철도부지를 활용한 뉴욕 허드슨 야드의 입체복합개발

김준연 ( Junyon Kim ) 한국공간디자인학회 2019 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.14 No.7

(연구배경 및 목적) 도시를 중심으로 발전해 온 입체복합개발은 도시공간을 복합적, 입체적 이용이 가능하도록 하였다. 특히 일본 동경의 롯본기힐스, 미드타운, 후쿠오카의 커넬시티, 프랑스 파리의 라데팡스 등 많은 선진국들은 도시의 효율적 이용을 위해 복합적이고 입체적인 도시개발기법을 활용하여 왔다. 철도부지의 입체복합개발은 대중교통 접근성의 확보와 함께 부지취득이 용이하여 철도부지를 활용한 입체복합개발이 활성화되는 계기가 되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 최근에 공개한 미국 뉴욕시의 철도부지를 활용한 대규모 입체복합 개발인 허드슨 야드에 대하여 사례연구를 진행하고자 한다. (연구방법) 입체복합개발의 이론적 연구를 우선 진행하기 위해 선행연구를 통한 입체복합개발의 개념 및 역사를 고찰하고 입체복합공간의 기능 및 용도, 특성을 조사한다. 이를 바탕으로 허드슨 야드의 입체복합개발에 대한 입체/복합 건축공간 설계 매뉴얼의 의해 분석하여 새로운 공공적 방향에 대하여 모색한다. (결과) 사례분석 결과, 주요 특징을 살펴보면, 새로 개발된 입체복합단지이므로 역사적 보존의 가치를 부여하기 보다는 주변과 잘 어울리며 새로운 뉴욕의 중심복합지역으로 보일 수 있도록 첨단화된 형태의 건물들이 주를 이루었다. 상업적 공간이 가장 많이 확보되어 있는 허드슨 야드 30이 건축의 기능적, 공간구조, 조닝 및 동선계획에서 많은 고려를 통해 계획이 되었음을 알 수 있었다. 특히 저층부의 상업공간 배치를 통한 내외부의 연계성 및 확장성이 가장 크게 작용을 하였다. 허드슨 야드 50은 상업과 업무공간이 주를 이루고 있었다. 또한 허드슨 야드 55의 경우, 업무동과 주거동이 합쳐진 건물로서 입주민을 위한 운동, 문화시설의 배치가 주민들을 위한 배려가 높았고, 더 셰드의 경우에도 문화, 전시공간으로 특화되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. (결론) 본 철도부지를 활용한 입체복합개발 사례연구를 통하여 도시의 부족한 개발부지에 대한 대안으로 철도부지의 중요성이 부각되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 철도부지를 활용한 입체복합시설의 기초연구이며, 최신 사례인 뉴욕 허드슨 야드를 중심으로 입체/복합 건축공간 설계 매뉴얼의 의해 분석함으로써 철도부지의 개발방향을 설정하고 입체복합개발의 최신 경향을 확인하는 기초자료로 활용할 수 있다는데 의의가 있으며, 향후 각 개발계획 및 공간 및 시설에 대한 보다 구체적인이고 세부내용에 대한 연구를 통해 보다 살기 좋은 도시환경 조성과 균형있는 도시발전에 이바지할 수 있을 것이다. (Background and Purpose) Multi-dimensional and complex space development, which has been developed around cities, enabled the use of urban spaces in a multi-dimensional and complex space development way. In particular, many advanced countries, such as Roppongi Hills in Tokyo, Midtown, Canal City in Fukuoka, and La Defense in Paris, France, have utilized complex and multi-dimensional and complex space development techniques for the efficient use of cities. The multi-dimensional and complex space development was facilitated by securing accessibility to public transport and thus enabling the multi-dimensional and complex space development using railroad sites. Therefore, this study will conduct a case study on Hudson Yard, a large scale multi-dimensional and complex space development using the recently disclosed railway site in New York city, US. (Method) In order to proceed theoretical research on Multi-dimensional complex development, the concept and history of Multi-dimensional complex development through previous studies are examined, and the function, use, and characteristics of Multi-dimensional complex space are examined. Based on this, this study analyzes the Multi-dimensional / complex space design manual on the Multi-dimensional complex development of the Hudson yard and explores a new public direction. (Results) The case analysis shows that the main features were that the newly developed three-dimensional complex, rather than giving the value of historical preservation, were mainly high-tech forms of buildings that fit in well with the surroundings and seemed to be a new central New York area. With the most commercial space available, Hudson Yard 30 was planned through much consideration in the functional, spatial structure, zoning and copper wire planning of architecture. In particular, the interconnectivity and scalability of the interior and exterior were the most important influences through the deployment of low-rise commercial spaces. Hudson Yard 50 was largely commercial and office space. In the case of Hudson Yard 55, the building was a combination of business and residential buildings, and the arrangement of the movement and cultural facilities for residents was highly considered for the residents, while the case of The Shead was specialized as a cultural and exhibition space. (Conclusion) Through the case study of three-dimensional development using this railway site, it was found that the importance of the railway site was highlighted as an alternative to the insufficient development site in the city. This study is a basic study of Multi-dimensional complex facilities using railway sites, and establishes the direction of railway site development and analyzes it by analyzing Multi-dimensional / complex space design manual centering on the latest example, Hudson Yard, New York. It is meaningful that it can be used as basic data to check the latest trends of the company.

