한국의 가축 생산성 향상을 위한 유기조사료 생산체계에 관한 연구

김종덕 ( Kim Jong-duk ),김종관 ( Kim Jong-kwan ),권찬호 ( Kwon Chan-ho ) 한국유기농업학회 2014 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.22 No.1

Organic forage production system is one of the most important aspects in organic livestock production. Animals in the organic farming system are also essential for manure to be used for organic forage production. Both organic forage and animals are essential to maintain the cycle of organic agriculture system. In this paper we introduce the organic forage production system in Korea. Summer and winter crops are getting popular in Korea because of their high forage yield and cultivation in double cropping systems. Common cropping system for forage production in Korea is the double cropping system with legume and grass mixture. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are the most popular ones of annual summer forage corps because of their high production with low cost in the double cropping systems. In the mixture of forage crops, inter cropping is more suitable in the corn and sorghum cropping system because of high lodging resistance and forage yield, and low weed population. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are difficult to preserve as direct-cut silage due to the fact that its high moisture content causes excessive fermentation during ensiling. Corn grain addition to sorghum silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing quality and reducing production cost. It is recommended that corn grain could be added up to 10% of total amount of silage. And agriculture by-products also can be added at the time of ensiling to minimize losses of effluent and have the additional advantage of increasing quality. Agriculture by-products as silage supplements increased DM content and quality, and decreased the production cost of sorghum silage. Field pre-wilting treatment of forage crops also increased DM content and quality of the silage. Wilting sorghum ×sudangrass hybrid before ensiling was the effective method for reducing effluent and increasing pH and forage quality more than direct cut silage. Optimum prewilting period of sudangrass silage was 1 or 2 days. In organic forage, the most important factor is the enhancement of organic forage sufficiency in relation to the environmental-friendly and organic livestock. Consequently, there are many possibilities for animal production and organic forage production in Korea. No forages no cattle concept should be emphasized in organic farming system.

Studies of Organic Forage Production System for Animal Production in Korea

김종덕,김종관,권찬호,Kim, Jong-Duk,Kim, Jong-Kwan,Kwon, Chan-Ho Korean Association of Organic Agriculture 2014 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.22 No.1

Organic forage production system is one of the most important aspects in organic livestock production. Animals in the organic farming system are also essential for manure to be used for organic forage production. Both organic forage and animals are essential to maintain the cycle of organic agriculture system. In this paper we introduce the organic forage production system in Korea. Summer and winter crops are getting popular in Korea because of their high forage yield and cultivation in double cropping systems. Common cropping system for forage production in Korea is the double cropping system with legume and grass mixture. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are the most popular ones of annual summer forage corps because of their high production with low cost in the double cropping systems. In the mixture of forage crops, inter cropping is more suitable in the corn and sorghum cropping system because of high lodging resistance and forage yield, and low weed population. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are difficult to preserve as direct-cut silage due to the fact that its high moisture content causes excessive fermentation during ensiling. Corn grain addition to sorghum silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing quality and reducing production cost. It is recommended that corn grain could be added up to 10% of total amount of silage. And agriculture by-products also can be added at the time of ensiling to minimize losses of effluent and have the additional advantage of increasing quality. Agriculture by-products as silage supplements increased DM content and quality, and decreased the production cost of sorghum silage. Field pre-wilting treatment of forage crops also increased DM content and quality of the silage. Wilting sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid before ensiling was the effective method for reducing effluent and increasing pH and forage quality more than direct cut silage. Optimum prewilting period of sudangrass silage was 1 or 2 days. In organic forage, the most important factor is the enhancement of organic forage sufficiency in relation to the environmental-friendly and organic livestock. Consequently, there are many possibilities for animal production and organic forage production in Korea. No forages no cattle concept should be emphasized in organic farming system.

Studies of Organic Forage Production System for Animal Production in Korea

Kim, Jong-Duk,Kim, Jong-Kwan,Kwon, Chan-Ho 한국유기농업학회 2014 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.22 No.1

