Application of Non-photochemical Quenching on Screening of Osmotic Tolerance in Soybean Plants

Sei Joon Park(박세준),Hyun Hee Kim(김현희),Tae Seok Ko(고태석),Myong Yong Shim(심명룡),Sung Yung Yoo(유성녕),So Hyun Park(박소현),Tae Gyeong Kim(김태경),Ki Cheol Eom(엄기철),Sun Hee Hong(홍선희),Tae Wan Kim(김태완) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.3

한발과 염 스트레스에 대한 콩의 저항성 검정에 있어서 Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)을 적용하기 위하여, 저항성 콩 (신팔달콩 2호)와 대조구 콩 (태광콩)을 이용하여 제한적 관수 (50 m/pot/day) 와 염 (200 mmol NaCl) 처리를 한 후, 엽록소 형광반응의 변수, maximum efficiencies of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm), efficiencies of photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII), NPQ와 CO₂ 동화율 (PN) 을 측정하였다. 콩 두 품종의 엽 수분포텐셜은 한발처리에서 -0.2 MPa에서 -0.8 MPa로, 염처리에서는 -0.7 MPa에서 -1.7 MPa로 감소하였다. 염처리에서 엽 수분함량의 감소는 신팔달콩 2호에서 적었다. 두 품종 모두 엽의 수분포텐셜이 감소함에 따라 Fv/Fm 은 변화가 없었으며, ΦPSII 와 PN 는 감소하였다. NPQ의 경우, 신팔달콩 2호은 한발과 염처리에 모두에서 반응이 나타난 반면, 태광콩에서는 한발처리에서만 나타났다. 두 품종의 모든 처리에서 ΦPSII 와 PN간에 정의 상관 관계를 보였으나, PN 의 감소에 대한 ΦPSII 의 감소 정도가 신팔달콩 2호에서 적었다. 또한 삼투처리에 따른 ΦPSII 의 감소와 NPQ의 증가는 신팔달콩 2호에서만 나타나 ΦPSII 와 NPQ 간의 부의 관계가 유지된 반면, 태광콩에서는 염처리에서 이들간의 연관성이 없었다. 따라서 본 연구는 삼투 저항성의 검정에 있어서 엽록소 형광반응의 단일변수(Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, 및 NPQ)의 이용보다 ΦPSII 와 NPQ 의 상호관계 분석이 더 유효한 것을 제시하였다. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) values for utilizing them to detect osmotic tolerance in plants were examined with two different soybean cultivars, an osmotic tolerant soybean (Shinpaldalkong 2) and a control soybean (Taekwangkong). Two different stresses were applied to the cultivars as the restricted irrigations of 200 and 50 ml water pot<SUP>-1</SUP> d<SUP>-1</SUP> for 5 days for a control and a drought stress, respectively, and a sodium chloride solution of 200 mmol for 6 days for a salt stress. The intact leaves of the two cultivars after treatment were used to measure chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, maximum efficiencies of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm), efficiencies of photosystem II photochemistry (ΦPSII), CO₂ assimilation rate (PN), and NPQ. Leaf water potentials of the two cultivars decreased from ? 0.2 to ? 0.8MPa by a drought treatment and from ? 0.7 to ? 1.7MPa by a salt treatment. Leaf water content of Shinpaldalkong 2 after a salt treatment was less decreased than that of Taekwangkong. Fv/Fm values of both cultivars were not changed, while ΦPSII and PN were decreased proportionally to leaf water potential decrease. The response of NPQ was occurred in Shinpaldalkong 2 under the drought and salt stresses. With Taekwangkong cultivar, only drought stress referred NPQ response. The cultivar differences on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were found in the relationships between ΦPSII and PN, and between NPQ and ΦPSII. Although the positive relationships between ΦPSII and PN were established on all treatments of both cultivars, the decreasing rate of ΦPSII to PN was smaller in Shinpaldalkong 2 than Taekwangkong. The NPQ was increased according to the decrease of ΦPSII by osmotic treatments in Shinpaldalkong 2. The complementary relationships between NPQ and ΦPSII were well maintained at all treatments in Shinpaldalkong 2, while these relationships were lost at a salt treatment in Taekwangkong. Taken together, the results suggest that analysis of complementary relationships between ΦPSII and NPQ could be more valuable and applicable for determining osmotic tolerance than single analysis of each parameter such as Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and NPQ.