심리적 안정감을 위한 복합상업시설 오픈스페이스 계획에 관한 연구

최민석 ( Choi¸ Minseok ) 한국공간디자인학회 2020 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.15 No.6

(연구배경 및 목적) 복합상업시설 오픈스페이스가 가진 열린 공간적 특성으로 인해 이용자가 낯선 타인과의 접촉과 시선에 노출되어 체류하는 동안 심리적 불안감을 발생시킬 수 있다. 복합상업시설을 위한 디자인 계획은 공간의 시각적 개선방안과 더불어 타인과의 관계 속에 편안하고 안정적인 공간감을 느낄 수 있는 공간구성과 배치가 이루어지도록 하여 이용자들이 자신의 목적에 맞게 여유로운 공간 영위가 가능할 수 있는 계획방안이 요구된다. 본 연구는 진화론적 인간반응 이론을 기반으로 복합상업시설 오픈스페이스의 물리적 환경에 투영하여 안정적 공간감을 형성할 수 있는 공간구성과 배치에 대한 계획방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. (연구방법) 본연구는 진화론적 인간 반응에 대한 이론에서 나타내는 안정감을 형성하는 공간구조를 투영하여 복합상업시설 오픈스페이스에서 안정감을 형성시키는 공간구성과 배치에 대한 계획요인 인 ‘시선유도대상의 구성’, ‘시선관계의 조정’, ‘프라이버시 확보구조’를 도출하였다. 사례분석을 통해 이용자들이 안정감있는 있는 복합상업시설 오픈스페이스 이용환경을 구성하기 위한 계획요소들을 제시하고 종합분석을 통해 진화론적 인간반응을 이해한 계획의 중요성을 시사하고, 계획방안을 제시한다 (결과) 제시한 계획요인은 복합상업시설 오픈스페이스의 공간구성 및 배치계획에 있어 안정감 형성에 영향을 주며, 이들 계획요인은 상호연계되고 보완작용을 하므로 한 측면만이 아닌 복합적으로 고려하여 계획해야 함을 알 수 있다. (결론) 진화론적 인간반응 이론을 기반 한 계획은 인간의 근본적인 습성을 위한 계획이며 이용자에게 안정감을 형성시켜 공간이용의 만족감을 줄 수 있는 방법이다. 따라서 복합상업시설 오픈스페이스의 구성과 배치는 이용자들이 안정감있는 공간영위가 가능한 환 환경이 되도록 인간의 습성을 고려하여 계획되어야 한다. 본 연구를 통해 복합상업시설 오픈스페이스를 디자인하는데 있어 진화론적 인간반응을 감안한 계획의 중요성을 시사하고, 시각적 표현과 함께 인간의 근본적 특성에 대응한 공간구성 및 배치가 안정적인 공감감을 형성하는데 주요한 요인임을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구가 복합상업시설 오픈스페이스 계획 연구에 새로운 연구지표가 되고, 인간 중심 디자인 연구에 초석이 되기를 기대해 본다. (Background and Purpose) The open spatial characteristics of the open space in commercial multi-complex can cause psychological anxiety during the stay by exposing users to contact and gaze with strangers. The design an for the open space in commercial multi-complex requires planning measures to ensure that users can enjoy a comfortable and stable space for their own purposes by improving the visual quality of the space and allowing them to feel comfortable and stable space in their relationships with others. Based on the theory of evolutionary human response, this study aims to present planning measures for spatial composition and layout that will make the open space in commercial multi-complex that can form a stable sense of space. (Method) The spatial structure that forms the sense of stability expressed in the theory of evolutionary human reactions is projected into the open space in commercial multi-complex, The planning factors for spatial composition and arrangement that form a sense of stability were derived: 'Configurement of attention-inducing objects', 'adjustment of eye-attention relationships' and 'structure of privacy'. Through case analysis, the users present planning elements to form a stable open space environment for complex commercial facilities, suggest the importance of the plan to understand the evolutionary human response through a comprehensive analysis, and present the planning plan. (Results) The proposed planning factors affect the formation of a sense of stability in the space composition and layout of the open space in commercial multi-complex, and since these planning factors are interconnected and have complementary actions, it can be seen that the planning factors should be considered not only in one aspect but in a complex way. (Conclusions) A plan based on evolutionary theory of human response is a plan for the fundamental habits of human beings and is a way to create a sense of stability for users to give satisfaction in space use. Therefore, the composition and layout of the open space in commercial multi-complex should be planned in consideration of human habits so that users can have a stable space environment. Through this study, we suggest the importance of planning considering evolutionary human reactions in designing the open space in commercial multi-complex and it was found that spatial composition and arrangement in response to fundamental human characteristics, along with visual expression, are the main factors in creating stable empathy. We hope that this study will serve as a new research indicator for the study of planning for open space in commercial multi-complex and as a cornerstone for the study of human-centered design.

