들뢰즈의 『시네마1: 운동-이미지』에 나타난 ‘운동’에 관한 논제

김형래(Kim, Hyungrae) 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2012 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.48

들뢰즈는 『시네마1』에서 베르그손의 ‘운동에 관한 논제’를 다룬다. 베르그손은 운동에 관한 세 개의 논제를 제시하고 있으며, 『시네마1』을 이해하기 위해서는 반드시 이 논제를 짚고 넘어가야 한다. 들뢰즈는 따라서 이 논제를 『시네마1』의 첫 장에 제시하고 있다. 첫 번째 논제는 ‘운동과 순간’이며, 두 번째 논제는 ‘특권적 순간과 임의의 순간’이고, 세 번째 논제는 ‘운동과 변화’이다. 본고는 이중 두 번째 논제인 ‘특권적 순간과 임의의 순간’을 중점적으로 다룬다. 두 번째 논제는 첫 번째 논제를 바탕으로 특권적 순간과 임의의 순간을 구분하고 있다. 이러한 구분은 특히 고대과학과 근대과학의 차이를 통해서 설명된다. 고대과학의 비근한 예로 주로 플라톤의 이데아 개념이나 제논의 역설이 거론되고 근대과학은 케플러와 갈릴레이, 데카르트, 뉴튼 등으로 대표된다. 여기서 특권적 순간은 고대과학의 특징으로, 임의의 순간은 근대과학의 특징으로 나타난다. 특권적 순간이란 초월적인 위치에서 바라본 고정불변의 형상이나 관념과 같은 것으로서 가장 이상적인 형태의 포즈에 해당하는 것이다. 그리스의 조각상은 이런 특권적 순간의 가장 이상적인 표현으로 이해될 수 있다. 고대의 변증법은 이러한 특권적 순간에서 또 다른 특권적 순간으로의 이행을 의미하는 것이었다. 그러나 이와 달리 임의의 순간은 초월적인 위치에서가 아니라 내재적인 분석을 통해 가능해진다. 그것은 가장 이상적인 형상도 아니고 목표나 궁극을 나타내는 것도 아니며 그저 무수한 순간들 중에 한 순간만을 표상한다. 근대과학은 변화의 운동을 임의의 순간으로 분해하고 그 순간의 값을 공식화하는 데 기여했다. 그것은 스냅 사진과 같은 것이었으며 머이브리지의 달리는 말 사진들의 기계적 연속성을 상기시키는 것이었다. 이런 의미에서 영화는 근대과학의 계승자이거나 그와 같은 계열에 속하는 것이었다. 그러나 들뢰즈는 영화는 한 단계 더 나아간다고 생각했다. 왜냐하면 고대과학이나 근대과학은 그것들이 정도의 차이는 있으나 부동적 단면에 추상적 시간을 덧붙여 운동을 재구성하기는 마찬가지였기 때문이다. 즉 가짜 운동을 재구성할 뿐이다. 그러나 실제 운동은 이런 방식으로는 불가능하다. 그런 의미에서 베르그손의 ‘지속’개념은 영화에 새로운 의미를 부여한다. 영화가 한편으로는 근대과학의 논리를 따르는 것 같지만 다른 한편으로는 지속 개념을 보여주는 새로운 사유의 메커니즘을 내포하고 있기 때문이다. 여기서 영화의 이미지는 운동-이미지가 될 수 있고 나아가 시간-이미지가 될 수 있다. Gilles Deleuze deals with the Bergsonian thesis on the movement in his book The movement-image: cinema 1. Bergson presents three theses on the movement, we must know about these theses in order to understand cinema1. The first thesis is on the movement and moments, the second is on the privileged moments and instant moments, the third is on the movement and change. This article explains especially the second thesis of the privileged moments and instant moments. The second thesis differentiates the privileged moments from the instant moments. Bergson explains this distinction through the differences of the ancient science and the modern science. He gives Platon’s notion of Idea and Zenon’s paradox as the examples of the ancient science and cites Keppler, Gallilei, Decartes and Newton as the examples of the modern science. Here the privileged moments have to do with the ancient science, the instant moments with the modern science. The privileged moments are just as the most ideal pose or the fixed and unchangeable figure viewed from the transcendental position. We can regard the Greek statues as the most ideal expression of the privileged moments. Unlike this, the instant moments cannot be showed from the transcendental position but only through the immanent analysis. They are not the ideal figures and the extreme and aim, but represents only a moment of a number of moments. The modern science contributed to analyze the instant moments from the movements of change and to formulate the value of a moment. It was like as the snaps and reminded the machinery successiveness of the Muybridge’s horse photos. In this sense, the movie is the inherited of the modern science, or belongs to the same system.

