepting Western scientific and technological knowledge despite various restrictions. Especially, the field of physiology was so interested that about six types of secondary school textbooks were translated and published. Among them, the study tracks the acceptance and transformation of modern Western physiology by analyzing the “the first edition of Physiology” (1908), translated by Annie Baird, the first Korean doctor to obtain Japanese medical license, and “New Physiology Textbook” (1909) by Ahn Sang-ho. These two books are translations of American secondary school physiology and Japanese secondary school textbooks, respectively, and if Annie Baird emphasized the dangers and moderation of drugs, Ahn Sang-ho's book suggested a linear evolutionary theory that tops humans. In other words, the Physiology textbooks dealing with the structure and operating principles of the body was not one. The authors projected a modernity they each had into the textbook, and the physiology textbook was a transition zone to the modern where different modernities collide and are newly created.

Integrative Physiology: At the Crossroads of Nutrition, Microbiota, Animal Physiology, and Human Health

Leulier, Franç,ois,MacNeil, Lesley T.,Lee, Won-jae,Rawls, John F.,Cani, Patrice D.,Schwarzer, Martin,Zhao, Liping,Simpson, Stephen J. Elsevier 2017 Cell metabolism Vol.25 No.3

<P>Nutrition is paramount in shaping all aspects of animal biology. In addition, the influence of the intestinal microbiota on physiology is now widely recognized. Given that diet also shapes the intestinal microbiota, this raises the question of how the nutritional environment and microbial assemblages together influence animal physiology. This research field constitutes a new frontier in the field of organismal biology that needs to be addressed. Here we review recent studies using animal models and humans and propose an integrative framework within which to define the study of the diet-physiology-microbiota systems and ultimately link it to human health. Nutritional Geometry sits centrally in the proposed framework and offers means to define diet compositions that are optimal for individuals and populations.</P>

Assessment of Physiological Responses for the Phobia in a Virtual Environment

Koh, Ik-Soo,Kim, Sun-I. The Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engin 2002 의공학회지 Vol.23 No.1

최근 들어 컴퓨터와 디스플레이 기술의 발달로 실제 공포 상황에서의 자극과 거의 유사한 자극을 유발할 수 있는 가상환경의 창조가 가능하게 되었으며 이러한 실제 상황에서의 노출치료 대안으로 가상현실을 이용한 공포증의 치료방법이 사용되어져 왔다. 하지만 가상환경이 공포증 환자 에게 심리적이나 생리적으로 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 가상환경 하에서 공포증환자와 정상인의 생리적 반응에 대한 평가를 함으로써 가상환경이 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하고. 또한 가상현실 치료 시에 공포증환자의 생리적 반응의 변화를 측정함으로써 치료의 성공유무를 판단할 수 있는 지표를 제시하고자 한다. 본 실험은 스물 두 명의 정상인 (평균 32.74세)과 서른여섯 명의 비행공포증 환자를 대상으로 두 그룹으로 나누어 진행되었다. 생리적 반응으로는 심박동수, 피부저항. 그리고 피부 온도를 측정하였다. 실험결과. 두 그룹에서의 피부저항은 유의한 차이(T(56)=2.978, p〈0.01)를 보였으며, 공포증 환자 그룹 중 가상현실로 공포증이 치료가 된 서른세 명의 피부저항은 치료가 진행됨에 따라 점차 정상인의 특성 쪽으로 가까워짐을 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 생리적 반응. 특히 피부저항은 가상환경에서 피험자의 상태를 이해하거나, 가상환경을 이용한 치료의 결과를 검증하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이라 사려된다. The goals of this study are twofold: To investigate non-phobics'and Phobics'Physiological response in virtual environments. and to analyze the trend of phobics' Physiology during virtual reality treatment. As a measure of Physiology. heart rate, skin resistance. and skin temperature were acquired. The data of two group subjects were analyzed: twenty-two non-Phobic subjects (M=32.94 years). thirty-six subjects with fear of flying (M=40.12 yearn) who met the DSM-lV criteria for a fear of flying. As a result. skin resistance showed significant differences between non-Photics and phobics. T(56) =2.978, P〈0.01 And the physiological responses of 33 subjects among the Phobics. who succeed to fly without medicine after virtual reality treatment, showed a gradual trend toward the non-Phobics Physiological responses as therapy sessions went on. In this study. Physiological monitoring. skin resistance appeared to be useful both in understanding the Physiological state of Phobic individuals and in evaluating the results of treatment in virtual reality Psychotherapy.