복합 문화공간 구조에 따른 실내환경이 이용객의 선택에 미치는 영향

강진영(Jinyoung Kang),원영석(Youngsuk Won),차정훈(Junghoon Cha),김수민(Sumin Kim) 한국가구학회 2011 한국가구학회지 Vol.22 No.4

Today, people are becoming more conscious regarding environmental-friendliness, and the society as a whole is becoming more aware of it. With such phenomenon, the purpose of this research is to examine how comfort and pleasantness of indoor environment influences when selecting a place for multi-cultural complex. To demonstrate the stated hypothesis, I have preceded the experiment by selecting the C multi-cultural complex of closed-type structure and T multi-cultural complex of open-type structure. The next step I took, in order to validate the public’s awareness of environmental-friendliness, was conducting a survey. I then deducted a conclusion through comparison and analysis of experiment measures with survey result. As a result of the research, the experiment measures of each air, light, heat condition of the T multi-cultural complex of open-type structure had a higher measurement for the comfort and pleasantness than the C multi-cultural complex of closed-type structure. Moreover, after validating the consciousness of the public through the survey, they had a tendency preferring T multi-cultural complex of open-type structure over C multi-cultural complex of closed-type structure in terms of comfort and pleasantness. To summarize, it is proper to conclude that the criteria ? comfort and pleasantness of indoor environment ? has influenced significantly when it comes to selecting a multi-cultural complex through both the experiment and the survey result.

Big Data Analytics of Multi-Relationship Online Social Network Based on Multi-Subnet Composited Complex Network

Gengxin Sun,Sheng Bin,Yixin Zhou 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Database Theory and Appli Vol.8 No.5

Online social networks such as Twitter and Facebook are becoming popular form of social information networks. There are frequently many kinds of relationships in an online social network. Complex Network acting as one kind of big data technologies is often used to analyze users' social activities. By studying the Douban network, which is a representative multi-relationship online social network in China, big data of friendship relationship and book comments similar relationship are crawled through network topology measurement software, from the perspective of topological characteristics of complex network, the basic topologies of the two relationship networks constructed individually by the two relationships are analyzed. Based on these, a multi-relationship online social network based on Multi-subnet Composited Complex Network Model is constructed through loading book comments similar relationship subnet to follower relationship subnet, and accurate understanding of topologies of Douban multi-relationship network is obtained. These findings provide a deep understanding on the evolution of multi-relationship online social network, and can provide guidelines on how to build an efficient multi-relationship online social network evolution model.