Reaction Centre Quenching of Excess Light Energy and Photoprotection of Photosystem 2

( Alexander G. Ivanov ),( Vaughan Hurry ),( Prafullachandra V. Sane ),( Gunnar Oquist ),( Norman P. A. Huner ) 한국식물학회 2008 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.51 No.2

In addition to the energy dissipation of excess light occurring in PSII antenna via the xanthophyll cycle, there is mounting evidence of a zeaxanthin-independent pathway for non-photochemical quenching based within the PSII reaction centre (reaction centre quenching) that may also play a significant role in photoprotection. It has been demonstrated that acclimation of higher plants, green algae and cyanobacteria to low temperature or high light conditions which potentially induce an imbalance between energy supply and energy utilization is accompanied by the development of higher reduction state of QA and higher resistance to photoinhibition (Huner et al., 1998). Although this is a fundamental feature of all photoautotrophs, and the acquisition of increased tolerance to photoinhibition has been ascribed to growth and development under high PSII excitation pressure, the precise mechanism controlling the redox state of QA and its physiological significance in developing higher resistance to photoinhibition has not been fully elucidated. In this review we summarize recent data indicating that the increased resistance to high light in a broad spectrum of photosynthetic organisms acclimated to high excitation pressure conditions is associated with an increase probability for alternative non-radiative P680+QA- radical pair recombination pathway for energy dissipation within the reaction centre of PSII. The various molecular mechanisms that could account for non-photochemical quenching through PSII reaction centre are also discussed.

Investigating energy partitioning during photosynthesis using an expanded quantum yield convention

Ahn, T.K.,Avenson, T.J.,Peers, G.,Li, Z.,Dall'Osto, L.,Bassi, R.,Niyogi, K.K.,Fleming, G.R. Elsevier Science Publishers [etc.] 2009 Chemical physics Vol.357 No.1

In higher plants, regulation of excess absorbed light is essential for their survival and fitness, as it enables avoidance of a build up of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species. Regulation processes (known as non-photochemical quenching; NPQ) can be monitored by steady-state fluorescence on intact plant leaves. Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence have been used for over 20 years to evaluate the amount of NPQ and photochemistry (PC). Recently, a quantum yield representation of NPQ (Φ<SUB>NPQ</SUB>), which incorporates a variable fraction of open reaction centers, was proposed by Hendrickson et al. [L. Hendrickson, R.T. Furbank, W.S. Chow, Photosynth. Res. 82 (2004) 73]. In this work we extend the quantum yield approach to describe the yields of reversible energy-dependent quenching (Φ<SUB>qE</SUB>), state transitions to balance PC between photosystems II and I (Φ<SUB>qT</SUB>), and photoinhibition quenching associated with damaged reaction centers (Φ<SUB>qI</SUB>). We showed the additivity of the various quantum yield components of NPQ through experiments on wild-type and npq1 strains of Arabidopsis thaliana. The quantum yield approach enables comparison of Φ<SUB>qE</SUB> with data from a variety of techniques used to investigate the mechanism of qE. We showed that Φ<SUB>qE</SUB> for a series of A. thaliana genotypes scales linearly with the magnitude of zeaxanthin cation formation, suggesting that charge-transfer quenching is largely responsible for qE in plants.

Chilling Tolerance of Photosynthesis in Plants is Dependent on the Capacity to Enhance the Levels of the Xanthophyll Cycle Pigments in Response to Cold Stress

김현주,강인순,이신범,이춘환,조성호,문병용,Kim, Hyun-Ju,Kang, In-Soon,Lee, Chin-Bum,Lee, Choon-Hwan,Cho, Sung-Ho,Moon, Byoung-Yong 한국광과학회 2005 Journal of Photosciences Vol.12 No.1

Plants possess the ability to dissipate the excitation energy for the protection of photosynthetic apparatus from absorbed excess light. Heat dissipation is regulated by xanthophyll cycle in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. We investigated the mechanistic aspects of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection against low-temperature photoinhibition in plants. Using barley and rice as chilling-resistant species and sensitive ones, respectively, chilling-induced chlorophyll fluorescence quenching, composition of xanthophyll cycle pigments and mRNA expression of the zeaxanthin epoxidase were examined. Chilled barley plants exhibited little changes in chlorophyll fluorescence quenching either of photochemical or non-photochemical nature and in the photosynthetic electron transport, indicating low reduction state of PS II primary electron acceptor. In contrast to the barley, chilled rice showed a marked decline in those parameters mentioned above, indicating the increased reduction state of PS II primary electron acceptor. In addition, barley plants were shown to have a higher capacity to elevate the pool size of xanthophyll cycle pigments in response to cold stress compared to rice plants. Such species-dependent regulation of xanthophyll cycle activity was correlated with the gene expression level of cold-induced zeaxanthin epoxidase. Chilled rice plants depressed the gene expression of zeaxanthin epoxidase, whereas barley increased its expression in response to cold stress. We suggest that chilling-induced alterations in the pool size of xanthophyll cycle pigments related to its capacity would play an important role in regulating plant's sensitivity to chilling stress.

눈향나무와 시로미 잎의 엽록소형광 특성

강연심,고정군,진국림,오순자,고석찬 제주대학교 생명과학연구소 1999 제주생명과학연구 Vol.2 No.-

The characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence were studied in the leaves of Sargent juniper (Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii) and crowberry (Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum) under natural field conditions. The photochemical efficiency of photosystemⅡ(PSⅡ), Fv/Fm, was slightly lower in the leaves of Sargent juniper than in those of crowberry, and the non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ) was higher in the leaves of Sargent juniper. In both species, the Fv/Fm values decreased temporarily at midday. This midday photoinhibition was more severe in Sargent juniper than in crowberry. Between Fv/Fm and environmental factors, there was no significant relationship with any factor in Sargent juniper leaves, while there were significant relationships with all factors in crowberry leaves. These results suggest that Sargent juniper has the mechanism for protecting or avoiding the photodamage although it is more sensitive to environmental changes than crowberry.

Detection of Temperature Stress Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters and Stress-related Chlorophyll and Proline Content in Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) Seedlings

Shiva Ram Bhandari,Yong Hyeon Kim,Jun Gu Lee 한국원예학회 2018 원예과학기술지 Vol.36 No.5

Thirty three-day-old paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings were grown under different temperature conditions (low: 10°C, moderate: 25°C, and high: 35°C) in a closed plant production system for 32 days and their chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence and growth parameters, and Chl and proline contents were measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 days after the initiation of treatment. Minimal fluorescence (F0) sharply increased from 8 days and continued until the end of the experimental period under all three temperature treatments, with the highest increase at the low temperature condition. Maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and the efficiency of excitation capture of open photosystem II (PSII) center (F’v/F’m) significantly decreased at low temperature compared with those at moderate and high temperatures. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the ratio of the fluorescence decrease (Rfd) were significantly affected, particularly at the high temperature, followed by the low and moderate temperatures; quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation in PSII (ϕNO) increased under all treatments. Furthermore, Chl content showed a relatively greater decrease at the low temperature compared to the high temperature throughout the experiment; moderate temperature showed a stable chlorophyll content throughout the experiment. Proline concentration increased significantly at the high and low temperatures, but not under moderate temperature. Plant height and shoot and root weight were the lowest at the low temperature. Overall, our results suggest that paprika plants were more severely affected by low temperature than high temperature with respect to photosynthetic activity as well as growth, which was significantly slowed at low temperature.

Effects of in Planta Gamma-Irradiation on Growth, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidative Capacity of Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Plants

( Jin Hong Kim ),( Byung Yeoup Chung ),( Jae Sung Kim ),( Seung Gon Wi ) 한국식물학회 2005 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.48 No.1

We investigated the effects of low-dose in planta irradiation on red pepper plants treated with gamma rays of 2, 4, 8, and 16 Gy. Growth was stimulated at 2 and 4 Gy but inhibited at 8 and 16 Gy. Photochemical quenching (qP) increased slightly in all treatment groups for 1 d after irradiation (DAI), whereas non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) decreased more noticeably. These changes in qP and NPQ were transient and had almost recovered to the control level by 2 DAI. Although carotenoid pigments also fluctuated during the experimental period, chlorophylls were almost entirely insensitive to the gamma rays. Irradiation also partially protected leaves from a decrease in photo-chemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) under conditions of UV-B (2.2 W m^(-2)) and high light intensity (800 μmol m^(-2) s^(-1)). This enhanced stress resistance could be partly explained by higher levels of SOD and APX activities, as well as ascorbate content. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the carotenoid pigments are the most radio-sensitive and fastest recovering compounds in plants, and that SOD, APX, and ascorbate are important inducible factors for improving stress resistance through the use of in planta gamma-irradiation.

Application of Chlorophyll Fluorescence as a Useful Tool for Evaluating the Influence of a Gamma Ray on Some Horticultural Crops

Jin-Hong Kim(김진홍),Yu Ran Moon(문유란),Min Hee Lee(이민희),Tae Hoon Kim(김태훈),Ju-Woon Lee(이주운),Byung Yeoup Chung(정병엽) 한국원예학회 2010 원예과학기술지 Vol.28 No.1

With the data reported in this paper, we demonstrate how the chlorophyll fluorescence analysis can be utilized in evaluating the influence of gamma rays on plants. When seedlings of five horticultural vegetables, Chinese cabbage, cucumber, tomato, lettuce, and red pepper, were irradiated with an acute dose of 50 Gyㆍh?¹ for 4 h, they didn’t show noticeable changes in the phenotype and the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, Fv/Fm. However, the performance index (PI) of photosynthesis which is based on the OJIP induction kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence, was decreased in the irradiated leaves of all the plant species tested, especially in those of tomato and red pepper. Similarly, the buildup of the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) was suppressed by the gamma irradiation. The marked inhibition of the NPQ in the irradiated leaves of cucumber, tomato, and pepper was easily distinguishable in the respective chlorophyll fluorescence images. These data suggest that the PI and NPQ are radiation-sensitive biological parameters applicable to the plant ecological monitoring of natural or artificial radiation environments.

자외선-B 스트레스에 대한 담배 잎의 광합성 능의 변화

이혜연 ( Hae Youn Lee ),박연일 ( Youn Il Park ),홍영남 ( Young Nam Hong ) 한국환경농학회 2007 한국환경농학회지 Vol.26 No.3

The effect of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on photosynthesis was studied by the simultaneous measurements of O2 evolution and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence in tobacco leaves. When the tobacco leaves were treated with UV-B (1 W·m-2), the maximal photosynthetic O2 evolution (Pmax; 4.60 μmol·m-2·s-1) at 200 μmol·m-2·s-1 was decreased with increasing time of UV-B treatment, showing 80% decline after 4 h treatment. Chl fluorescence parameters were also affected by ultraviolet-B. Fo was increased while both Fm and Fv were decreased, resulted in the decreased of photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm). Non-radiative dissipation of absorbed light as heat as estimated as NPQ (Fm/Fm`-1) was also decreased with increasing time of UV-B treatment, while the extent of photochemical quenching (qP) was not changed. Thus, the ratio of (1-qP)/NPQ parameter was also increased with increasing time of UV-B treatment, indicating PSII is under the threat of photoinhibition. The results indicate that UV-B primarily decreases the capacity to dissipate excitation energy by trans-thylakoid pH, which in turn inhibits PSII activity.

차광처리에 따른 수리취의 광합성 관련 특성 변화

이경철,노희선,김종환,안수용,한상섭 한국약용작물학회 2012 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.20 No.5

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic parameters, and leaf growth of Synurus deltoides under different shading treatments. S. deltoides was grown under non-treated (full sunlight) and three different shading conditions (Shaded 88~93%, 65~75%, and 45%~55%). Light compensation point (Lcomp), dark respiration (Dresp), maximum photosynthesis rate (Pnmax), photo respiration rate (Presp), carboxylation efficiency (Φcarb), and photochemical efficiency were decreased with increasing shading level; However, CO2 compensation point (CO2 comp), total chlorophyll content, and specific leaf area (SLA) were shown the opposite trend. S. deltoides under 88~93% treatment showed the lowest photosynthetic activity such as maximum photosynthetic rate (Pnmax), photochemical efficiency, and CO2 compensation point (CO2 comp). Therefore, photosynthetic activity will be sharply decreased with a long period of 8~12% of full sunlight. With the shading level decreased, carotenoid content and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ) increased to prevent excessive light damage. This result suggested that growth and physiology of S. deltoides adapted to high light intensity through regulating its internal mechanism.