Organic forage production system is one of the most important aspects in organic livestock production. Animals in the organic farming system are also essential for manure to be used for organic forage production. Both organic forage and animals are essential to maintain the cycle of organic agriculture system. In this paper we introduce the organic forage production system in Korea. Summer and winter crops are getting popular in Korea because of their high forage yield and cultivation in double cropping systems. Common cropping system for forage production in Korea is the double cropping system with legume and grass mixture. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are the most popular ones of annual summer forage corps because of their high production with low cost in the double cropping systems. In the mixture of forage crops, inter cropping is more suitable in the corn and sorghum cropping system because of high lodging resistance and forage yield, and low weed population. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are difficult to preserve as direct-cut silage due to the fact that its high moisture content causes excessive fermentation during ensiling. Corn grain addition to sorghum silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing quality and reducing production cost. It is recommended that corn grain could be added up to 10% of total amount of silage. And agriculture by-products also can be added at the time of ensiling to minimize losses of effluent and have the additional advantage of increasing quality. Agriculture by-products as silage supplements increased DM content and quality, and decreased the production cost of sorghum silage. Field pre-wilting treatment of forage crops also increased DM content and quality of the silage. Wilting sorghum×sudangrass hybrid before ensiling was the effective method for reducing effluent and increasing pH and forage quality more than direct cut silage. Optimum prewilting period of sudangrass silage was 1 or 2 days. In organic forage, the most important factor is the enhancement of organic forage sufficiency in relation to the environmental-friendly and organic livestock. Consequently, there are many possibilities for animal production and organic forage production in Korea. No forages no cattle concept should be emphasized in organic farming system.

야생콩과 재배콩 교잡 계통의 조사료 수량 및 품질 평가

이은자,최홍집,신동현,권찬호,J. G. Shannon,이정동 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회지 Vol.46 No.1

본 연구는 야생콩과 재배콩의 교잡 후대 집단에서 25계통을 선발하여 사료 수량 및 품질을 평가하여 사료용 콩 품종육성 가능성을 검토하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 야생콩과 재배콩 교잡종의 조사료 수확시기별 수량 및 품질 검정에서 교잡종을 대조품종인 재배콩과 비교하여 보았을 때 사료의 수량이나 품질을 고려하면 협비대기인 R6에 가장 우수한 것으로 평가가 되었다.야생콩과 재배콩의 교잡후대 계통에 대한 사료 수량 및 품질평가에서 대조품종과 비슷하거나 유의적인 차이가 없는 수량이 높은 계통을 선발할 수 있었으며, 가식부위 생체중은 대조품종인 재배콩 보다 교잡종이 상대적으로 높은 것으로 평가가 되었다. 교잡종에 대한 사료품질을 평가한 결과 AFGC의 두과 건초 품질 등급기준에 따라 나누었을 때, 특등급의 조건인 조단백질 함량 19% 이상, NDF 함량 40% 미만, ADF 함량 31% 미만, DDM 65% 이상, DMI 3.0% 이상, RFV 151 이상을 모두 충족시키는 계통을 선발할 수 있었고, 이들중 몇몇 계통은 수량도 우수한 것으로 평가가 되었다. 따라서, 재배콩과 야생콩의 교잡을 통해 사료 수량 및 품질이 우수한 사료용 콩을 개발할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to evaluate forage yield and quality for the accessions derived from inter-specific cross between wild and cultivated soybeans. First of all, three soybean lines (W02, W09 and W11) derived from PI483463 (Glycine soja) x Hutcheson (G. max) and three cultivated soybeans (Daewon, Pungsannamul and Bosug) were evaluated to determine forage yield and quality at the R2 (full bloom stage), R4 (full pod stage) and R6 (full seed stage) stages of development. Based on forage yield and quality, R6 was determined the optimal harvest stage to provide forage of high quality and adequate quantity for animals in both lines derived from G. soja x G. max and cultivated soybean. Second, 25 selected lines from PI483463 x Hutcheson or S-100 (G. max) x PI483463 and four common seed-type cultivars (Bosug, Pungsannamul, Taekwang and Hutcheson) were evaluated to determine forage yield and quality at stage R6 in 2010. Hutcheson had the highest forage yield with 24.7 t/ha in fresh weight (FW) and 6.6 t/ha in dry matter (DM) among cultivated grain soybeans. A selected line W11 had highest FW (25.7 t/ha) and DM (6.2 t/ha) among G. max x G. soja selections. Five selected lines (W02, W06, W11, W13 and W18) had similar forage yield compared to Hutcheson. Generally the 25 selected lines derived from G. soja x G. max had thinner main stems and branches which lead to get more edible forage than cultivated soybeans. When selected lines were evaluated for their feed quality as per forage grade by American Forage and Grassland Council, 23 lines had a crude protein with more than 19%; 9 lines had a neutral detergent fiber below 40%; 23 lines had an acid detergent fiber below 31%; 24 lines had a digestible dry matter of more than 65%; 13 lines had a dry matter intake of more than 3.0%, and 17 lines had an relative feed value higher than 151 or were equivalent to prime grade. And all of 25 inbred lines were equivalent to Grade 1. Therefore, inter-specific cross between G. max and G. soja will be an excellent way to develop forage soybean with good yield and quality.

