한국의 건강도시 현황 및 평가: 제 4기 유럽 건강도시 평과결과를 중심으로

오유미 ( Yu Mi Oh ),김혜정 ( Hye Jung Kim ),양유선 ( Yu Seon Yang ) 대한보건협회 2011 대한보건연구 Vol.37 No.2

Objectives: The Healthy Cities Project was proliferated in the European region as the WHO-EURO adopted the concept in 1984, while it was accelerated in Korea with the pilot project in 2004. In line with needs for evaluating Korean Healthy Cities in terms of environmental improvement, this study compares progress level between Korea and European cities and explores development strategy which fits into Korean Healthy Cities. Methods: To examine progress of the Healthy Cities in Korea, a survey was conducted with 56 respondents, who are project managers at local level, for a month(3-4) in 2010. The questionnaire includes 6 key factors; partnership, city health profiles, city health development plans, active participation by community, healthy equity and health impact assessment, which are derived from the evaluation of phase Ⅳ of the European Healthy Cities Network. Results: City health profiles and city health development plans are considered as an essential factor in the European Healthy City Network, while some of the Korean Healthy Cities do not meet those requirements. In terms of healthy equity and health impact assessment, European Healthy Cities move on the practice stage, while Korean Healthy Cities are still in the awareness stage. Conclusion: There are still many challenges for the Healthy Cities in Korea compared to the Europe, especially central government should support local governments` commitment in many ways to achieve qualitative progress. In conclusion, developing growth strategy and activating participation by community are priorities for Korean Healthy Cities to step forward.

건강도시에 대한 국내 연구동향 분석(1990-2014)

김하윤 ( Ha Yun Kim ),박명배 ( Myung Bae Park ),남은우 ( Eun Woo Nam ) 한국보건행정학회 2015 보건행정학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Background: Healthy cities of Korea have engaged in various activities regarding the Korea Healthy Cities Partnership, and research activities on healthy cities is one of the important area. In the present context, due to the current policy to pursue Sustainable Development Goals locally and globally, it is essential to emphasize the importance of healthy city. Therefore, it is important to identify the research trend related to healthy city. The aim of this study was to find out research trend of healthy city studies from 1990 to 2014 by reviewing published papers and studies systematically. Based on the finding of the study, the necessary implications on future research directions of the healthy city are obtained. Methods: The area of this study is domestic journal (Korea), international journal, thesis, and research report focusing on healthy city from 1990 to 2014. The selection of data was performed using keyword is based on domestic and international database. The analysis criteria were divided into year of publication, type of study, subjects, study methods, and study area. Results: One hundred twenty papers were selected for the analysis. Papers related to the healthy city issue were published 4.8 times in an average in a year during that the period. However, the number of papers published increased dramatically in the recent 4 years. Of total, 28 papers (44.4%) focused on the healthy city policy and urban environmental improvement, 18 papers (28.6%) focused on health promotion, and the remaining were program centered. Most papers (71 out of 120) used quantitative study methods. Of total studies, studies have conducted in Jinju city (9), Wonju city (8), Changwon city (6) and Gangnam-gu (5), respectively, as a study area of healthy city. Conclusion: First, domestic healthy city researches has been gradually increasing every year, over the past 10 years which has heightened interest in healthy cities. Second, the expansion of the various areas of research is required in order to contribute to future sustainable healthy city. Third, in recent years, by taking advantage of a variety of research methods, conducting the qualitative and mixed method research is considered to be a desirable change.

유럽건강도시 발전과 국내적 함의

송정국(Jung-Kook Song),고광욱(Kwang Wook Koh),임요환(Yo Hwan Lim) 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2021 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.38 No.1

Objectives: To learn how sustainable health promotion was performed in European Healthy Cities based on relevant experiences during the 30 years and to identify relevant implications for Healthy Cities in Korea. Methods: This is a literature review of relevant studies found on Google Scholar (as of September 10, 2020), Research Information Sharing Service (as of September 20, 2020), European Healthy Cities Network (as of August 30, 2020). Health Promotion International (as of September 1, 2020) and Korea Healthy Cities Partnerships (as of September 20, 2020), via snowball sampling. Key words included “healthy cities”, “Korea”, and “European Healthy Cities Network”. Results: The European Healthy Cities Network has been the central vehicle for Health for All goal at the local level. Historically, the European Healthy Cities have helped establish the appropriate key focus, concepts, philosophy, and strategies for health promotion through quality improvement for accreditation and building a strong network. Conclusion: An adequately working mechanism for quality improvement in the Korea Healthy Cities Partnerships would guarantee the maturation of Healthy Cities in Korea. Therefore, now seems to be an appropriate time for tapping into the multilayer Healthy Cities network of WHO as well as the central and local governments.

