Effect of Insecticide-Tolerant and Plant Growth-Promoting Mesorhizobium on the Performance of Chickpea Grown in Insecticide Stressed Alluvial Soils

Munees Ahemad,Mohammad Saghir Khan 한국작물학회 2009 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.12 No.4

An experiment was carried out to determine the plant growth-promoting activities of fipronil- and pyriproxyfen-tolerant Mesorhizobium isolates in the presence and absence of insecticides. The bioremediation and plant growth-promoting potentials of Mesorhizobium isolate (MRC4) was assessed using chickpea as a test crop grown under fipronil- and pyriproxyfen-stressed soils. In this study, the most promising mesorhizobial isolate (MRC4) tolerated fipronil and pyriproxyfen up to a concentration of 1600 μg ml-1 and 1400 μg ml-1, respectively. Isolate MRC4 produced a substantial amount of indole acetic acid (44.3 μg ml-1), salicylic acid (35 μg ml-1), 2,3 di-hydroxybenzoic acid (19 μg ml-1), and exo-polysaccharides (21 μg ml-1) in the absence of insecticides. The plant growth-promoting substances displayed by the isolate MRC4 declined progressively with increasing concentrations of each insecticide. The insecticide tolerant isolate MRC4 was further tested for its effect on chickpea plants grown in fipronil- and pyriproxyfentreated soils. The insecticide-tolerant isolate MRC4 increased the dry matter accumulation progressively. A maximum increase of 80 (at 600 μg kg-1 soil of fipronil) and 118% (at 3900 μg kg-1 soil of pyriproxyfen) was recorded 135 days after sowing when compared to non-inoculated plants treated with the same rates of each insecticide. Moreover, Mesorhizobium isolate MRC4 when used in fipronil- and pyriproxyfen-treated soil also increased symbiotic properties (nodulation and leghaemoglobin content), root N, shoot N, root P, shoot P, seed yield, and seed protein compared to the un-inoculated but treated solely with insecticide. The present finding suggests that the mesorhizobial isolate endowed with multiple properties could be used to facilitate the productivity of chickpea under insecticide-stressed soils. An experiment was carried out to determine the plant growth-promoting activities of fipronil- and pyriproxyfen-tolerant Mesorhizobium isolates in the presence and absence of insecticides. The bioremediation and plant growth-promoting potentials of Mesorhizobium isolate (MRC4) was assessed using chickpea as a test crop grown under fipronil- and pyriproxyfen-stressed soils. In this study, the most promising mesorhizobial isolate (MRC4) tolerated fipronil and pyriproxyfen up to a concentration of 1600 μg ml-1 and 1400 μg ml-1, respectively. Isolate MRC4 produced a substantial amount of indole acetic acid (44.3 μg ml-1), salicylic acid (35 μg ml-1), 2,3 di-hydroxybenzoic acid (19 μg ml-1), and exo-polysaccharides (21 μg ml-1) in the absence of insecticides. The plant growth-promoting substances displayed by the isolate MRC4 declined progressively with increasing concentrations of each insecticide. The insecticide tolerant isolate MRC4 was further tested for its effect on chickpea plants grown in fipronil- and pyriproxyfentreated soils. The insecticide-tolerant isolate MRC4 increased the dry matter accumulation progressively. A maximum increase of 80 (at 600 μg kg-1 soil of fipronil) and 118% (at 3900 μg kg-1 soil of pyriproxyfen) was recorded 135 days after sowing when compared to non-inoculated plants treated with the same rates of each insecticide. Moreover, Mesorhizobium isolate MRC4 when used in fipronil- and pyriproxyfen-treated soil also increased symbiotic properties (nodulation and leghaemoglobin content), root N, shoot N, root P, shoot P, seed yield, and seed protein compared to the un-inoculated but treated solely with insecticide. The present finding suggests that the mesorhizobial isolate endowed with multiple properties could be used to facilitate the productivity of chickpea under insecticide-stressed soils.

농약물질 중 살충제 관련 농업 종사자들의 직무 -노출 매트릭스 구축을 위한 기초 자료 조사 연구 (2) : 채소류

김기연 ( Ki Youn Kim ),조만수 ( Man Su Cho ),임병서 ( Byung Seo Lim ),이상길 ( Sang Gil Lee ),강동묵 ( Dong Mug Knag ),김종은 ( Jong Eun Kim ) 한국산업보건학회 2014 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.24 No.3

Objectives: The main objective of this study is to investigate domestic usage amount of insecticide for vegetable cultivation to provide fundamental data for establishing job-exposure matrix(JEM) related to farmers treating agricultural insecticide. Materials and Methods: The survey on domestic usage amount of insecticide for vegetable cultivation was conducted by two research methods. The first method is to utilize agricultural pesticides published annually from Korea Crop Protection Association(KCPA). The second method is to apply cultivation area of vegetable announced officially from Statistics Korea(SK). An estimation of domestic usage amount of insecticide for vegetable cultivation through the second method was done by multiplying total cultivation area of vegetable(㎡) with optimal spray amount of insecticide for vegetable cultivation per unit cultivation area of vegetable (kg/㎡). Results: As a result of analysis of public data related to insecticide for vegetable cultivation, it was found that its domestic usage amount has decreased gradually from the first sale year(1969) to current year(2012). There is, however, a considerable difference of annual usage trend of insecticide for vegetable cultivation between shipments and estimation. The annual usage trends of insecticide for vegetable cultivation based on regional classification were different from those based on total aspect. Conclusions: The region which used insecticide for vegetable cultivation the most in Korea was Jeolla-do, followed by Gyeonsang-do,Chungcheong-do, Seoul/Gyeonggi-do, Gangwon-do and Jeju-do. Substantially, mean ratio of usage amounts of insecticide based onshipments and those based on estimation by cultivation area was 281±115%, which indicates that usage amounts of insecticide estimatedby cultivation area are three times lower than those based on shipments.

농약물질 중 살충제 관련 농업 종사자들의 직무-노출 매트릭스 구축을 위한 기초 자료 조사 연구 (Ⅲ) : 과일류

최정학 ( Jeong-hak Choi ),김기연 ( Ki-youn Kim ) 한국산업보건학회 (구 한국산업위생학회) 2016 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.26 No.3

Objectives: This study was performed to estimate domestic usage amount of insecticide for fruit cultivation to suggest job-exposure matrix(JEM) regarding farmers treating agricultural insecticide. Materials and Methods: The domestic usage amount of insecticide for fruit cultivation was investigated according to two research methods. The former method is to use agricultural pesticides published annually from Korea Crop Protection Association(KCPA) and the latter method is to apply cultivation area of fruit provided officially from Statistics Korea(SK). Results: It was found that its domestic usage amount has decreased gradually from the first sale to presence(2012). However, there is a significant difference of annual usage trend of insecticide for fruit cultivation between shipments and estimation. The annual usage trends of insecticide for fruit cultivation based on regional classification were different from those based on total aspect. Conclusions: The region which used insecticide for fruit cultivation the most in Korea was as follows: Gyeonsang-do, followed by Jeolla-do, Chungcheong-do, Jeju-do, Seoul/Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do. An averaged ratio of usage amounts of insecticide based on shipments and those based on estimation by cultivation area was 980 ± 186%, which means that usage amounts of insecticide estimated by shipments are ten times higher than those based on cultivation area.

Development of insecticide resistance molecular maker and their application

Juil Kim,Min Kwon,Nicole Joussen,David G. Heckel 한국응용곤충학회 2016 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.10

Worldwide, increasing numbers insecticide resistant insect is one of the main problem in this agricultural era. To manage the insecticide resistance, IRAC suggest some tips for farmers : 1. Sequence or alteration of insecticide based on MOA 2. Choosing the effective insecticide. In this point raised following question : How to distinguish the effective or non-effective insecticide. Until now, bioassay is the right answer. However that is a very time-consuming, labor-intensive, and costly process, so we were hoping that molecular based diagnosis could be alternate. It can summarized following steps : 1. Identification of insecticide resistance mechanism 2. Marker development 3. Molecular diagnosis 4. Selection of non-effective insecticide. Here we focused on the development of insecticide resistance marker. Point mutation in target site of insecticide is a good example. Up or down-regulation of specific gene and/or existence of chimeric gene is another example from Helicoverpa armigera.

Effect of Insecticide-Tolerant and Plant Growth-Promoting Mesorhizobium on the Performance of Chickpea Grown in Insecticide Stressed Alluvial Soils

Ahemad, Munees,Khan, Mohammad Saghir 한국작물학회 2009 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.12 No.4

An experiment was carried out to determine the plant growth-promoting activities of fipronil- and pyriproxyfen-tolerant Mesorhizobium isolates in the presence and absence of insecticides. The bioremediation and plant growth-promoting potentials of Mesorhizobium isolate (MRC4) was assessed using chickpea as a test crop grown under fipronil- and pyriproxyfen-stressed soils. In this study, the most promising mesorhizobial isolate (MRC4) tolerated fipronil and pyriproxyfen up to a concentration of $1600\;{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ and $1400\;{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$, respectively. Isolate MRC4 produced a substantial amount of indole acetic acid ($44.3\;{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$), salicylic acid ($35\;{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$), 2,3 di-hydroxybenzoic acid ($19\;{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$), and exo-polysaccharides ($21\;{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$) in the absence of insecticides. The plant growth-promoting substances displayed by the isolate MRC4 declined progressively with increasing concentrations of each insecticide. The insecticide tolerant isolate MRC4 was further tested for its effect on chickpea plants grown in fipronil- and pyriproxyfen-treated soils. The insecticide-tolerant isolate MRC4 increased the dry matter accumulation progressively. A maximum increase of 80 (at $600\;{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ soil of fipronil) and 118% (at $3900\;{\mu}g\;kg^{-1}$ soil of pyriproxyfen) was recorded 135 days after sowing when compared to non-inoculated plants treated with the same rates of each insecticide. Moreover, Mesorhizobium isolate MRC4 when used in fipronil- and pyriproxyfen-treated soil also increased symbiotic properties (nodulation and leghaemoglobin content), root N, shoot N, root P, shoot P, seed yield, and seed protein compared to the un-inoculated but treated solely with insecticide. The present finding suggests that the mesorhizobial isolate endowed with multiple properties could be used to facilitate the productivity of chickpea under insecticide-stressed soils.

Insecticide Resistance Monitoring Based on the Residual Contact Vial Bioassay in Frankliniella occidentalis

Deok Ho Kwon,Kyung Mun Kim,Taek Joon Kang,Se Jin Kim,Byeong-Ryeol Choi,Si Hyeock Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2014 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.10

An easy and rapid resistance detection protocol for the Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis was established based on the residual contact vial bioassay (RCV), in which insecticide resistance levels can be estimated at 8 h-post treatment of diagnostic doses. The RDA strain was used as a reference susceptible strain, which has been reared under laboratory conditions over 10 years without exposure to any insecticides. Seven insecticides were tested for the determination of diagnostic dose. Among them, five insecticides (chlorfenapyr, acrinathrin, spinosad, emmamectin benzoate and thiamethoxam, ranged as 0.03 ~ 0.42 μg-1cm2) were applicable to the RCV. However, two insecticides (omethoate and imidacloprid) were not able to be used for the RCV because the treated inner surface of glass vials by these insecticides were too viscous, causing non-specific mortality. The RCV detection kit was employed for the estimation of resistance levels for the five insecticides in five local populations. Almost field-collected populations revealed high levels of resistance to the four insecticides (acrinathrin, spinosad, emmamectin benzoate and thiamethoxam) by showing less than 50% mortality. The baseline resistance detection by RCV method will facilitate the selection of proper insecticides for farmers to manage insecticide resistant-populations of F. occidentalis.

농약물질 중 살충제 관련 농업 종사자들의 직무 -노출 매트릭스 구축을 위한 기초 자료 조사 연구 (Ⅰ): 수도작

김기연 ( Ki Youn Kim ),조만수 ( Man Su Cho ),이상길 ( Sang Gil Lee ),강동묵 ( Dong Mug Kang ),김종은 ( Jong Eun Kim ) 한국산업보건학회 2014 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Objectives: The principal aim of this study is to investigate and analyze domestic usage amounts of insecticide inrice cultivation in order to providefundamental data for establishing a job-exposure matrix(JEM) related to farmers working withagricultural insecticides. Materials and Methods: An investigation of domestic usage amounts of in secticidesinrice cultivation was performed through two methods. The first method utilized information on agricultural pesticides published annually by the Korea Crop Protection Association(KCPA). The second method made use of area of cultivation of rice as officially determined by Statistics Korea(SK). An estimation of domestic usage of insecticidesinrice cultivation through the second method was determined by multiplying the total cultivation area of rice(㎡) by the optimal spray volume of insecticides for rice cultivation per unit of cultivation area(kg/㎡). Results: As a result of the analysis of public data regarding insecticides in rice cultivation, it was found that the domestic usage amount has decreased sharply from the first year of market sales(1969) to the final datayear(2012). There is little difference in the annual usage trend of insecticides in rice cultivation between shipment and estimation. Also, the annual usage trends of insecticides in rice cultivation based on regional classification were nearly similar to those based on the overallaspect. Conclusions: The region which used the largest volume of insecticide inrice cultivation in Korea was the Jeolla Provinces, followed by the Gyeonsang Provinces, the Chungcheong Provinces, Seoul/Gyeonggi Province, Gangwon Province and Jeju Province. Substantially, the mean ratio of usage amounts of insecticide based on shipments and those based on estimation by cultivation area was 96±29%, which indicates that the domestic usage amount of insecticide for rice cultivation corresponded to the optimal spray standard per unit area.

Evaluation of Insecticidal effect from Insecticide-treated net (ITN) as a preventing device for dispersal of Monochamus alternatus

Dong Soo Kim,Deok Jea Cha,Jae ho Lee,Sang Gil Lee,Yong Bae Park 한국응용곤충학회 2016 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.10

We had evaluated of insecticidal effect from Insecticide-treated net (ITN) that coated by deltamethrin against Monochamus alternatus which serves as a vector for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this experiment, vector has been shown that rapid insecticidal effect response time within 1 hour when they were contacted with ITN. In addition, vectors were showed high mortality within 48 hours. To evaluate insecticidal persistency of ITN and whether releasing insecticide to water, ITNs were soaked in water over various time periods. Water has not shown insecticidal effect to vectors and small amount of insecticide were detected that would not be harmful to other non-target organic being such as honeybee. Also, reduction of insecticidal effect was not observed from the ITN. Taken together, our results suggest that ITN had got highly insecticidal effect to vector as well as could be applied to effectively prevent dispersal of the vector on the field.

Molecular diagnosis of insecticide resistance and their application

Juil Kim,Min Kwon 한국응용곤충학회 2017 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.04

Increasing numbers of insecticide resistant insect is one of the main problem in current agriculture. To manage the insecticide resistance, IRAC suggest some tips for farmers : First, sequence or alteration of insecticide based on MOA. Second, choosing the effective insecticide. In this point raised following question : How to distinguish the effective or non-effective insecticide. Until now, bioassay is the right answer. However that is time-consuming, labor-intensive and costly process. So we have been steadily advancing molecular based insecticide resistance diagnosis for supporting and/or substitution of classical bioassay. It can summarized following steps : First, identification of insecticide resistance mechanism. Second, marker development. Third, development molecular diagnosis such as PASA, LAMP etc. Forth, application on field collected insects. Here we discuss some case of these study particular several major pests in highland agriculture.

파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)의 살충제 감수성 변이

김용균,이준익,강성영,한상찬 한국응용곤충학회 1997 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.36 No.2

There was a great variation in insecticide susceptibilities among field and laboratory populations of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hiibner). Unselected laboratory population, which had been reared for 6-7 generations in our laboratory without exposure to insecticides, was more susceptible than its parental field population in all tested insecticides. Two selected laboratory populations with parathion or deltamethrin showed much higher insecticide tolerance than did the unselected laboratory population in their own selection insecticide. The variation of the insecticide susceptibilities was highly correlated with esterase and acetylcholinesterase activities. Field and the selected laboratory populations had lower acetylcholinesterase activities and higher esterase activities than did the unselected laboratory population. Acetylcholinesterase of the field and the selected laboratory populations had higher Km values than did that of the unselected. In a population, Km values were varied among different developmental stages, acetylcholinesterase of the fifth instar larvae had the highest Km value among those of the other larval stages. Twenty one esterase bands were separated on 6.5% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel from the whole body extracts of the fifth instar larvae. E2, E7, E8, Ell, El6, and El7 esterase bands were developed more frequently in the insecticides-selected populations than in the unselected population. These results suggest that the variation of insecticide susceptibilities of the beet armyworm includes both biochemical mechanisms: target site insensitivity and enhanced activity of detoxification enzyme. 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua (Hubner))은 야외집단과 실내집단들간에 살충제 감수성에서 큰 변이를 보였다. 조사된 모든 약제에서 야외집단은 비선발 실내집단보다 높은 약제 저항능력을 보였다. 약제 선발된 실내집단은 선발 약제에 대해 저항능력을 높게 발현시켰다. 이러한 약제 저항능력의 변이가 아세틸콜린에스테라제와 에스테라제 활력 변이와 비교 분석되었다. 약제 저항능력이 높은 집단일수록 아세틸콜린에스테라제 활력이 낮아지고 에스테라제활력은 높아졌다. 아세틸콜린에스테라제의 Km(Michaelis-Menten constant)값은 약제저항능력이 높은 집단일수록 증가하는 것으로 기질에 대한 이 효소의 친화도가 낮아졌다. 이 효소의 효소활력 변이는 같은 집단일수록 증가하는 것으로 기질에 대한 이 효소의 친화도가 낮아졌다. 이 효소의 효소활력 변이는 같은 집단 내에서 발육단계에 따라 차이를 나타내어 2, 3, 4령충보다는 5령충에서 특히 Km값이 증가하였다. 파밤나방의 에스테라제는 6.5% 비변성조건의 겔에서 21개 밴드를 보였다. 이중 E2, E7, E8, E11, E16, E7 밴드들은 약제저항능력이 높은 집단일수록 발현 빈도수가 높았다. 이상의 결과는 파밤나방의 살충제 감수성변이에 해독효소활력증가와 작용점변환이 포함됨을 나타낸다.