Review of the Current Forage Production, Supply, and Quality Measure Standard in South Korea

Kim, Jong Duk,Seo, Myeongchon,Lee, Sang Cheol,Han, Kun-Jun The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science 2020 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.40 No.3

Cattle feeding in South Korea has been heavily dependent on domestically produced rice straw and imported grain. Around 42% of domestically produced rice straw is utilized for forage, and the remainder is recycled to restore soil fertility. Approximately 35% of round baleages were made with rice straw. However, higher quality hay is desired over rice straw. Due to increasing stockpiles of rice, there has been an economic burden on the government to store the surplus; therefore production of annual forage crops in rice fields has been further promoted in recent years. Hay import from the USA currently constitutes more than 80% of total imported hays. The main imported hays are alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pretense), and tall fescue (Festica arundinacea). The estimated forage required for cattle feeding was approximately 5.4 million MT in 2016. Domestically produced forage sates only 43% of that value, while low quality rice straw and imported hay covered the rest of demand by 33% and 20%, respectively. As utilization of domestically produced forage is more desirable for forage-based cattle production, long-term strategies have been necessary to promote domestic production of high quality baleage. One such strategy has been utilizing the fertile soil and abundance of fallow rice fields of western region of S. Korea to produce forage crops. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is the most successfully produced winter annual in the region and is approximately 56% of the total winter annual forage production. Forage sorghums (Sorghum bicolor), sorghum × sudangrass hybrids, and hybrid corn (Zea mays) produce a substantial amount of warm-season forage during summer. Produced forage has been largely stored through baleage due to heavy dew and frequent rains and has been evaluated according to S. Korea's newly implemented baleage commodity evaluation system. The system weighs 50% of its total grading points on moisture content because of its importance in deliverable DM content and desirable baleage fermentation; this has proved to be an effective method. Although further improvement is required for the future of forage production in South Korea, the current government-led forage production in rice fields has been able to alleviate some of the country's shortage for quality hay.

사료용 옥수수와 같은 줄에 혼작이 가능한 콩 유전자원 선발과 조사료 특성 검정

서진동(Jin-Dong Seo),김민수(Minsu Kim),송요욱(Yowook Song),조다님(Danim Jo),송종태(Jong Tae Song),김종덕(Jong Duk Kim),권찬호(Chan Ho Kwon),조현(Hyun Jo),이정동(Jeong-Dong Lee) 한국육종학회 2019 한국육종학회지 Vol.51 No.1

Soybean has a high protein content in both its hay and seed. Studies have shown that the mixed cropping of corn and soybean improved forage yield and quality. The objective of this study was to select soybean germplasm suitable for mixed cropping with corn on the same row to produce better forage yield and quality. Eleven soybean lines selected from previous evaluations were used in this study. Soybeans were planted with corn on the same row at 10 cm intervals. The planting rate in hills was one corn plant and three soybean plants. The fertilization and time of forage harvest were based on the recommendations for forage corn production. The results showed that in corn–soybean mixed cropping, the forage yield increased by about 19%, the silage protein content increased by 1%–2%, the percentage of acid detergent fibers and neutral detergent fibers decreased, the total digestible nutrients increased, and the acetic acid content decreased. Therefore, the selected soybean lines were suitable for mixed cropping with corn to produce high quality forage and/or as breeding material for the development of forage soybean varieties. Based on this study, we suggest that the agronomic traits of soybean needed for mixed cropping with corn on the same row for forage are as follows: soybean should 1) have the ability to grow well under the corn canopy, 2) have lodging tolerance for ease of mechanical forage harvest, 3) develop to the full pod stage at the time of harvest for increased protein content, and 4) have no adverse effects on corn growth to maintain a high forage yield.

Evaluation of Forage Yield and Quality in Wild Soybeans (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.)