복합상업시설 내 어트랙션을 위한 엔터테인먼트 요소 연출 연구

이영주 한국공간디자인학회 2020 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.15 No.5

(Background and Purpose) With the expansion of commercial multi-complexes in Korea, there is a need for a new strategy to increase competitiveness in terms of marketing. Therefore, it is time to find a new way to direct visitor attraction for an intermediate space among commercial multi-complexes, as its role expands to an urban center facility. In recent times, the definition of commercial multi-complexes has been expanding to imply a place for enjoying cultural activities. In particular, with the emergence of the entertainment marketing as a key element in the cultural industry, and focusing on the advanced cases in the United States, the significance of a new direction strategy has been increasing. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the intermediate space in commercial multi-complexes from the perspective of visitor attraction and analyze best practices emphasizing on entertainment elements, as part of efforts to use it as a basic material in the planning stage of space-direction. (Method) This study derived attraction-direction methods proposed by C. Mikunda, an internationally-acclaimed dramaturgical specialist, for commercial multi-complexes through literature analysis. An analysis model was constructed by dividing the intermediate space in the commercial multi-complexes into “access,” “connection,” and “core” areas. A correlation study utilizing dramaturgy for the attractions which was conducted by selecting and analyzing advanced cases, with emphasis on an impulse entertainment element to enhance attraction. (Results) As a result, the analysis found that impulsive entertainment was variously directed by the area of the intermediate space for attractions in all cases. Furthermore, it was found that there are many spaces of entertainment elements in the entry and core areas, compared to the connected areas. In addition, seven spaces dramaturgy (“simulation,” “eye-stop,” “conceptual line,” “show effect,” “stress and relaxation,” “virtual communication,” and “hands-on”) extracted from prior studies were all found to be appropriate dramaturgy concepts for attractions of the intermediate space in commercial multi-complexes. (Conclusions) In this study, it found that impulse entertainment elements were a major attraction for visitors to the intermediate space in the commercial multi-complexes by appealing to their emotions, which could strengthen market competitiveness as a new cultural space. Specifically, when the intermediate space in commercial multi-complexes is planned with attraction dramaturgy, it can increase accessibility to the interior space, and enhance the connection with, and the attraction of each functional facility. Conclusively, it was verified that it could be a significant strategy to enhance market competitiveness through marketing differentiation. (연구 배경 및 목적) 국내 복합상업시설 확산으로 마케팅적 측면에서의 시장 경쟁력을 높이기 위한 새로운 전략이 요구되고 있다. 복합상업시설 중 매개공간은 도시중심 기능 시설로 그 역할이 확대되어짐에 따라 이용객 어트랙션을 위한 새로운 연출방식의 모색이 필요한 시점이다. 최근 복합상업시설은 문화생활을 즐길 수 있는 장소로서 문화산업적 측면으로 그 의미가 확장되고 있으며, 특히 미국의 선진사례를 중심으로 엔터테인먼트 마케팅이 문화산업의 핵심요소로 부각되면서 이를 활용한 새로운 연출전략의 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구는 복합상업시설 내 매개공간을 이용객의 어트랙션 관점에서 바라보고 엔터테인먼트 요소 연출을 중심으로 우수사례를 분석하여 공간 연출 기획 단계에서 기초자료로 활용되는 것을 목적으로 한다. (연구방법) 본 연구는 복합상업시설의 세계적인 전략적 연출 전문가인 크리스티안 미쿤다(C. Mikunda)가 제시한 어트랙션 연출기법을 문헌분석을 통해 도출하였다. 그리고 복합상업시설 내 매개공간을 진입영역, 연결영역, 코어영역으로 나누어 분석모형을 구축하고, 집객력 향상에 능동적인 성격을 가진 충동 엔터테인먼트 요소를 중심으로 선진사례를 선정 및 분석하여 어트랙션 연출기법과의 상관성 연구를 진행하였다. (결과) 분석결과 사례들은 모두 매개공간 영역별로 충동 엔터테인먼트 요소가 다양하게 연출되어 어트랙션이 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다. 또한 연결영역에 비해 진입영역과 코어영역에 공간 엔터테인먼트 요소가 다수 분포되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이와 함께 선행연구를 통해 추출된 7가지 공간 어트랙션 연출기법인‘모사방식’,‘아이스톱’,‘컨셉트라인’,‘쇼 이펙트’,‘긴장과 이완’,‘가상 커뮤니케이션’,‘핸즈온’기법은 모두 복합상업시설 매개공간 어트랙션 연출기법으로 적합함을 알 수 있었다. (결론) 본 연구를 통해 복합상업시설 매개공간에서 충동 엔터테인먼트 요소 연출은 이용객들에게 정서적 만족도를 향상시켜 새로운 문화공간으로서 시장 경쟁력을 강화시킬 수 있는 주요 어트랙션으로 작용함을 알 수 있었다. 특히, 복합상업시설 내 매개공간이 어트랙션 연출기법을 활용하여 계획되어질 때 내부공간으로의 접근성을 높일 수 있으며, 각 기능시설들과의 연계성 강화 및 집객력을 높이게 되어 궁극적으로는 마케팅적 차별성을 가지는 또 하나의 새로운 전략이자 시장경쟁력을 가지게 될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

MAPI 이론을 이용한 공동주택의 최적 경제수명 추정분석에 관한 연구

최준영 啓明專門大學 産業開發硏究所 1999 啓明硏究論叢 Vol.17 No.2

일반적으로 철근콘크리트조 건축물의 수명은 약 50년이라고 알려져 있다. 그러나 현실적으로 볼 때 공동주택의 수명은 약20년 전후에 불과하다. 이는 공동주택이 잔여수명을 지니고 있음에도 불구하고 철거 후 재건축 된다는 것을 의미하며 가용자원의 낭비라 하지 않을 수 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 경제수명이론인 MAPI 이론을 적용하여 공동주택의 최적 경제수명을 추정하려 한다. 공동주택의 내용년수를 50년, 초기투자비를 421,212원/㎡, 유지관리 비를 초기투자비의 5.115배인 2,154,499원/㎡, 할인율을 6.24%라 가정할 때, 본 연구를 통한 공동주택의 최적 경제수명은 35년인 것으로 추정된다. 이를 통해 건축물의 수명을 예측하여 유지관리 또는 용도변경 계획을 수립할 수 있으며 건축물의 수명을 최대한 활용할 수 있다. Generally, the life-span of a multi-housing complex is over 50 years, but in reality they are usually demolished after 20 years in spite of its remaining life expectancy. Thus, this research focuses on the estimation of the optimum economic life-span of a multi-housing complex. To estimate the minimum total cost point from start to finish of a multi-housing complex, we'll apply MAPI(Machinery and Allied Product Institute) theory. Under the assumption that building life expectancy is 50 years, initial cost is ￦421,212/㎡, total sum of the yearly running cost during the life expectancy is ￦2,154,499/㎡(5.115 times of initial cost), discount rate is 6.24%, followings are results of this study. First, yearly running cost is as follow RC = 0.7097t^(4) - 38.803t^(3) + 806.95t^(2) + 11045t - 496.52 (R^(2) = 0.98) Here, RC = running cost, t = given years Second, the optimum economic life-span of the multi-housing complex is 35 years, which is based on the MAPI theory.

A Multi-Modal Complex Motion Authoring Tool for Creating Robot Contents

석광호,김윤상 한국멀티미디어학회 2010 멀티미디어학회논문지 Vol.13 No.6

This paper proposes a multi-modal complex motion authoring tool for creating robot contents. The proposed tool is user-friendly and allows general users without much knowledge about robots, including children, women and the elderly, to easily edit and modify robot contents. Furthermore, the tool uses multi-modal data including graphic motion, voice and music to simulate user-created robot contents in the 3D virtual environment. This allows the user to not only view the authoring process in real time but also transmit the final authored contents to control the robot. The validity of the proposed tool was examined based on simulations using the authored multi-modal complex motion robot contents as well as experiments of actual robot motions.

공동주택 단지 내 교통사고 저감을 위한 보행환경 개선에 대한 기초연구 - 경기도 화성시 동탄면 동탄2신도시 사례 중심으로 -

윤호정,염성진,Yoon, Ho-Jung,Yeom, Sung-Jin 한국환경과학회 2020 한국환경과학회지 Vol.29 No.5

New towns and large multi-family housing complexes are being built in the capital region of Korea, with the goal of creating safe and pedestrian-friendly cities. Traffic accidents in such residential complexes, however, is on the rise, creating social problems. While there have been many previous studies on problems with pedestrian environment; there is a dearth of studies that take design-based approach to ensure safety in pedestrian environment within residential complexes. Therefore, this study aims to prevent traffic accidents by properly planning pedestrian environment within multi-family housing complexes, in addition to emphasizing theories related to planning safer pedestrian environment in general. This study found the following design directions required to improve the design theory of pedestrian safety in multi-family housing complexes: (1) Linking traffic facilities and residential complex spaces in Korea; (2) Considering implementation of United Kingdom road systems; (3) Establishing appropriate objectives for each residential complex based on case study. In response to these findings, the study selected the A84BL complex in Hwaseong Dongtan 2 Complex located in Dongtan-myeon, Hwaseong-si in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. Items that can be implemented, as well as spatial design directions, were discussed with a focus on private vehicles, pedestrians, and service vehicles.

복합문화시설과 도시공간 연계기능에 관한 연구

박재홍(Park, Jae Hong) 한국도시행정학회 2011 도시 행정 학보 Vol.24 No.3

The purposes of this paper are to analyze the importance of the urban spatial functions as well as to reveal the relationship between the urban spatial functions and the multi-cultural facilities for revitalizing the multi-cultural town on the basis of the empirical analysis of the urban-rural complex city, such as Hwasung. By utilizing the factor analyses and multi-regression, it is found out that factors associated with the residential and business functions as well as the cultural industry function have the first and the second priorities, respectively. That associated with the commercial function which is emphasized as the most important one from the results of the previous studies is estimated as the third priority. It, also, found out that the residential and business functions have contributed to activating the multi-cultural facilities of the urban-rural complex city significantly. Finally, it can be maintained that the type of multi-cultural cluster on the basis of the residential, business, and cultural industry functions is the most meaningful in constructing the multi-cultural town in the urban-rural complex city. It also should be also emphasized that since there are positive and negative effects between the facilities and urban spatial functions simultaneously, locations of functions and facilities are carefully considered in planning the spatial scheme of the multi-cultural town.

Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-branched Polyethylenimine-poly(L-phenylalanine) Block Copolymer Synthesized by Multi-initiation Method for Formation of More Stable Polyelectrolyte Complex with Biotherapeutic Drugs

( Woo Ram Park ),( Kun Na ) 한국약제학회 2011 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.41 No.2

An amphiphilic cationic branched methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-branched polyethylenimine-poly(L-phenylalanine) (mPEG-bPEI-pPhe) block copolymer was successfully synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydride of L-phenylalanine (Phe-NCA) with mPEG-bPEI for the preparation of more stable polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) included a hydrophobic interaction. mPEG-bPEI was firstly prepared by the coupling of mPEG and bPEI using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI). The structural properties of mPEG-bPEI-pPhe copolymers were confirmed by 1H NMR. The copolymers exhibited a self-assemble behavior in water above critical aggregate concentration (CAC) in the range of 0.01-0.14 g/L. The CAC of copolymers obviously depended on the hydrophobic block content in the copolymers (the value decreased with the increase of the pPhe block content). The cationic copolymers have the ability to form multi-interaction complex (MIC) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and plasmid DNA through multi-interaction (electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction). The physicochemical characterization of the complex was carried out by the measurement of zeta potential and particle size. Their zeta-potentials were positive (approximately +10 mV) and their sizes decreased with increasing pPhe contents in the copolymers (PPF/BSA wt% ratio=2). The complex showed good stability at high ionic strength. Therefore, mPEG-bPEI-pPhe block copolymer was considered as a potential material to enhance the stability of complex including biotherapuetic drugs.