일개 도농 복합지역의 건강한 도시계획 개발 사례

고광욱(Kwangwook Koh),윤영심(Youngsim Yun),김희숙(Heesuk Kim),신용현(Yonghyun Shin),김현준(Hyunjun Kim) 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2014 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.31 No.5

Purpose: In spite of many Healthy Cities projects in Korea, there are few research about healthy urban planning. So we tried to use available recent models to a Healthy Cities project in a medium sized city in Gyeongnam province. Methods: Using mainly European Healthy Urban Planning Model and opinion leader survey, SWOT analysis, forum and discussion have been done to a city. Secondary city health indicator obtained from Ministry of Statistics. Results: There are strong need to develop health industry, green traffic and healthy living from survey using Healthy Cities policy direction of Korean Health Promotion Fund. Among the Healthy Urban Planning objectives, improvements of physical environments, prevention of accidents and crime, improvements of healthy esthetics rated highly. Although environmental pollution was problem local government push forward to the pilot healthy urban project as active healthy water-front development. Considering secondary healthy city indicators, change of external forces and internal capacity final task for healthy urban planning for Yangsan city were development of riverside physical education park and active living and anti-ageing environments etc. Conclusions: Comprehensive assessment and plan was possible through MAPP Model using European Healthy Urban Planning objectives to draw the direction of future urban planning for Healthy Cities Projects. Further research and formal introduction would be needed.

세계보건기구 서태평양지역 건강도시 지침의 비교와 의의

고광욱(Kwang Wook Koh),김혜숙(Hye Sook Kim) 도시건강학회 2023 도시건강연구 Vol.2 No.2

Although Korean Healthy Cities have shown rapid growth in number, there is still no official Healthy Cities guideline developed in Korea. Before the Healthy Cites article of Korean Health Promotion Act comes into effect in 2023 December, it is important to review the two official Healthy Cities guidelines published by World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Office(WPRO). The first official guideline which reflects actions during the early pilot Healthy Cities projects is written by pioneers from academia and by staff at the WHO. The guideline still has implications today regarding the common steps according to the three phases of developing a healthy city. The second official guideline added many useful tools for partner mobilization and situation analysis in addition to strategic objectives and other resources. By reviewing these official Healthy Cities guidelines, the Korean Healthy Cities Partnership and the Academy of Urban Health would be able to add value to the development of Korean Healthy Cities.

건강도시사업 추진과 정책 과제

남은우(Eun Woo Nam) 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2007 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Since 1996, the Health Promotion Programme spearheaded by the Korean Central Government has been actively developing and recently, the Healthy City Project led by the local autonomous entities have also been actively promoted. Healthy City is one in which the health and well-being of the citizens are given the utmost importance in the decision-making of the city. While the Health Promotion Programme focuses on changing the health behavior of the people, the Healthy City Project, a policy to improve the existing inequality of public health services, deals with more essential health factors and requires political support as well as a new organization. The Healthy City paradigm based on the New Public Health started in England and ever since the Healthy City Model Project spearheaded by the EURO WHO began in 1986, the Alliance for Healthy Cities centered in the West Pacific region supported by the WHO in Oct 2003 was inaugurated. 19 Korean cities are full members of the Alliance for Healthy Cities and 2 laboratories are associate members. The Ministry of Health and Welfare has held the Healthy City Forum consisting of related officials, experts and representatives of civic bodies on 6 occasions since Dec 2005. The need for adequate administrative and financial support from the Central Government to the local autonomous entities governing the Healthy Cities was raised. It is hoped that this Healthy City Project will bring about the improved health conditions of the people as well as promote the equality of the public health services.

건강도시 조례의 내용 분석

강은정,백민아 한국보건교육건강증진학회 2023 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.40 No.2

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the contents of healthy city ordinances in Korea. Methods: Out of the 101 healthy city members of the Korea Healthy City Partnership (KHCP), 88 cities that were reported to have healthy city ordinance by KHCP were included in this study. The contents were analyzed using the framework of normative and operational aspects. The normative aspects of the healthy city ordinance covered the purpose, definition, fundamental principles, responsibility, and programs of a healthy city. The operational aspects of the healthy city ordinance included the master plan, steering committee, financial support, and community participation. The contents of each healthy city ordinance were coded in Microsoft Excel for descriptive analyses. Results: In terms of the normative aspects, the purposes of the healthy city ordinance were relatively consistent across the ordinances, but the definition and the scope of healthy city program were either lacking or inconsistent. Among the operational aspects, most of the ordinances contained the articles for master plan, financial support, and steering committee, but their details were insufficient. However, we found a few innovative approaches that are not institutionalized at the national level. Conclusion: The findings of this study may facilitate the understanding of the current status of the Korean healthy cities. We also provide some suggestions to strengthen the healthy city ordinances.

건강도시는 지방정부의 자원을 확장하는가?: 환경, 사회복지, 보건, 교통 예산을 중심으로

강은정 ( Kang Eun Jung ),손창우 ( Son Chang Woo ),함영은 ( Ham Young Eun ),고광욱 ( Koh Kwang Wook ),김건엽 ( Kim Keon Yeop ),김유림 ( Kim You Rim ) 한국보건사회연구원 2021 保健社會硏究 Vol.41 No.1

건강도시는 건강을 결정하는 물리적, 사회경제적 환경을 건강을 증진하는 방향으로 지속적으로 자원을 확장하는 도시이다. 국내 건강도시는 건강행태개선과 건강형평성사업, 위생환경개선, 그리고 보행 및 자전거 교통환경 개선 사업을 주로 실행해 왔다. 본 연구는 이러한 건강도시 사업과 관련이 있는 보건, 사회복지, 환경, 교통 예산에 대하여 건강도시의 도입이 예산을 확대하는 영향을 미쳤는지를 확인하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 2008년부터 2018년까지 예산, 노인인구 비율, 기초수급자 비율, 자치단체장과 기초의회의 정당의 일치 여부, 기초의회다수 정당, 지방세, 재정자립도, 그리고 건강도시 가입년도 자료를 모든 기초자치단체인 시군구에 대하여 수집하여 패널자료를 구축하였다. 건강도시 여부가 1인당 분야별 예산의 크기에 미치는 영향을 고정효과모형을 사용하여 패널분석을 하였다. 그 결과 건강도시는 군 지역에서의 교통예산을 증가시키는 것을 발견하였다. 그러나 군 지역의 나머지 세 가지 예산과는 관련성이 없었고 시나구 지역에서 분석대상인 네 가지 예산 모두와의 관련성을 발견하지 못하였다. 건강도시와 같은 지방정부의 특화 사업의 예산 확대를 위해서는 건강도시 예산기획 단계에서의 다부문적인 거버넌스의 구축과 지방재정분권의 확대가 필요하다. A healthy city is a city that keeps expanding its resources towards making physical and socioeconomic environments health-friendly. Korea’s program of healthy cities has been developed in areas of health behavior improvement, health equity, hygiene and environment improvement, and the improvement of walking and biking environments. This study aimed to determine whether introducing a healthy city project within the local government increased the budget for public health, environment, social welfare, and transportation. A panel dataset was constructed from various sources for 229 local governments from 2008 to 2018 on variables such as the budget amount, the percentage of residents 65 or older, the percentage of the recipients of the national basic living security, the congruence of political parties between the mayor and the majority of the city council, the majority party of the city council, the amount of local tax, financial independence index, and the starting year of a healthy city. A fixed-effect panel analysis was used to ascertain the effect of a healthy city project on local budgets. Results showed that healthy cities increased transportation budgets in rural areas. However, healthy cities were not related to budgets in other areas. The multi-sectoral governance for the budget planning of healthy city and financial decentralization of local governments are necessary for local governments to expand their budgets for specialized programs such as healthy cities.

건강도시 지표 및 지수 개발과 수도권 지역의 적용에 관한 연구

김은정 국토연구원 2012 국토연구 Vol.72 No.-

The purpose of this study is to develop indicators and index of healthy cities, to apply them in Seoul Metropolitan Area(SMA), and to utilize them as monitering systems of healthy city policies. The analyses are dune at the cities, counties, and communities levels on 2009, and covered SMA. It collected appropriate healthy cities indicators after reviewing literatures and interviewing experts in public health and planning fields. An analytic hierarchy process(AHP) was used to find the parameters among the indicators and produced index of healthy cities. For the result of expert survey, citizen's health condition(32.8%) was the first priority, and environment(28.4%) was second important one from the components of healthy cities. The following were healthcare service(2.5%) and socioeconomic factor(16.3%). As an index of healthy cities in SMA, Gangnam-gu(1.227), Seocho-gu(1.080), and Gwacheon-si(0.826) were top three regions. the regions of top 20% of healthy cities indices were clustered in southeast and downtown of Seoul, and southern part of Gyeonggi while the areas with bottom 20% located in islands in Inchoen and northeast Gyeonggi. This study contributes to provide indicators and index of healthy cities in Korea. It further provides useful insights into planners in monitering current systems and building appropriate policies. 본 연구의 목적은 종합적인 건강도시 지표와 지수를 발굴하여 수도권의 지역별 건강도시 수준 측정에 적용하는 데 있다. 연구의 범위는 수도권으로 하되, 분석단위는 66개 시·군·구로 한다. 우리나라에 적용할 바람직한 건강도시 지표를 설정하기 위해서 외국과 국내 유사사례를 검토하였고, 보편적으로 적용 가능한 지표를 기반으로 하여 우리나라의 특성을 잘 반영할 수 있고, 보건과 환경, 사회·경제 수준을 통합적으로 반영하는 지표를 설정하였다. 전문가 설문조사 및 AHP 분석을 통해 건강도시 지표 간 가중치 산정으로 지수의 파라미터 값을 확정하여 건강도시지수를 도출하였다. 수도권 66개 시·군·구별 건강도시지수 산정 결과, 강남구(1.227), 서초구(1.080), 과천시(0.826)가 최상위 수준을 보였다. 건강도시지수의 시·도별 비교 결과, 서울이 0.262로 경기(-0.152)와 인천(-0.176)에 비해 월등히 높고, 도시규모별 비교에서는 대도시(0.186), 중소도시(-0.225), 농촌(-0.620) 순으로 나타나 권역별로 격차가 존재한다. 본 연구에서 다룬 건강도시 지표와 지수를 활용하여 지역별 수준을 진단하고, 부족한 지표를 보완하는 사업에 우선순위를 부여함으로써 지역특성에 맞는 바람직한 건강도시 정책 개발이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

건강한 도시환경 거버넌스 구축을 위한 영향요인에 관한 연구

최진도(Choi, Jin-Do),김영(Kim, Yeong),유시생(Ryu, Si-Saeng) 한국주거환경학회 2014 주거환경(한국주거환경학회논문집) Vol.12 No.2

Since 2000, interests in the Healthy Cities Environment projects has been growing fast in Korea. However, only a few studies focus on practitioners’ capacity for participation in and cooperation with various sectors in Healthy Cities Environment initiatives. Therefore, this research attempts to analyze affecting factors to form partnerships among Healthy Cities’ public officers, local residents and health-related communities in Jinju and Changwon City. First, to meet the research objectives, formation levels of Healthy Cities governance in Jinju and Changwon City was analyzed, then influential factors to form them in relation to geographical characteristics of local population was studied. The factors attributing to formation of Healthy City governance was categorized as personal, institutional and environmental. In addition, the participatory levels of Healthy Cities Environment governance was categorized as participation, cooperation, joint-decision which build the framework of Healthy City Environment governance. In conclusion, inevitable foundation to build collaborative governance is impartial relationship among network actors. The actors, thus, should strongly recognize their roles and capacity for collaborative participation. Local residents should build interests in local issues, will for participation, and capacity for local autonomy as well. Local NGOs should have legitimacy, morality, expertise and transparency. Accordingly, the actors need to become socially responsible in governance building, suggest rational policy options and share obligations. In particular, local governments should share related resources, power and information with other actors. It is imperative that they develop flexible and cooperative leadership which enables them to support situation-specific governance.