( Eun Ja Lee ),( Hong Jib Choi ),( Dong Hyun Shin ),( Chan Ho Kwon ),( J Grover Shannon ),( Jeong Dong Lee ) 한국육종학회 2014 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.2 No.1

Wild soybeans (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) are generally higher in protein and lower in oil with potential advantages as forage than cultivated soybeans. This study was conducted to evaluate forage yield and quality of wild soybeans. Three wild soybeans were compared to three cultivated soybeans for forage yield and quality at the full bloom stage, full pod stage, and full seed stage (R6) of development. The wild soybeans had significantly lower forage yield than cultivated soybeans at R6 which was determined to be the best stage to harvest based on forage quantity and quality. Wild soybean also had lower crude fat (2.0%) and crude protein (17.7%) concentration than cultivated soybean (5.7 and 21.3%, respectively) at the R6 stage. There were no significant differences for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and relative feed value among growth stages between cultivated and wild soybean. The neutral detergent fiber was 40.2 and 40.4%, acid detergent fiber was 26.1% and 27.5%, and relative feed value was 161 and 158 at R6 stage for cultivated and wild soybean, respectively. Wild soybean had less forage yield at harvest time but had similar forage quality comparable to cultivated soybean. However, wild soybeans have smaller and softer stems for potentially improved palatability and feed intake than cultivated soybeans. Therefore, it will be a good genetic source to improve forage characteristics of soybean.

삼차망 청보리와 사료용 완두의 혼파재배가 수량 및 사료가치에 미치는 영향

주정일(Jung-Il Ju),박종민(Jong-Min Park),이정준(Jung-Jun Lee),김창호(Chang-Ho Kim),구한모(Han-Mo Koo),오태석(Tae-Seok Oh),이효원(Hyo-Won Lee) 韓國草地學會 2009 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.29 No.3

본 연구는 청보리와 월동 콩과작물인 사료용 완두와의 혼파재배를 통해 사료작물로 이용하기에 적합한 작부체계로서의 혼파비율을 구명하고, 조단백질, ADF, NDF 등과 같은 사료가치와 수량을 만족하는 적정한 혼파비율을 비교 분석하기 위하여 실험을 수행하였다. 청보리와 사료용 완두를 혼파재배하였을 때 청보리의 생육특성에서 출수일과 초장은 큰 차이가 없었으며, 청보리의 경수는 사료용 완두의 혼파비율이 높을수록 감소하였지만, 사료용 완두의 개체수는 증가하였다. 청보리의 도복지수는 0~3의 분포로 나타냈는데, 그 중 사료용 완두의 혼파 없이 청보리 20 ㎏/10a만을 파종하였을 때에 도복지수가 3으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 사료용 완두의 생육특성에서 월동률은 모든 파종구에서 90% 이상의 월동률을 보였고, 완두의 초장은 청보리의 파종량에 상관없이 사료용 완두의 파종비율이 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 청보리와 사료용 완두를 혼파재배하였을 때 생초수량은 청보리 14 ㎏/10a 파종구와 20 ㎏/10a 파종구 모두에서 10a당 3,000 ㎏ 이상의 수량을 나타냈으며 사료용 완두의 혼파비율이 높아질수록 증가하였으나 건물수량은 생초 수량과는 반대로 완두의 혼파비율이 높을수록 감소하는 것으로 나타나 청보리 20 ㎏/10a만을 단일 파종하였을 때 1,266 ㎏으로 가장 많은 건물수량을 나타냈다. 청보리와 사료용 완두의 혼파 재배했을 때, 조단백질, ADF 및 NDF 함량은 사료용 완두의 혼파비율이 높을수록 높아지는 경향을 보였다. RFV는 청보리만을 14 ㎏/10a 파종구에서 183.8로 가장 높았으며 사료용 완두의 혼파비율이 높을수록 작아지는 경향을 보였다. 표준화 점수의 크기로 본 가장 적합한 혼파조합은 청보리 20 ㎏/10a와 사료용 완두 7.5 ㎏/10a 혼파 조합이 2.309로 가장 좋았고, 그 다음으로는 청보리 20 ㎏/10a와 사료용 완두 5.0 ㎏/10a 혼파구가 좋았으며 청보리 14 ㎏/10a파종구에서는 청보리 14 ㎏/10a와 사료용 완두 10.0 ㎏/10a를 혼파한 파종구가 0.354로 좋게 나타난 것으로 유추하여 보면 청보리 20 ㎏/10a에 사료용 완두를 7.5 ㎏/10a를 파종하는 것이 생산성과 사료가치측면에서 합리적인 혼파비율로 판단되었다. The study was conducted to clarify the mixed seeding rate of whole crop barley with hood type and forage pea for using of forage crops and to compare the forage yield and quality. At a mixed seeding rate between the whole crop barley (WCB) and forage pea, The heading date and plant height of WCB were not a difference according to mixed seeding rate of forage pea. The tillers of the WCB were a decrease and plant of the forage pea were a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea. The lodging index of the WCB was a appearance with distribution of 0~3, The lodging index of WCB with a 20㎏/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea was 3. The overwintering rate of forage pea was a appearance more than 90% at all treatment. The plant height of forage pea was a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea at 14 ㎏/10a and 20 ㎏/10a plots of WCB. At a mixed seeding between the WCB and forage pea, The fresh weight was a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea and was a appearance more than 3,000 ㎏ at all treatment plot. But the dry matter weight was decrease according to increased seeding rates of forage pea. The dry matter weight of 20 ㎏/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea showed the most amount with 1,266 ㎏. The crude protein (CP) content was a tendency to increase according to increased seeding rates of forage pea. But, the relative feed value (RFV) was a tendency to decrease according to increased seeding rate of forage pea. The highest RFV was 183.8 at 14 ㎏/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea at 14 ㎏/10a and 20 ㎏/10a plots of WCB. The highest content of ADF and NDF were 23.9% and 46.3% at mixed seeding rate of 20 ㎏/10a of WCB with 10 ㎏/10a of forage pea, respectively. The highest sum of standardized score by fresh weight, dry matter weight, CP, ADF, NDF and RFV was 2.309 at mixed seeding rate of 20 ㎏/10a of WCB with 7.5 ㎏/10a of forage pea. The optimum mixed seeding rate was a considered judgment in the order of mixed seeding rate of 20 ㎏/10a of WCB with 7.5 ㎏/10a of forage pea, mixed seeding rate of 20 ㎏/10a of WCB with 5.0 ㎏/10a of forage pea.

