전시체제하 일본의 국민학교 체련과(體錬科) 교육 ― 그 실제와 한계 ―

함예재 ( Ham¸ Yejae ) 이화여자대학교 이화사학연구소 2020 梨花史學硏究 Vol.0 No.61

On entering into the (Second) Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japanese society turned into the war footing. The Japanese Army, long been prepared for the total war, has been concerned about physical strength of young conscripts thereby the issues of reduced physical strength of the public emerged from the physical examination for conscription. Japanese Army pointed out the Japanese education as one of the causes of reduced physical strength of the public and so does the Ministry of Education that took the issue as one of major problems to be resolved. Engaged the war, the educational system was revised by which the elementary education faced the sweeping change of an introduction of elementary school cultivating Japanese nationals in 1941. Children in the elementary school were out of subjects to be mobilized for the war however they were regarded and treated as young nationals as well as valuable human resources for the future. Thus, the measures to resolve issues associated with reduced physical strength were reflected in the course of education in elementary school, and in this context, the physical training education was intensified. The time assigned to the lessons for the subject of physical training in a week, which corresponds to the course of physical education in the elementary school, had increased almost twice with changes in contents and objectives of the education. Regarding the objectives of the lessons of the subject of physical training, the physical training, as well as spiritual exercising, intended for the intensification of national power and defense strength. That is, the subject of physical training mediated the connection between mind and body of students, by which the physical body of individuals was transformed into the physical body of nation. In the course of lessons, the subject of military arts was selected as one of regular courses thereby the ‘Spirit of Japan’ emerged and consequently resulted in the systematic rearrangement in contents of physical training. However, contrary to the objectives of education of national significance presented by the Ministry of Education, the ways of receiving educational courses in the actual education field exhibited limitations. The extensively enlarged objectives and complexity of contents in lessons for the education were regarded by teachers as estranging them from actual reality. Besides, the situation, lacking resources and foods, also limited the accomplishment of educational objectives of the enhancement physical strength through physical training and education. Consequently, the solution, for the issue of reduced physical strength which exerted the intensification of education of physical training in the background, was unavailable through employment of physical training and education.

체육학연구 통섭담론과 실천과제

황인규,김동규 한국체육철학회 2014 움직임의철학 : 한국체육철학회지 Vol.22 No.3

This study looks at the background of consilience, which is currently receiving a lot of spotlight in physical education, and also looks at the criticisms on the very concept of it. It also observes research agenda for the consilience in physical education. Physical education has become established as an independent academic discipline through academization movement in the middle of twentieth century. But its overdependence on its parent discipline due to an absence of its own research paradigm built a wall and blocked communication between different subsidiary disciplines of physical education. Therefore, a consilience of subsidiary disciplines of physical education was proposed to enable communication and to eliminate boundaries. The concept of consilience by E. O. Wilson, albeit criticized for being physical reductionism, appeared as an alternative to the conventional research approach on physical education which lacked inter-discipline communication. In this context, this study takes a critical approach on the consilience of physical education and proposes academic research of physical education, definition of physical education nomenclature, reformation of academic curriculum of university-level physical education, and popular writing as research agenda for the consilience. It was observed that the awareness and perception of scholars in physical education need to be transformed in order to carry out such agenda. Hence, scholars of physical education that tend to take multidimensional approach on human motion based on their foundational knowledge of parent discipline are being required to mutually accept and respect differences in other subsidiary disciplines based on the knowledge of their own major discipline through ontological approach for the consilience of physical education. 이 연구는 체육학연구의 새로운 패러다임으로 제기되고 있는 통섭논의의 등장배경과 통섭개념에 대한 비판적 접근들을 살펴보고, 그를 기반으로 통섭적 체육학 연구를 위한 실천과제를 탐구한 내용이다. 체육학은 20세기 중반 학문화 운동을 통해 하나의 독립된 학문분야로 정착되었다. 하지만 독립된 연구방법의 부재로 인한 모학문에 대한 지나친 의존은 체육학 하위영역 간 경계의 벽을 쌓고 소통의 단절을 초래하였다. 그리하여 체육학 하위영역 간 소통과 경계허물기를 중심으로 하는 통합담론이 제기되었으며, 그 연장선에서 윌슨(E. O. Wilson)의 통섭개념은 물리적 환원주의라는 비판에도 불구하고 소통부재의 체육학연구에 대한 대안으로 부각되었다. 이러한 맥락에서 이 연구는 체육학 통섭담론에 대한 비판적 접근과 함께 통섭적 체육학 연구의 실천과제로서 학제적 연구, 체육학 명칭의 정립, 대학 체육계열학과 교육과정의 변화, 그리고 대중적 글쓰기 등을 제안하였다. 또한 이러한 통섭과제들의 실천을 위해서는 체육학자들의 인식패러다임이 전환되어야 함이 전제되어야 한다고 보았다. 즉 모학문의 기초지식을 바탕으로 인간움직임에 대한 다차원적 접근을 지향하는 체육학자들은 자신의 전공분야에 대한 전문적 지식을 바탕으로 상호간의 차이를 인정하고 존중하는‘열린 존재론적 사고’가 통섭적 체육학 연구를 위해 중요하게 요청되고 있었다.

Trend and Issues in Physical Education Teaching Practicum Research and Directions

( Byung Kweon Chang ),( Yung Sik Kim ),( Jung Il Oh ) 한국체육학회 2015 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to considerate the physical education teaching practicum research, identify trends and issues, and explore the challenges. Method: The method used in the research was literature review. The physical education teaching practicum research was searched through Research Information Sharing Service (RISS) in Korea Education and Research Information Service (KERIS). ``Teaching Practicum``, ``Physical Education`` is keyword for making 33 researches database. First categorization is about topic. Second categorization is about object, school level, method, and situation. Through categorization and analysis, this research identifies trends and issues in physical education teaching practicum research. And explore the challenges. Result: Physical education teaching practicum research was studying about 4 topics. First, ``The current and improvement direction of teaching practicum`` had least amount of research (6.06%). All research (2) was studying about elementary school, pre-service teachers, teaching practicum in general, and qualitative research. But it was not enough for identify trends and issues. Second, ``Experience of teaching practicum`` had most amount of research (42.42%). They analyzed ``Experience of pre-service teachers or cooperating teachers (10)`` or ``Teaching practicum through program (4)``. Third, research about ``Perception of teaching practicum`` (27.27%) analyzed ``Perception of pre-service teachers or cooperating teachers (7)`` or ``Psychological factors (2)``. Fourth, research about ``Analysis of teaching practicum class`` (24.24%) analyzed ``Teaching-learning behaviors (4)`` or ``Pedagogical content knowledge of physical education (4)``. Trends of physical education teaching practicum research focused on research about ``Experience of teaching practicum (42.42%)``, ``Pre-service teachers (81.82%)``, ``Qualitative research (63.64%)``, ``Teaching practicum in general (66.67%)``. On the other hand, research about ``Cooperating teachers (9.09%)``, ``Quantitative research (36.36%)``, ``teaching practicum class (33.33%)`` were few. Conclusion: Challenges of physical education teaching practicum researches are as follows. First, analysis and research about present physical education teaching practicum program is necessary. Second, comparative research between cooperating teachers and pre-service teachers is necessary. Third, analysis research about teaching practicum class is necessary. Finally, systematic program development research about physical education teaching practicum is necessary.

인문,사회과학편 : 체육의 현재와 미래의 체육: 전문성 방향

이학준(HakJunLee) 한국체육학회 2007 한국체육학회지 Vol.46 No.1

체육학은 학문성과 전문성으로 구분되기 때문에 학문성과 전문성 어느 한쪽을 소홀이 대할 수 없는 중요한 부분임에는 틀림없다. 선행연구들이 체육학의 학문성 논의에 집중되었기 때문에 이 연구에서는 체육의 전문성 방향에 초점을 두었다. 이 연구의 목적은 첫째로 국내에서 체육의 전문성 변화추이를 고찰하여 체육의 전문성에서 가치지향의 변화를 알아보는데 있다. 둘째로 미래의 체육을 알아보기 위하여 체육에서 미래의 가치지향이 무엇인지를 탐구하는데 있다. 국내에 체육학과가 설립된 이후의 체육에서 가치지향의 변화과정을 자격증이라는 전문성에 한정하여 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 보건위생가치 지향 → 교육가치 지향(체육교사) → 사회가치 지향(생활체육지도자) → 경영가치 지향(스포츠경영관리사) → 복지가치 지향(스포츠복지사)으로 개념의 틀이 변화되어 왔고 앞으로 변화될 것이다. 체육개념은 고정 불변의 개념이 아니라 사회적 흐름에 따른 변화 그 자체라고 할 수 있다. 미래의 체육개념은 복지라는 핵심어로 대변할 수 있을 것이다. 행복추구권으로서 스포츠권리를 향유되어야 한다는 측면에서 복지체육을 주목할 수 있다. The purpose of this study was to identify concept of physical education by studying certification concerning physical education. The result of this study was following that. first, profession of physical education has been influencing profoundly on human life throughout the years. The concept of physical education has been gradually changed according to value oriented paradigm. It's have been change with hygienic paradigm → education paradigm → sport for all paradigm → management paradigm → welfare paradigm. The physical education concept of future will be focus the keyword which mean welfare. It seems so obvious that the concept of physical education is value oriented of hygienic, education, sport for all in today of physical education and physical education concept of future is welfare value oriented. It is argued in this study that concept of physical education is change itself according to the years. It will play a important role in future of physical education and affect concept of physical education in future.

The Relationship among Instructional Behavior of General Physical Education, Sport commitment, and Will of Exercise Adherence in University

( Ke Liu ) 한국체육학회 2015 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Purpose: General physical education courses in university enable students to increase health, morality, and sociality just as improve the quality of life, inspiring vitality to school and social lives. Especially, it is a great meaningful that general physical education courses make students cultivate attitudes to participate physical activities spontaneously with pleasure, and it has the ground of a life-long physical education. Method: To achieve this purpose, this study selected participants taking general physical education in university in Gyonggi-do as a population and then used 557copies as the finally materials by the non-probability sampling. With collected data, frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and structural equation modeling analysis were employed by SPSS WIN VERSION 15.0 and AMOS 7 program. Result: As a result, the following findings were deducted. Firstly, according to the result of hypothesis test that instructional behavior of general physical education has an effect on sport commitment (ß=.86), hypothesis 1, ``Instructional behavior of general physical education has an effect on sport commitment,`` was accepted. Secondly, according to the result of hypothesis test that sport commitment of general physical education have an influence on will of exercise adherence (ß=.77), hypothesis 2, ``Sport commitment of general physical education has effect on will of exercise adherence,`` was accepted. Lastly, based on the result of hypothesis 1 and 2, hypothesis 3, ``Instructional behavior of general physical education have an effect on will of exercise adherence indirectly via sport commitment,`` was .66. Conclusion: In conclusion, first, instructional behavior of general physical education has influence on sport commitment. Second, sport commitment of general physical education has impact on will of exercise adherence. Third, instructional behavior of general physical education has an indirect influence on will of exercise adherence via sport commitment.

Comparison of University Physical Education between China and Foreign

( Hui Wang ) 한국체육학회 2015 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study is that through the instance of China and Foreign university physical education, keep the better part of China university physical education and to learn foreign university advanced teaching idea, to provide useful reference for university physical education reform and development in China. Method: The method used in this study is literature method. Analysis and organize situation of university physical education between China and foreign, and comparative analysis the collected information, find main different from China and foreign university physical education . Result: There were different due to national system, education system and education ideas from China and foreign. First, there were differences at the physical education organization management. Second, there were differences at the physical education curriculum. Third, there were differences at the organization and management of extra-curricular sports activities. Fourth, there were differences at institutional PE teacher appointment. Conclusion: The reform of teaching physical education curriculum is still issue in China. Research and experiment on teaching physical education curriculum model has gone through 30 years, but most of the research conducted from the perspective of educators. University education is also the industry, industrial purpose is the production competitiveness of products, or according to customer needs to provide a good service. Physical education is an important part of university education, so satisfaction of undergraduate needs and provide with the best service for the purpose of physical education. The foreign university physical education is worthy of our reference and learning, but we need conduct in-depth thinking and designed according to the situation of national and university.

입시체육의 빛과 그림자

강덕모,김태현,강유원 한국체육철학회 2010 움직임의철학 : 한국체육철학회지 Vol.18 No.1

This study was intended to make a public issue of the pending problem hidden behind physical education for college entrance and propose the scheme for coping with it. For this purpose, it attempted to analyze the situational characteristics that the examines unconsciously accepted and felt in the process of physical training for college entrance in many-angled terms. As a result, it was found that physical education for college entrance was thickly overshadowed with such problems as:ethical shadowdue to drug abuse within the sports culture of physical education for college education;shadow of body maltreatmentdue to the loss of body status arising from physical overtraining and the physical punishment culture of the private academy and its reproduction; andvaluable shadowdue to the destruction of physical-education value. To find out the cause for this cloud, this study attempted to make a comprehensive analysis of previous studies and the statements made by research participants. As a result, it is thought that‘the problem of the practical examination itself’,‘poor education of physical education in schools and indifference of public education to entrance into the department related to physical education' and the commercialization of the private academy specializing in physical education for college entrance acted as the decisive factor. Therefore, it is necessary to curtail the domain of this shadow in relation to physical education for college entrance and make bright light enter the sports culture of the examines preparing for the practical examination. For this purpose, it is necessary to achieve the‘extensive reorganization of the items for the practical examination’,‘the practice of the doping test in the process of screening for college entrance’,‘the normalization of physical education’and ‘guidance of college entrance at the school level’, and the ‘education of sports ethics for the undergraduate of the department related to physical education’. 이 연구는 입시체육의 이면에 가려진 문제 현안들을 공론화하고 이에 대한 방안을 제안할 목적으로 수험생들이 대학 진학을 위한 신체적 훈련 과정에서 무의식적으로 수용하고 느꼈던 상황적 특성을 다각적인 측면에서 접근하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 입시체육을 위한 운동문화 내에는 약물복용으로 인한 ‘윤리적 그림자’, 신체적 과훈련으로 인한 몸의 지위 상실과 학원의 체벌문화 및 재생산으로 인한 ‘몸 학대의 그림자’, 그리고 체육적 가치의 파괴로 인한 ‘가치적 그림자’가 짙게 드리워져 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 그림자의 원인을 찾기 위하여 선행연구 및 연구 참여자들의 진술을 종합적으로 분석한 결과, ‘실기고사 자체의 문제’와 ‘학교 체육교육의 부실화 및 체육관련학과 진학에 대한 공교육의 무관심’, 그리고 ‘체육입시학원의 상업화’가 결정적인 요인으로 작용하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 이에 입시체육에 있어서 이러한 그림자의 영역을 축소시키고 실기고사를 준비하는 수험생들의 운동문화에 밝은 빛이 드리워지기 위해서는 ‘실기고사 종목의 대폭적인 재편성’, ‘대학의 입학전형에 있어서 도핑 테스트를 실시’, ‘체육 교육의 정상화 및 학교 차원에서의 진학 지도’ 및 ‘체육관련학과 재학생을 대상으로 한 스포츠 윤리 교육’이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

피지컬 컴퓨팅을 활용한 초등학교 체육교과 메이커 교육의 제안 및 적용 가능성 탐색

권용철 한국초등체육학회 2024 한국초등체육학회지 Vol.29 No.4

본 연구는 초등학교 체육교과에서 적용 가능한 체육 교수학습을 위한 방법으로 피지컬 컴퓨팅을 활용한 체육교과 메이커 교육을 제안하고 적용 가능성을 제시하는 것에 목적을 두었다. 이러한 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 문헌조사를 통해 피지컬 컴퓨팅을 활용한 메이커 교육에 대한 개념에 대해 확인하고 다양한 선행연구들을 통해 초등 체육교육에서의 메이커 교육의 필요성과 함께 메이커 교육을 활용한 교수학습 방법을 제안하고 적용 가능성을 탐색하였다. 본 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 피지컬 컴퓨팅은 체육교과에서 많이 활용되는 필수적인 테크놀로지이며 체육교과 메이커 교육을 실현하기 위한 구체적인 교수학습 방법으로 팅커링(Thinkering), 만들기(Making), 활동하기(Activiting)의 과정으로 이어지는 TMA 모형을 제안하였다. 이에 따라 다음과 같이 적용 가능성을 탐색해볼 수 있었다. 첫째, 에듀테크 활용을 통해 체육교육의 영역이 확장될 수 있는 기반을 갖출 수 있게 될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 둘째, 체육교육 현장의 다양한 환경적 제약을 극복할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 셋째, 타 학교급에 비해 상대적으로 융합 교육에 대한 접근성이 유리한 초등학교의 특수성을 활용하여 융합 체육교육을 실현할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다. 넷째, 단기간의 연수를 통해 교수 능력을 신장시킬 수 있어 수업 진행을 위한 교사의 부담을 경감시킬 수 있는 프로그램임을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 다양한 체육교과 메이커 교육 프로그램 개발의 필요성, 개발된 프로그램의 활용에 대한 후속 연구, 메이커 역량 신장을 위한 교사 연수 등을 제언하였다. The purpose of this study is to propose physical education subject maker education using physical computing as a physical education teaching and learning method applicable to elementary school physical education subjects and to present its applicability. To achieve the purpose of this study, the concept of maker education using physical computing was confirmed using literature research, and through various preceding studies, maker education was proposed and applicability was suggested along with the necessity of maker education in elementary physical education. Through this study, it was possible to derive the following conclusions. Physical computing is an essential technology used a lot in physical education, and a TMA model that leads to the process of thinking, making, and activating was proposed as a specific teaching and learning method to realize physical education subject maker education. Accordingly, the applicability could be explored as follows. First, it was confirmed that the use of Edutech could provide a foundation for expanding the field of physical education. Second, it was confirmed that it could overcome various environmental constraints in the gym education site. Third, it was confirmed that convergence physical education could be realized by utilizing the accessibility to convergence education unique to elementary schools. Fourth, it was confirmed that it is a program that can reduce the burden on teachers for class progress by enhancing teaching ability through short-term training. Based on the results of this study, the necessity of developing various physical education subjects and maker education, follow-up studies on the use of developed programs, and teacher training to improve maker capabilities were suggested.

체육 교과서 활용의 난점 및 개선방안 탐색 연구

정현철 ( Jeong Hyun Chul ),윤현수 ( Youn Hyun Su ) 충남대학교 교육연구소 2020 교육연구논총 Vol.41 No.3

이 연구는 체육 교과서 활용의 난점을 파악하고 그 개선방안을 탐색하여 향후 체육 수업과 정책에 중요한 시사점을 제공하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 연구자는 전국 5개 지역 체육 교사 6인과 학생 2인, 총 8인의 면담 내용과 자료를 수집하여 결과를 도출하였다. 체육 교과서 활용에 관한 난점으로는 첫째, 체육 교과서는 단순 지식 전달에 머무는 활용으로 실제 체육 수업과의 이질성으로 소외되어 왔다. 둘째, 교사는 실천적 지식에 의존한 수업을, 학생은 흥미없고 활용되지 못하는 체육 교과서의 필요성을 인지하지 못하고 있었다. 셋째, 체육 수행평가 100% 정책을 통해 지필 평가를 대변하던 체육 교과서의 자리가 점차 사라지고 있었다. 체육교과서 활용을 위한 개선방안으로는 첫째, 교육과정과 학교 현장 특성을 고려한 체육 교과서의 다양한 범위와 내용 체계를 담은 체육 교과서로의 방향 전환이 필요하다. 둘째, 체육 교과서는 교사의 전문성 향상과 교사-학생 간 소통을 통한 신뢰를 쌓을 수 있는 교육적 의미의 학습 도구로 구성되어야 한다. 셋째, 체육 교과서가 학생의 수업 과정의 흔적과 학생의 능동적인 활동이 묻어나도록 다양한 형태와 수준으로 개발되어야 할 필요성이 제기되었다. The objective of this study is to provide the important implications for physical education policies and classes in the future by understanding problems in the physical education textbook and exploring its improvements. After obtaining consent from a total of eight people including two students and six physical education teachers in five regions of the country, a researcher interviewed the subjects and collected the data. The difficulties in the utilization of physical education textbook are as follows. First, the utilization of a physical education textbook has been isolated due to its difference from the actual physical education classes. Second, the teachers did not perceive the necessity of classes depending on practical knowledge, while the students didn’t do the necessity of physical education textbook. Third, the necessity for physical education textbook was disappearing by the 100% performance assessment policy of physical education. This paper suggests the following as improvements for the physical education textbook. First, it would be necessary to change the direction through containing diverse scopes and the contents of physical education textbook through considering the characteristics of school field and curriculum. Second, the physical education textbook should be learning tools that could help improve teacher professionalism and build up trust between the teacher and the students. Third, it would be necessary to develop diverse types and levels of physical education textbook, so that it could contain the traces of class processes and active students’ activities.

Measures to Improve Policy in terms of Human and Material Resource for Promotion of School Physical Education

( Chang Wan Yu ) 한국체육학회 2015 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Purpose: This study, which conducted the analysis of the direction of ``Promotion of school physical education`` of the current government, aimed to draw measures to improve and support policy in terms of human and material resource suiting to the direction of the policy. Method: To conduct analysis of the direction of policy to promote school physical education, this study collected basic data showing actual practice of the issue in general, and conducted questionnaire survey and interviews to review the policy based on multifaceted evidences. In order to examine the position of policy consumers, questionnaire survey was carried out among teachers and students regarding necessary human and material resource for promotion of school physical education, while interviews were done among a diverse range of physical education experts (academics, teachers and educational experts). Based on these, the study conducted multilateral analysis Result: In the prospective of implementation and support of policy to promote school physical education, reinforcement of teacher`s capabilities was found as the most crucial issue. Firstly, the study found that successful execution of policy to increase allocation of physical education teachers in elementary schools might need improving the environment of school physical education lessons, preparation of incentives to school physical education teachers, performing the training to secure their professionality. Secondly, policy to assist sports lecturers should include clear definition of their role and appropriate use of them, preparation of detailed work guide, request on government level`s assistance related with budget and administration, integration of sports lecturers-related work into the city/provincial education offices, and limits of their teaching field by differentiated lecturers` level according to their career and ability. Thirdly, in connection with material resource, since there were currently no proper connections made with the level and content as required by the policy, ways for more active cooperation should be sought. As ways to improve and support the policy, the study suggested several methods: there should be ways to use youth facilities and programs as well as financial assistance, for instance, via signing a MOU with sports organizations in local community; there should be an organization of ``School Physical Education Development Council`` (tentative name) inclusive of the government and related bodies to lead the linkage; there should be an exclusive body within the Ministry of Education to handle school physical education-related work. Conclusion: To improve the effect of policy to promote school physical education, teacher`s capability as the most important agent of school physical education must be strengthened, and for this there must follow more physical education teachers and strengthened educational capability in elementary schools. Along the way, the quality of sports lecturers must be enhanced together with improvement of their administration system. At the same time, school physical education policy must seek ways to extend financial assistance by collaboration with the school physical education-related sports organizations and community bodies.