예술과 생리학

정낙림 새한철학회 2020 哲學論叢 Vol.102 No.4

The purpose of this study is to compare Nietzsche’s and Dewey's philosophy of art in terms of physiology. The idea that it is impossible to define art prevails these days. The slogans 'Everything is art' and 'Everyone is an artist' are not unfamiliar. In Warhol's 'Brillo Box', A. Danto affirms that the definition of traditional art such as imitation theory, expression theory, formalism, etc. cannot explain 'Brillo Box' as art, and he declares ' the end of art'. Danto's declaration of the end of art broke the modern boundaries of art and gave legitimacy for various artistic experiments. However, the biggest problem raised by artistic pluralism is that if everything can be art, it cannot provide a clear criterion for which art is better or superior. Here, F. Nietzsche's "Physiology of Art" and J. Dewey's "Art as Experience" attract our attention. Nietzsche finds the beginning of art in physiology, especially the Affect of intoxication. Dewey is also looking for its origins in the physical rhythm of humans facing nature. Both Nietzsche and Dewey start art from physiological conditions, but do not give up the qualitative difference in art. 본 연구의 목적은 니체와 듀이의 예술철학을 생리학의 관점에서 비교하는 것이다. 오늘날 예술을 정의하는 것이 불가능하다는 생각이 지배적이다. ‘모든 것이 예술이고’, ‘모든 사람은 예술가’라는 구호가 낯설지 않다. 미학자 단토(A. Danto)는 워홀의 ‘브릴로 상자’에서 모방론, 표현론, 형식론 등의 그 어떤 전통적 예술의 정의도 ‘브릴로 상자’를 예술로 설명할 수 없다고 단언하고, ‘예술의 종말’(The End of Art)을 선언한다. 단토의 예술의 종말 선언은 예술에 대한 근대적 경계를 허물고, 다양한 예술적 실험에 대한 정당성을 부여했다. 그런데 예술 다원주의에 제기되는 가장 큰 문제는 모든 것이 예술이 될 수 있다면, 어떤 예술이 더 좋은 혹은 탁월한 예술인지에 대한 명확한 기준을 제시할 수 없다는 것이다. 여기에서 니체(F. Nietzsche)의 ‘예술생리학’(Physiology of Art)과 듀이(J. Dewey)의 ‘경험으로서 예술’(Art as Experience)이 우리의 주목을 끈다. 니체는 예술의 출발을 생리학, 특히 도취의 정동(Affect)에서 찾는다. 듀이 역시 예술을 자연을 마주한 인간의 신체적 리듬에서 그 기원을 찾고 있다. 니체와 듀이는 모두 예술의 출발이 생리적 조건에서 시작하지만, 예술의 질적 차이를 포기하지 않는다.

이제마 사상의학에서 생리와 윤리의 상관성 연구

황인선(Hwang, In-Seon) 한국양명학회 2014 陽明學 Vol.0 No.38

동무의 사상의학은 유학사상의 심성론과 인간관에 근거하고 있지만 몸과 마음의 관계 및 몸의 본질적 특성에 관해서는 유학사상과는 구분되는 특수한 관점을 제시한다. 천이 인간에게 본성을 주었다고 보는 천인관과 마음이 몸을 주제한다고 보는 심신관은 유학사상과 사상의학의 공통점으로 사상의학이 유학사상의 기본관점을 대전제로 삼고 있음을 알 수 있는 대목이다. 그러나 신체장기 자체에 호선오악 하는 도덕적 기능이 있으며, 신체장기의 형태적 특성에 결부되는 심리적 · 생리적 특수성이 있고 이러한 특성을 네 가지로 유형화 한다는 점에서는 유학사상과는 구분된다. 또한 특정 심리의 과불급이나 치우침이 생리의 순동과 역동의 원인이 되어 발병의 원인이 된다고 보기 때문에 사상의학에서는 생리의 순동을 위해 마음의 中을 강조한다. 반면에 유학사상에서는 인격완성이라는 이상추구를 위해서 마음의 中을 강조했다. 본 논문에서는 신체장기에 호선오악의 도덕적 기능이 있다는 점과 특정심리의 과불급과 치우침이 생리를 역동하게 하여 발병하게 된다는 점, 마지막으로 생리의 순동과 역동이 도덕과 어떻게 관계 맺는 가를 분석하여 윤리와 생리의 상관성을 규명하고자 한다. 인간에게 보편적 심성이 있다는 것을 전제하면서도 장기의 특성에 따라 심리적 특성이 달라지고 사리사욕에 빠져 특정 심리가 발동하게 되면 생리를 역동하게 만들어 질병에 걸리게 된다는 동무의 관점은 생리와 윤리가 유기적 관계임을 직접적으로 규명할 수 있는 근거이다. 이를 근거로 도덕실천을 인간의 생리에 근거한 것으로 볼 때 義와 無私無慾을 통한 公의 추구는 더 이상 고원한 이상으로 볼 수 없게 된다. 도덕을 생리와 결부시켜 사유하는 새로운 관점은 현대인들의 주체적이고 자율적인 도덕실천을 증진시킬 것이다. 이를 위해서 『격치고』와『동의수세보원』에서 심성, 지행, 도덕, 생리의 개념을 살펴보고 이를 통해서 생리와 윤리의 관계성을 분석하여 도덕실천은 결국 생리에 입각한 자율적 행위이며 건강하게 장수하는 방법임을 규명하고자 한다. Medicine the spirit of the Lee, Je-Ma is based on a view of human nature and Theory of Mind of Confucian thought, but for essential characteristics of the body and the relation between body and mind, I will present a special perspective that is distinct from the Confucian thought. As a common point of medical thought and Confucian thought, medical thought, tube of mind and body and the Heaven-Human Relationship View and gave a nature to transition human is seen as a target body, the major premise the basic viewpoints of Confucian thought it is a part that can know the human nature and natural laws. However, in that there is a moral function to self-forgetfulness itself of the body, there is a psychological and physiological special lead to morphological characteristics of the carrying of the body, that typify the four types of these characteristics, Confucianism it is distinguished from the thought. In addition, since the saw and cause the onset shake and excess or deficiency of psychology of particular causes of dynamism and pure copper of physiology, in medicine of thought, to emphasize to the crease in the mind for the pure copper of physiology. On the other hand, in the Confucian thought, he emphasized the abortion of psychology for the pursuit of more complete personality. Look at the concept mind, Tomoyuki, moral, physiological and 『Gyeokchigo』and 『donguisusebowon』in order that, by analyzing the relationship of ethics and physiology through this, the practice of morality, eventually it is an act autonomous based on physiology, it is intended to investigate in that it is a method to live healthy.

일반 논문 : 데까르뜨의 생리학에서 "환각지"의 문제 -도덕학을 위한 감각과 정념의 생리학

이경희 ( Kyung Hee Lee ) 연세대학교 유럽사회문화연구소 2014 유럽사회문화 Vol.0 No.13

In Descartes``s tree of philosophy, those sciences that corresponds to fruits from which we can obtain the utility of philosophy are medicine, mechanics and morals. Descartes used the term ``medicine`` which can be applicable to medicine. Nowadays, the term which Descartes used can be understood as physiology general in many parts. He used terms like ``physiologie``, ``physiologia`` also. These sciences consist of anatomy and physiology in traditional department of medicine. These departments meant the studies of the natural and healthy parts of human beings in those days. Descartes says that ``Morals`` is the ultimate level of wisdom among those fruits, that is, sciences, in the tree of philosophy. In his moral philosophy, the final theme is the good life. He says that the key which opens the good life consists in the understanding of the mechanism of act of our body and deliberating the technology of controlling passions. The genuine moral philosopher aims at the clear understanding of the natures and limits of human beings. Because they pursue the practical benefit for the eternal and firm satisfaction. In this understanding, the most important part of human nature is related to the physiological and psychological basis of passions that occur in soul affected by the influence of the body. The studies on Descartes``s epistemology mostly concentrate on the negative parts of senses bothering the true knowledge. But Descartes actually asserts that human beings are the union of mind and body, and therefore passions and senses have the positive functions which give the important information for the judgements of what the good and the bad for the survival and health of human beings is. In Descartes, the completion of moral philosophy is closely related to his study of physiology.