기온 변화에 따른 벚꽃 개화시기의 변화 경향

이승호 ( Seung Ho Lee ),이경미 ( Kyoung Mi Lee ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2003 환경영향평가 Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to examine the trend on the change of the cherry blossom flowering time due to the temperature change by selecting regions that have long period of cherry blossom flowering time data as cases. With the flowering time data, the distribution of cherry blossom flowering time, time series change and change rate of cherry blossom flowering time were analyzed. Also, the correlation between the cherry blossom flowering time and the temperature was analyzed. The flowering of cherry blossom is earlier in metropolitan areas, and in the east coastal region than the west coastal region. The trend on the change of the cherry blossom flowering time is very similar to change the temperature. The change rate of the cherry blossom flowering time is rising up in the whole regions under study, and is relatively high in metropolitan areas.Especially, the cherry blossom flowering time festinated greatly in Pohang that is one of the heavily industrialized cities. From the analysis of correlation analysis between cherry blossom flowering time and temperature elements, the cherry blossom flowering time is fighly related with mean temperature of March,Which the month is just before the beginning of flowering.

개화시기가 상이한 두 개의 무 계통간 개화유전자 서열변이 분석

김윤성,정원용,정선금,서정팔,이재용,조혜선 한국육종학회 2017 한국육종학회지 Vol.49 No.4

It is important for radish to have late flowering characteristics especially in the case of spring and winter cultivars. To understand late flowering characteristics of radish at the molecular level the flowering time genes of two radish lines (NH-JS1 and NH-JS2) with different flowering time were compared by re-sequencing their genomes. There were a total of 872,587 SNPs and 194,637 INDELs between the two lines. The SNP density of each chromosome was relatively uniform throughout, but the region with low SNP density was found at the end of R3 and the middle of R9. To compare the flowering time genes of the two lines, we first looked for the flowering time genes in radish using Arabidopsis thaliana flowering time genes. As a result, homologs of radish were found for most flowering time genes, but FRIGIDA was not found. Among 224 radish flowering time gene-homologs found, 97 genes showed more than one sequence difference (SNP or INDEL) between the two lines, and 127 genes had no difference. In particular, no sequence differences were found in FT, CO, and FLC, core flowering time control genes. Rs350520 (FVE), Rs193800 (CURLY LEAF) and Rs255320 (ATX1) with more than 100 sequence variations were expected to have a significant effect on flowering time difference between the two lines. These results will be of great help in understanding the flowering timing difference between the two lines at the molecular level.

The time and duration of flowering in an Adonis multiflora (Ranunculaceae) population

Min, Byeong-Mee The Ecological Society of Korea 2014 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.37 No.4

Adonis multiflora is a spring ephemeral herb growing in temperate deciduous forests. To determine the flowering properties of a natural population of A. multiflora, air temperature, flowering time, and flower-falling were monitored from February 2009 to May 2011. The A. multiflora population in this study started flowering in early March and ended it in mid-April. The average flowering duration of a flower was 14.4 days in 2009 and 19.6 days in 2011. The average duration of flower-falling was between 3.4 days and 4.2 days for three years. Cumulative flowering rate (CFR) was correlated with year day (YD), year day index (YDI), and Nuttonson's index (Tn), with correlation coefficients (CC) of over 0.9 at the 1% significance level; CC value between CFR and YD was the largest and that between CFR and YDI was the smallest. However, at the 5% significance level, CFR was closely related with Tn more than any other factors. The CCs between flowering times of two years in each plant were high and significant at 1% level. The YD value of flowering time of a flower was inversely related to its flowering duration significantly for three years. In a given plant, when more flowering started early, the flowering duration was longer. The first flower blossomed on 73.4 YD in 2010 and 78.9 YD in 2011, and remained for 16.7 days in 2009 and 27.4 days in 2011, respectively; the fifth flower developed on 92.5 YD in 2010 and 96.6 YD in 2011, and remained for 8.0 days in 2009 and 14.6 days in 2011. The YD differences between the flowering times of two flowers decreased in the order of inflorescence.

The time and duration of flowering in an Adonis multiflora (Ranunculaceae) population

민병미 한국생태학회 2014 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.37 No.4

Adonis multiflora is a spring ephemeral herb growing in temperate deciduous forests. To determine the flowering properties of a natural population of A. multiflora, air temperature, flowering time, and flower-falling were monitored from February 2009 to May 2011. The A. multiflora population in this study started flowering in early March and ended it in mid-April. The average flowering duration of a flower was 14.4 days in 2009 and 19.6 days in 2011. The average duration of flower-falling was between 3.4 days and 4.2 days for three years. Cumulative flowering rate (CFR) was correlated with year day (YD), year day index (YDI), and Nuttonson’s index (Tn), with correlation coefficients (CC) of over 0.9 at the 1% significance level; CC value between CFR and YD was the largest and that between CFR and YDI was the smallest. However, at the 5% significance level, CFR was closely related with Tn more than any other factors. The CCs between flowering times of two years in each plant were high and significant at 1% level. The YD value of flowering time of a flower was inversely related to its flowering duration significantly for three years. In a given plant, when more flowering started early, the flowering duration was longer. The first flower blossomed on 73.4 YD in 2010 and 78.9 YD in 2011, and remained for 16.7 days in 2009 and 27.4 days in 2011, respectively; the fifth flower developed on 92.5 YD in 2010 and 96.6 YD in 2011, and remained for 8.0 days in 2009 and 14.6 days in 2011. The YD differences between the flowering times of two flowers decreased in the order of inflorescence.