옥수수와 사료용 콩 혼작에 의한 조사료 수량 및 품질

서진동,채종현,박지호,김민수,권찬호,이정동,Seo, Jin-Dong,Chae, Jong-Hyun,Park, Ji-Ho,Kim, Min-Su,Kwon, Chan-Ho,Lee, Jeong-Dong 경북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2014 慶北大農學誌 Vol. No.

The soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], an edible legume, has a high protein content in both its hay and grain, so it is often used as a supplement for other forages that have a deficient protein concentration. Therefore, this study investigated the forage quality and yield in the case of mixed planting of soybean and corn. The forage yield and quality were assessed for three cropping patterns: soybean mono planting, corn mono planting, and mixed planting of soybean and corn. For planting, this study used a forage corn cultivar, Kwangpyeongok, and three recombinant inbreed lines, W2, W4, and W11, selected from Glycine soja (PI483463)${\times}$G. max (Hutcheson). The mixed planting of soybean and corn produced a higher forage yield than the corn mono cropping. The crude protein and crude fat content were also increased with the mixed planting of soybean and corn when compared with the corn mono cropping. Some decrease of ADF and NDF, and increase for RFV in mixed planting of soybean and corn than corn mono cropping. Therefore, the results show that mixed planting of soybean and corn is an effective cropping system to improve the forage quality.

Agronomic Traits and Forage Production in a Mixed-Planting with Corn for Forage Soybean Cultivars, Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2

서진동,조현,김민수,송종태,이정동 한국육종학회 2019 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.7 No.2

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar ‘Chookdu 1’ (registration number: No. 7159) and ‘Chookdu 2’ (registration number: No. 6758) were developed as forage soybean cultivars at Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea. They were grown in tests over three years and compared with a commercial seed cultivar for seed yield and forage productivity planted in the same row in mixed plantings with corn. Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 are tall, indeterminate growth habit selections from a cross between wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.), ‘PI 483463’, and cultivated soybean, ‘Hutcheson’ (PI 518664). The plant height of Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 were 80.9 cm and 81.4 cm, respectively, compared to 54.7 cm for the ‘Pungsannamul’ commercial seed check. The three-year seed yield of Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 was 2.0 and 2.2 t/ha, respectively, and not significantly different from Pungsannamul at 2.4 t/ha. Of the two cultivars Chookdu 2 averaged the most total forage fresh weight (65.0 t/ha). The three year mean forage yield of mixed-planting of corn and Chookdu 2 and Chookdu 1 was 10.4% and 3.8% greater, respectively, than corn monoculture. Results show Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 are suitable soybean cultivars for mixed planting in the same row with corn to improve forage yield. They should be useful as parents to use in breeding to develop forage-type soybeans of high quality and yield for use in livestock feed.