Joint moments and contact forces in the foot during walking

Kim, Yongcheol,Lee, Kyoung Min,Koo, Seungbum Elsevier 2018 Journal of biomechanics Vol.74 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The net force and moment of a joint have been widely used to understand joint disease in the foot. Meanwhile, it does not reflect the physiological forces on muscles and contact surfaces. The objective of the study is to estimate active moments by muscles, passive moments by connective tissues and joint contact forces in the foot joints during walking. Joint kinematics and external forces of ten healthy subjects (all males, 24.7 ± 1.2 years) were acquired during walking. The data were entered into the five-segment musculoskeletal foot model to calculate muscle forces and joint contact forces of the foot joints using an inverse dynamics-based optimization. Joint reaction forces and active, passive and net moments of each joint were calculated from muscle and ligament forces. The maximum joint reaction forces were 8.72, 4.31, 2.65, and 3.41 body weight (BW) for the ankle, Chopart’s, Lisfranc and metatarsophalangeal joints, respectively. Active and passive moments along with net moments were also obtained. The maximum net moments were 8.6, 8.4, 5.4 and 0.8%BW∙HT, respectively. While the trend of net moment was very similar between the four joints, the magnitudes and directions of the active and passive moments varied between joints. The active and passive moments during walking could reveal the roles of muscles and ligaments in each of the foot joints, which was not obvious in the net moment. This method may help narrow down the source of joint problems if applied to clinical studies.</P>

The odd moments of ranks and cranks

Andrews, G.E.,Chan, S.H.,Kim, B. Academic Press 2013 Journal of combinatorial theory. Series A Vol.120 No.1

In this paper, we modify the standard definition of moments of ranks and cranks such that odd moments no longer trivially vanish. Denoting the new k-th rank (resp. crank) moments by N@?<SUB>k</SUB>(n) (resp. M@?<SUB>k</SUB>(n)), we prove the following inequality between the first rank and crank moments:M@?<SUB>1</SUB>(n)>N@?<SUB>1</SUB>(n). This inequality motivates us to study a new counting function, ospt(n), which is equal to M@?<SUB>1</SUB>(n)-N@?<SUB>1</SUB>(n). We also discuss higher order moments of ranks and cranks. Surprisingly, for every higher order moments of ranks and cranks, the following inequality holds:M@?<SUB>k</SUB>(n)>N@?<SUB>k</SUB>(n). This extends F.G. Garvan@?s result on the ordinary moments of ranks and cranks.

단부?중앙부 모멘트 철근 분배율에 따른 플랫플레이트의 모멘트 재분배에 관한 실험

최정욱,송진규 한국콘크리트학회 2007 콘크리트학회논문집 Vol.19 No.5

Three interior slab-column connections designed by equal static moments and by different distribution of end and midspan moments were tested. Each test specimen consisted of a 4.2 m square slab and a 355 mm square column stub. The slab thickness was 152 mm. Test results showed not only that flat slab systems can undergo considerable redistribution of moments from the uncracked state to final maximum capacity, but also that the distribution of moments is controlled largely by the distribution of reinforcement adopted by the designer. The tests also indicated that the punching shear strength of slabs can be affected with the redistributed moments.

Computation ofWeighted Moments of Discrete-Time Systems using Experimental Data

Jiho Hwang,Hyohee Lee,Seungpyo Cha,Young Chol Kim 제어로봇시스템학회 2017 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2017 No.10

For an unknown linear discrete-time system, a simple algorithm for computing the weighted moments of the system from experimental input-output data is derived. When the measured output is contaminated with noise and/ or if a system has a long tail of impulse response, it is difficult to exactly obtain the time moments of output signals. To overcome this drawback, we suggest first introducing a digital filter to the measured output and then obtaining the weighted moments for both input and filtered output data. Subsequently the weighted moments of the discrete-time system are algebraically computed using both the input and output weighted moments. The proposed algorithm is applied to the identification of the parameters of a discrete-time low-order model from a rectangular pulse response with a random noise.

Higher Moments in Postmodern Portfolio Asset Allocation

Gunhee Lee(이군희),Ian Sutherland(이안 서더렌드),Woohyung Lee(이우형) 한국경영과학회 2017 한국경영과학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.4

While modern portfolio theory (MPT) uses standard deviation as the measure of risk, Post-Modern Portfolio Theory (PMPT) develops the idea of risk further to only include that of downside-risk. Intuitively this makes sense, because investors are more worried about negative returns, and therefore, the deviation in negative returns is more important to investors. Since returns have been shown historically to not follow the normal distribution, with fatter tails and higher downside risk, the extension of the meanvariance model to incorporate mixed higher moments (i.e. coskewness and cokurtosis) in the allocation of assets has allowed investors to investigate downside risk of assets, particularly for assets that have a larger departure from normality. To evaluate negative risk, mixed higher moments (i.e. coskewness and cokurtosis) are used to optimize asset allocation. The optimization of asset allocation using higher moments is a complex problem which can be solved fairly easily through optimization software or algorithms. We use Quadratic Programming (QP) through R Optimization Infrastructure (ROI) to solve for the quadratic optimization of incorporating four moments into a asset allocation for a portfolio. Adding to the evidence of other studies, our results show that the optimization using higher moments results in drastically different weights for assets, particularly in a manner that minimizes risk. We compare the results between several optimization methods using lower and higher moments.