Regulatory Genes and Enzymatic Complex of Flowering Time in Rice

Satyen Mondal,Najeebul Rehman Sofi,M M Emam Ahmed,Tuhin Halder,Partha S Biswas 한국육종학회 2019 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.7 No.3

Flowering time (heading date) of the rice plant is considered an important agronomic trait for environmental adaptation and grain yield. It is controlled by multiple genes and is regulated by different environmental factors, such as day length, temperature, soil moisture, etc. So far, approximately 125 genes regulating flowering process and floral organ identity or development directly or indirectly have been reported in rice. Among these genes, Heading date 3a (Hd3a), RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (RFT1), Heading date 5 (Hd5), MORF-RELATED GENE702 (MRG702), Casein kinases, CKI and CK2, Pseudo-Response Regulator 37 (PRR37), Hd gene family have been reported as the key genes regulating flowering time in rice; however, their functions are mostly inter-related. Hd3a and RFT1 that encode florigens, are known as the floral transition genes in rice. In rice, florigen immediately induces downstream genes in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to start the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase. RFT1 gene regulates flowering time with pivotal action while Hd3a, regulates under long day conditions. The Hd5 gene regulates flowering time in variation of early heading for adaptation depending on environmental signals. MRG702, a reader protein, promotes flowering. Casein kinases, CKI and CK2 directly influence the function of the early heading regulator PRR37. Hd16/CKI hinders flowering time in the Ehd1-concerned pathway through phosphorylation of Ghd7 and PRR37. Natural variants of Hd1, PRR37, Ghd7, DTH8, Hd6, and Hd16 were found in the rice varieties that are cultivated presently in Asia and Europe, and their variants play significant roles in the down streaming of Ehd1 expression to delay flowering time in natural LD conditions.

R2R3 MYB transcription factor PtrMYB192 regulates flowering time in Arabidopsis by activating FLOWERING LOCUS C

Shanda Liu,Xiaoping Wang,Eryang Li,Carl J. Douglas,Jin-Gui Chen,Shucai Wang 한국식물학회 2013 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.56 No.4

R2R3 MYB transcription factors regulate multiple aspects of plant growth and development. Here we report the identification of PtrMYB192, a Populus R2R3 MYB transcription factor, as a negative regulator of flowering time. By using quantitative RT-PCR, we found that PtrMYB192, but not its closely homologous gene PtrMYB028, is highly expressed in mature leaves in Populus. Heterologously expression of PtrMYB192 under control of 35S promoter in Arabidopsis resulted in late flowering phenotypes under both long and short day conditions, indicating that PtrMYB192 controls flowering time independent of the photoperiod pathway. Domain swapping experiment showed that neither PtrMYB028DB-192AD nor PtrMYB192DB-028AD affected flowering time when heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis. However, when recruit to the promoter of a GAL4-GUS reporter gene by a GAL4 DNA binding domain in Arabidopsis protoplasts, both of PtrMYB028DB-192AD and PtrMYB192DB-028AD activated the reporter gene. Quantitative RT-PCR results showed an elevated expression of the floral repressor gene FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), but not the flowering-promoting gene CONSTANS (CO) in PtrMYB192 transgenic plants. Taken together, these results suggest that PtrMYB192 is a transcription activator that negatively regulating flowering time in Arabidopsis by activating FLC and possible other genes, and that both R2R3 DNA binding domain and activation domain maybe required for its full function.

Genome-Wide Association Study for Flowering Time in Korean Cowpea Germplasm

서은주,김기풍,Ryulyi Kang,김규태,박아론,김운지,선호근,하보근 한국육종학회 2020 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.8 No.4

Cowpea is an annual legume crop; although it is an essential food in developing countries, cowpea is now grownworldwide. For the genetic improvement of plants, flowering time is one of the major selection criteria. In general, flowering isregulated by photoperiod and temperature, along with the interaction between environmental factors. In this study, we aimed toinvestigate the candidate genes associated with flowering time using genome-wide association study (GWAS). To investigate theflowering time-related genes, 384 cowpea germplasms were genotyped with 51,128 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Themain genetic component of days to flowering (DTF) was analyzed using genome association and prediction integrated tool (GAPIT)and elastic-net analyses. From the GAPIT and elastic-net analyses, a total of 23 SNPs were significantly associated with DTF amongfive (chr. 2, 3, 7, 9, and 11) and seven different chromosomes (chr. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9), respectively. Based on our analysis,Vigun01g084000, Vigun01g227200, Vigun02g062600, and Vigun03g296800 were considered the major candidate genes that weresignificantly associated with DTF in cowpea. These results confirmed that DTF might be controlled by multiple genes affecting earlyflowering, delaying flowering time, repressing the transition to flowering, etc. This study will potentially contribute to effective DTFgenomic selection in plant breeding to better understand the genetic basis and explore the mechanism of flowering time.

The Role of the miR399-PHO2 Module in the Regulation of Flowering Time in Response to Different Ambient Temperatures in Arabidopsis thaliana

김완희,Hae Ji Ahn,Tzyy-Jen Chiou,안지훈 한국분자세포생물학회 2011 Molecules and cells Vol.32 No.1

A moderate change in ambient temperature significantly affects plant physiology including flowering time. MiR399 and its target gene PHOSPHATE 2 (PHO2) are known to play a role in the maintenance of phosphate homeostasis. However, the regulation of flowering time by the miR399-PHO2 module has not been investigated. As we have previously identified miR399 as an ambient temperature-res-ponsive miRNA, we further investigated whether a change in expression of the miR399-PHO2 module affects flowering time in response to ambient temperature changes. Here, we showed that miR399b-overexpressing plants and a loss-of-function allele of PHO2 (pho2) exhibited an early flowering phenotype only at normal temperature (23C). Interestingly, their flowering time at lower temperature (16ºC) was similar to that of wild-type plants, suggesting that alteration in flowering time by miR399 and its target PHO2 was seen only at normal temperature (23C). Flowering time ratio (16C/23C) revealed that miR399b-overex-pressing plants and pho2 mutants showed increased sensitivity to ambient temperature changes. Expression analysis indicated that expression of TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) was increased in miR399b-overexpressing plants and pho2 mutants at 23C, suggesting that their early flo-wering phenotype is associated with TSF upregulation. Taken together, our results suggest that miR399, an am-bient temperature-responsive miRNA, plays a role in am-bient temperature-responsive flowering in Arabidopsis.

Influence of Climate Change on Flowering Time

Tun Win,Yoon Jinmi,전종성,안진흥 한국식물학회 2021 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.64 No.3

Global warming affects various environmental factors, including temperature, precipitation, drought, and flooding. Temperature rise is mainly due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), which was increased by approximately 50% since the industrialization period. Here, we review the effect of global climate changes on the alteration of flowering time. High temperature during vernalization delays flowering mainly due to increased expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C and TaVERNALIZATION 2 encoding floral repressors in Arabidopsis and winter wheat, respectively. Increased ambient temperature promotes flowering in many plant species, especially in spring-flowering plants. In Arabidopsis, higher temperature induces SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE–FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM)-δ complex that promotes FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) expression. Moreover, high temperatures suppress a floral repressor FLM and disturb the stability of the evening complex that is an inhibitor of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4, which induces FT expression. Drought induces or delays flowering depending on plant species, growing season, and developmental stage. In Arabidopsis, drought induces flowering by promoting the GIGANTEA-CONSTANS (CO) pathway, whereas the stress delays flowering under short-day conditions via ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 1. Plants also alter flowering time to avoid wet conditions, including flooding and precipitation. Increased CO2 concentration accelerates flowering, probably by increasing the rate of photosynthesis. We also reviewed the effect of climate change on pollination.

Comparison of Phenological Characteristics for Several Woody Plants in Urban Climates

Min, Byeong Mee 한국식물학회 2000 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.43 No.1

Phenological properties of woody species were compared between two urban climates during 1997 and 1998. The study areas were Chungdam Park, Chungdam-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul (the urban center, 43 species) and Namhan-sansung Area, Sansung-ri, Joongbu-myon, Kwangju Gun, Kyonggi Province (the urban periphery, 16 species). Distance between these sites was 13.5㎞. The differences of budding, foliation, and flowering times (1997 versus 1998) were 10.9, 3.2, and 7.4days, respectively. Species that budded and flowered earlier were strongly influenced by Nutton-son's Index (Tn) of February and March, but those with later dates were only weakly influenced. Unlike for budding and flowering times, foliation time was determined by air temperature or other factors in the leaf-growing season rather than by Tn. The Tn influence over phenology was stronger in shrubs and lianas than in trees. Phenophases in Chungdam Park appeared earlier than those in the Namhansansung area. The phenological differences between the two areas were 7.3days in budding time, 8.3days in foliation time, and 10.2days in flowering time in mean values, with variations among species. Based on flowering-time data, the phenological variation between the two areas was equivalent to a 2.5°latitude difference. Budding time varied the most (20 days) in Zelkova serrate, compared with only 3days for Prunus padus. Differences in foliation time ranged from 15days (in Alnus hirsute and Styrax obassia) to 0 days (P. padus). