Characterisation of a novel poly (ether ether ketone)/calcium sulphate composite for bone augmentation

Erik A. B. Hughes,Liam M. Grover 한국생체재료학회 2017 생체재료학회지 Vol.21 No.2

Background: Calcium sulphate (CS) has been used in bone grafting since the 1800s. It has not replaced autograft as the gold standard, however, since its dissolution occurs rapidly in bodily fluids, meaning that the material cannot support long-term bone growth. Here, the polymer poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) was used to slow dissolution in in vitro physiological environments and augment the mechanical properties of the material. Methods: PEEK/CS specimens were fabricated by combining powders of PEEK and CS with water, resulting in a hardening paste. To enhance physical interactions between phases, cylindrical specimens were heat-treated to melt and fuse the PEEK. Following analysis of physical and chemical interactions by SEM and FT-IR respectively, dynamic ageing in PBS and compression testing was undertaken to measure how the PEEK influenced the mechanical properties of the final parts. Changes in structure and chemistry were determined using helium pycnometry, SEM and analysis of powder XRD patterns. Results: Powders of PEEK and CS hemihydrate (CSH) (CaSO4.0.5H2O) were combined with PEEK at 0 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 20 wt%, 40 wt% and 80 wt% and at a P:L ratio of 0.85 g/mL. The subsequently hardened structures were heat-treated, which initiated the melting of PEEK and dehydration of CSD (CaSO4.2H2O) to the CS anhydrite (CSA) (CaSO4) phase, which changed colour and apparent volume. FT-IR and SEM analysis revealed heat treatment of PEEK/CS specimens facilitated both physical and chemical interactions between phases. Over a period of 21 days of ageing in PBS, the hydration of CS was determined by XRD and improved specimen longevity at all levels of PEEK wt% loading was measured compared with the control. Importantly, increasing PEEK wt% loading resulted in a marked increase in the mechanical properties of PEEK/CS specimens in terms of both compressive strength and modulus. Conclusions: Reinforcement of CS with PEEK significantly enhanced in vitro dissolution resistance, in addition to enhancing mechanical properties. This composite therefore has significant future potential as a bone graft replacement.

Evaluation of Bone-union Efficiency of collagen coated Peek Using beagle dog

Rae-Hyung Ryu,Sang Woo Kim,Seon Won Lee,Do Hyun Lee,Eun Hee Kim 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7

Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that reduce patient pain by relieving nerve compression due to disc degeneration. This procedure restores the disk height of the lowered intervertebral disc due to degeneration and fixes the movement of the vertebral segments in the lesion by inserting an implant in the spinal segment of the patient. However, there is a side effect that the patient’s postoperative recovery rate is slow and the movement of the lesion segment is not fixed effectively because of the delayed union between the inserted intervertebral body and the vertebra. In order to improve these problems, Jeil Medical Co, Ltd developed a product that coated the surface of PEEK with collagen and Osong Medical Innovation Foundation Laboratory Animal Center (KBIO-LAC) applied it to the tibia of beagle to evaluate its effectiveness. At 5 and 10 weeks after transplantation the tibia bone was removed and micro-CT and histology analysis were performed. Results of micro-CT analysis showed the BMD and bone volume of liquid collagen coated PEEK implants area were higher than those of other implants area at 5 and 10 weeks. Histological analysis of bone stained with Villanueva showed that the distribution of bone formation was greater in the periphery of the HA-blasting PEEK than in the periphery of the bare PEEK at 4 weeks of transplantation, and the density of the peripheral bone tissue of the HA-blasting PEEK at 8 weeks was higher than that of the bare PEEK. As a result, the effectiveness of HA blasting PEEK was confirmed, and it was found that the peripheral bone tissue was formed relatively better than bare PEEK.

다양한 코팅 처리에 의한 PEEK 추간체유합보형재의 생체 활성 표면에 관한 연구

노수빈,박수지,이문환 한국표면공학회 2023 한국표면공학회지 Vol.56 No.4

In this study, the surface of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) disks was modified to have a hydrophilic surface by applying a coating of Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Hyaluronic acid(HA), and Poly-Dopamine(PDA). The investigation aimed to examine whether the coated surfaces showed enhanced bioactivity for orthopedic applications compared to the pure PEEK. The microstructure, surface characteristics, and wettability of PEEK coated with PEG, HA, and PDA were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), FT-IR spectrophotometer, Roughness Measurement System, Micro-Vickers, and Contact angle measurement. The mechanical properties were analyzed using a tensile testing machine, while the MTT assay for cell activity was analyzed using a microplate reader to measure optical density. According to the SEM and FT-IR results, the composition and crystal structure of PEG, HA and PDA coated surface were verified. Also, roughness, hardness, and contact angle were all improved in the coating group compared to the pure PEEK. We checked the HepG2 cell proliferation by using MTT assay on 7th days. In MTT assay results, HepG2 cell proliferation was increased with time, at 7 days, cell viability on discs coated with PDA was significantly higher than pure PEEK, PEG, HA coated group. PDA coated PEEK exhibited the highest surface roughness, hardness, contact angle, and cell activity. The mechanical properties were not affected by the presence of the coating.

티타늄과 탄소 섬유 강화 PEEK로 구성된 요추 유합술용 연결봉의 의공학적 영향에 대한 비교 분석

서혜성 ( Hye-Sung Seo ),강해성 ( Hae-seong Kang ),전흥재 ( Houng-jae Chun ) 한국복합재료학회 2021 Composites research Vol.34 No.3

요추에 퇴행이 발생하였을 때 이를 치료하기 위해 요추 유합술이 시행된다. 유합술은 척추체 사이의 추간판을 제거하고 뼈 그래프트 등을 삽입하여 굳혀 하나 이상의 분절을 완전히 고정시켜 척추의 안정성을 복원한다. 둘 이상의 척추체가 단단히 유합될 수 있게끔 척추체를 고정하는 수단으로 척추경 나사못과 연결봉이 환자의 체내에 삽입된다. 본 연구에서는 중증 요추 퇴행성 질환의 치료에 쓰이는 척추 유합술에서 사용하는 척추경 나사못 구조물이 적용된 총 7개의 환자 맞춤형 요추 유한 요소 모델을 생성하였다. 생성한 모델에 각각 티타늄과 CFR-PEEK로 구성된 연결봉을 구성하였다. 척추의 4가지 대표적 거동에 대해 유한요소해석과 통계적 분석을 진행하여 연결봉의 재질이 척추 상태에 미치는 의공학적 영향을 조사하였다. 인접 분절의 추간판 내 압력과 각 분절의 관절 구동 범위가 의공학적 영향을 확인하기 위한 지표로 사용되었다. 연결봉에 CFR-PEEK를 사용한 경우 Ti 연결봉에 비해 인접 분절의 추간판 내 압력은 감소하였고 각 분절의 관절 구동 범위는 증가하였다. 그러나 모든 하중 조건에서 통계학적으로 유의미한 경향성 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. The lumbar spinal fusion is a treatment performed to restore the stability of the degenerated lumbar. In this study, the intervertebral discs between two or more segments are removed and a bone graft is inserted to harden the segments. The pedicle screw system is inserted to vertebral bodies to fix two or more segments so that they can be firmly fused. In this study, a total of 7 patient-specific lumbar finite element models were created and pedicle screw systems were installed. The connecting rods made of titanium and CFR-PEEK was inserted to the generated models. Finite element analysis was conducted for four representative spine behaviors and statistical analysis was performed to investigate the biomechanical effects by the material properties of connecting rods. The intradiscal pressure of adjacent segments and the range of motion of the joints of each segment were investigated. In the subjects who used CFR-PEEK instead of Ti for connecting rods, the intradiscal pressure of adjacent segments tend to decrease and the range of motion of each segment tend to increase. However, no statistically significant difference in tendency was observed under all loading conditions.

Poly과 열방성액정 고분자 블렌드의 열적 성질에관한연구

김명섭 한국유변학회 1995 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.7 No.3

스크류 압출기로 제조한 poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)과 p-hydroxy benzoic acid/poly(ethylene tere-phthalate) (HBA/PET)의 공중합체인 열방성 액정 고분자의 블렌드 를 전조성에 대하여시차 주사 열분석기 (DSC)와 주사전자현미경(SEM)을 이용하여 연구하 였다. 측정된 유리전이 온도와 유리전이 온도에서의 열용량 증가분으로부터 PEEK가 액정고 분자에 녹아들어가는 양보다 액정 고분자가 PEEK에 녹아들어가는 양이 더 많음을 알수 있 었다. 고분자-고분자상호작용계수($\chi$12)값은 35$0^{\circ}C$에서 0.069$\pm$0.004이었고, 짝상에서 액정고 분자의 degree of disorder는 PEEK의 질량분율이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 블렌드에서 PEEK의 결정화에 액정 고분자는 거의 영향을 주지않았고 액정 고분자의 결정화 역시 PE 따에 영향을 받지 않았다. 모폴로지연구에서는 액정 고분자를 PEEK에 10%첨가시에 PEEK 의 메트릭스상에서 액정 고분자가 신장된 타원형을 형성하였으며 액정 고분자를 20% 첨가 시에는 액정 고분자가 섬유상구조를 가지고 있었다.

추체간 PEEK 케이지와 자가 장골 이식을 이용한 단분절 경추 전방 유합술의 결과

이상훈(Sang-Hun Lee),석경수(Kyung-Soo Suk),김기택(Ki-Tack Kim),이정희(Jung-Hee Lee),서은민(Eun-Min Seo),임양선(Yang-Sun Im) 대한정형외과학회 2009 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.44 No.1

목적: 경추 추간판 절제술 및 자가 삼면 피질골을 이용한 전방 유합술은 경추 퇴행성 추간판 질환에서 그 유용성이 입증된 수술방법이나 골이식 공여부의 이환이 임상결과를 좋지 않게 만드는 요인이었던 바 이를 해결하기 위한 방법으로 자가 장골에서 소량의 해면골만을 얻어 골유합을 이루는 추체간 케이지가 사용되어 왔으나 그 임상적 결과에 대한 보고는 드물다. 저자들은 polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 케이지를 사용한 단분절 경추 전방유합술의 방사선 및 임상적 결과를 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: PEEK재질인 Solis<SUP>®</SUP>케이지(Stryker spine, South Allendale, NJ, USA)와 자가장골에서 채취한 해면골을 이용한 전방 유합술을 시행 받은 환자 38예를 대상으로 하였으며, 방사선학적으로 수술 분절의 추간판 간격의 변화, 케이지의 종판내 함몰(subsidence), 골유합의 여부, 경추부 시상정렬 변화를 측정하였고, 경부통, 상지 통증 및 골이식 공여부의 동통 및 Odom의 기준을 이용해 임상결과 및 합병증을 분석하였다. 결과: 추간판 간격은 평균 1.1 ㎜의 간격소실을 보였으며, 2 ㎜이상의 케이지 종판내 함몰은 17예(44.7%)에서 나타났고 이들의 평균 종판내 함몰은 3.09 ㎜였다. 술후 12주에 95%의 골유합율을 보였으며, 수술 전후로 경추부 시상정렬의 의미 있는 변화는 없었다. 경부통과 상지의 통증은 전 예에서 호전을 보였으며 골이식 공여부의 통증은 최종 추시 시 9예에서만 경미한 불편감을 호소하였다. 결론: 추체간 PEEK 케이지와 자가골 이식을 이용한 단분절 경추 전방 유합술은 골이식 공여부의 합병증을 최소화할 수 있었으며, 우수한 골유합 및 임상증상의 호전을 나타내었다. 단 수술 후 나타나는 케이지의 종판 내 함몰에 대하여는 관련 요인에 대한 분석을 통한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. Purpose: Anterior cervical fusion with a tricortical iliac bone graft is a well established procedure for treating degenerative cervical spine disease. An interbody cage has been used to prevent donor site morbidity but there are few reports on the clinical and radiological outcome. Materials and Methods: Thirty eight patients, who underwent single level ACDF with PEEK interbody Solis<SUP>®</SUP>cage (Stryker spine, South Allendale, NJ, USA), were enrolled in this study. This study evaluated Odom's criteria and visual analogue scale (VAS) for the neck, arm and donor site pain, and the radiological findings, including the disk height, cage subsidence, and sagittal alignment of cervical spine. Results: The mean disk height loss was 1.1 ㎜ during the follow up period. Case subsidence >2 ㎜ developed in 17 cases (44.7%). The mean subsidence of this group was 3.09 ㎜. The bone union rate was 95% at 12 weeks. There was no significant change in the sagittal alignment of the cervical spine. The VAS for neck, arm, and donor site pain improved all cases. Only 9 patients complained of mild discomfort at the donor site Conclusion: Single-level ACDF using PEEK interbody cage has a lack of donor site morbidity, excellent clinical outcomes and bone union. However, more study of the factors related to postoperative cage subsidence will be needed.

Study of dry friction characteristics of silicon nitride full ceramic ball bearing with PEEK-based cage

Jian Sun,Zhe Zhang,Zhongxian Xia,Xin Fang,Renyun Guan,Guangxiang Zhang,Jinmei Yao 한양대학교 청정에너지연구소 2023 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.24 No.3

In order to investigate the influence of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and its composite cage on the dry friction characteristicsof silicon nitride all-ceramic ball bearings, this paper firstly conducted a theoretical analysis of silicon nitride deep groove ballbearings subjected to radial load under dry friction conditions, and then conducted dry friction tests and simulation studieson PEEK, CF30 and PVX cage silicon nitride full ceramic ball bearings. The test results show that the temperature rise ofCF30 and PVX cage bearings is higher than that of PEEK cage bearings; the relationship between the root mean square valueof vibration of PEEK, CF30 and PVX cage bearings is PEEK cage bearings > CF30 cage bearings > PVX cage bearings; thesimulation model has good accuracy; Surface morphology analysis of the PVX cage bearing after the test show that thetransfer film has the effect of wear reduction and lubrication on the bearing. The results of the study have positive significancefor the research of transfer film lubricated bearings and the selection of cage materials.

PEEK/HPA를 이용한 수전해용 저온형 고체고분자 전해질막의 제조

강안수,황갑진,배기광,심규성,이혁재,정윤교,장인영 한국수소및신에너지학회 2005 한국수소 및 신에너지학회논문집 Vol.16 No.1

Until recently, only perfluorinated ionomer membrane such as Nafion and Aciflex practically could be successfully used in water splitting. However, these membrane are limited by high cost and loss of membrane performance such as proton conductivity at elevated temperature above 80 . The sulfonated aromatic polymers such as PEEK and PSf, polyimides, and polybenzimidazoles are expected to have lower production cost as well as satisfactory chemical and electrochemical properties. HPAs and sulfonated polymers could have a significant influence on water electrolysis performance at elevated temperatures above 80 ℃, but these phenomena have received relatively little attention until now. Therefore, it would be desirable to investigate the interrelation between the HPA and sulfonated polymer, such as SPEEK, The SPEEK membrane were prepared by the sulfonation of PEEK, and HPA was blended with SPEEK to increase the mechanical strength and electrochemical characteristics. As a results, electrochemical characteristics such as proton conductivity and ion exchange capacity were improved with the addion of 0.5 g HPA. And the properties of polymer electrolyte, SPEEK/HPA were better than Nafion membrane at elevated temperature above 80 ℃

CMP용 리테이닝 링의 재질이 웨이퍼의 연마성능에 미치는 영향

박기원(Ki-Won Park),김은영(Eun-young Kim),박동삼(Dong-Sam Park) 한국기계가공학회 2020 한국기계가공학회지 Vol.19 No.3

This paper investigates the effects of retaining ring materials, particularly PPS and PEEK, used in the CMP process, on wafer polishing and ring wear. CMP can be performed using bonded type retaining rings made with PPS or injection molding type retaining rings made with PEEK. In this study, after polishing a wafer with a PPS retaining ring, the average profile height of the wafer was 0.098 μm less than that of the wafer polished with a PEEK retaining ring, implying that PPS retaining rings achieve a higher polishing rate. In addition, the center area of the wafer profile had less deviation and improved flatness after polishing with the PPS ring. These results indicate that a higher polishing rate and smaller profile height deviation can be achieved using retaining rings made with PPS compared to retaining rings made with PEEK. Therefore, with semiconductor circuit patterns becoming finer and wafer sizes becoming larger, the use of PPS in CMP retaining rings can obtain more stable wafer polishing results compared to that of PEEK.

PEEK 소재용 바이오 메디컬 3D 프린팅 장비 개발 및 최적 공정 연구

김민하(Min-Ha Kim),이현아(Hyunah Lee),김동수(Dong-Soo Kim) 대한기계학회 2019 대한기계학회 논문집. Transactions of the KSME. C, 산업기술과 혁신 Vol.7 No.2

이 연구의 목표는 생채적합성이 뛰어난 PEEK 소재를 이용한 PBF 타입의 3D 프린팅 장비 개발 및 최적의 공정 조건을 결정하는 것이다. 최적 공정 조건에 대해 레이어 두께, 레이저 파워, 스캔 스피드와 스캔 스페이스, 빌드룸 온도를 달리하여 실험을 진행하였다. 본 실험을 통해 340℃의 빌드룸 온도, 스캔 속도 1,000㎜/s, 스캔 간격 0.3㎜, 적층 두께 0.12㎜, 레이저 파워 6.8W의 공정 조건을 도출하였다. 이를 바탕으로 시편을 제작하여 물성실험을 한 결과 인장강도 95MPa, 형상정밀도 x축 236㎛, y축 171㎛, z축 42㎛, 표면거칠기 10 ~ 45㎛로 나타났다. 인장강도는 뛰어나지만 형상정밀도와 표면거칠기는 목표치에 충족하지 못했는데, 이는 PEEK소재의 입자 모양이 다각형 구조로 공정조건 확립에 상당한 어려움을 가지고 있기 때문이다. 따라서 형상정밀도 및 표면거칠기를 향상시키기 위한 추가 공정 연구를 진행할 계획이다. The goal of the study is to determine the optimal process conditions for developing PBF type 3D printing equipment using PEEK materials, due to its high biocompatibility. For optimal process conditions, experiments were conducted with different layers of thickness, laser power, scan speed and spacing, and temperature in the bed and chamber. Due to the burning of materials, low laser power is still being produced. But, based on previous experiments, it is plan to carry out process research that reduces working time with high laser power.