Higher Moments in Postmodern Portfolio Asset Allocation

Gunhee Lee(이군희),Ian Sutherland(이안 서더렌드),Woohyung Lee(이우형) 대한산업공학회 2017 대한산업공학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.4

While modern portfolio theory (MPT) uses standard deviation as the measure of risk, Post-Modern Portfolio Theory (PMPT) develops the idea of risk further to only include that of downside-risk. Intuitively this makes sense, because investors are more worried about negative returns, and therefore, the deviation in negative returns is more important to investors. Since returns have been shown historically to not follow the normal distribution, with fatter tails and higher downside risk, the extension of the meanvariance model to incorporate mixed higher moments (i.e. coskewness and cokurtosis) in the allocation of assets has allowed investors to investigate downside risk of assets, particularly for assets that have a larger departure from normality. To evaluate negative risk, mixed higher moments (i.e. coskewness and cokurtosis) are used to optimize asset allocation. The optimization of asset allocation using higher moments is a complex problem which can be solved fairly easily through optimization software or algorithms. We use Quadratic Programming (QP) through R Optimization Infrastructure (ROI) to solve for the quadratic optimization of incorporating four moments into a asset allocation for a portfolio. Adding to the evidence of other studies, our results show that the optimization using higher moments results in drastically different weights for assets, particularly in a manner that minimizes risk. We compare the results between several optimization methods using lower and higher moments.

Higher Moments in Postmodern Portfolio Asset Allocation

Gunhee Lee,Ian Sutherland,Woohyung Lee 한국시뮬레이션학회 2017 한국시뮬레이션학회 학술대회집 Vol.2017 No.-

While modern portfolio theory (MPT) uses standard deviation as the measure of risk;PostModern Portfolio Theory (PMPT) develops the idea of risk further to only include that of downside-risk. Intuitively this makes sense;because investors are more worried about negative returns;and therefore;the deviation in negative returns is more important to investors. Since returns have been shown historically to not follow the normal distribution;with fatter tails and higher downside risk;the extension of the meanvariance model to incorporate mixed higher moments (i.e. coskewness and cokurtosis) in the allocation of assets has allowed investors to investigate downside risk of assets;particularly for assets that have a larger departure from normality. To evaluate negative risk;mixed higher moments (i.e. coskewness and cokurtosis) are used to optimize asset allocation. The optimization of asset allocation using higher moments is a complex problem which can be solved fairly easily through optimization software or algorithms. We use Quadratic Programming (QP) through R Optimization Infrastructure (ROI) to solve for the quadratic optimization of incorporating four moments into a asset allocation for a portfolio. Adding to the evidence of other studies;our results show that the optimization using higher moments results in drastically different weights for assets;particularly in a manner that minimizes risk. We compare the results between several optimization methods using lower and higher moments.

대청댐 유입량 예측을 위한 Adaptive Moments와 Improved Harmony Search의 결합을 이용한 다층퍼셉트론 성능향상

이원진,이의훈 한국수자원학회 2023 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.56 No.1

High-reliability prediction of dam inflow is necessary for efficient dam operation. Recently, studies were conducted to predict the inflow of dams using Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP). Existing studies used the Gradient Descent (GD)-based optimizer as the optimizer among MLP operators to find the optimal correlation between data. However, the GD-based optimizers have disadvantages in that the prediction performance is deteriorated due to the possibility of convergence to the local optimal value and the absence of storage space. This study improved the shortcomings of the GD-based optimizer by developing Adaptive moments combined with Improved Harmony Search (AdamIHS), which combines Adaptive moments among GD-based optimizers and Improved Harmony Search (IHS). In order to evaluate the learning and prediction performance of MLP using AdamIHS, Daecheong Dam inflow was learned and predicted and compared with the learning and prediction performance of MLP using GD-based optimizer. Comparing the learning results, the Mean Squared Error (MSE) of MLP, which is 5 hidden layers using AdamIHS, was the lowest at 11,577. Comparing the prediction results, the average MSE of MLP, which is one hidden layer using AdamIHS, was the lowest at 413,262. Using AdamIHS developed in this study, it will be possible to show improved prediction performance in various fields.

An Improved Image Registration Based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform and Zernike Moments

Rui Ding,Ziyan Song,Jin Tang 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Vol.9 No.6

Feature-based registration is an effective and most widely used image registration method currently. It includes three critical steps, feature extraction, feature matching and transformation parameters estimation. This paper mainly explores the first two steps. In one of Chahira Serief’s paper about image registration, feature points extraction based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) was proposed and feature points matching based on Zernike moments was adopted. The registration accuracy and robustness of his algorithm are acceptable, but it can still be improved. In this paper, an improved scheme of this registration algorithm is proposed. The rotation invariance of NSCT-based feature points extraction is improved, which is beneficial to extract homologous feature points. And the reliability and effectiveness of Zernike moments-based feature points matching are improved, which can improve the matching accuracy. The improved registration algorithm can realize registration of images related by larger scaling, rotation and translation transformation. The simulation results show that the registration robustness is further improved, and the registration accuracy is still high.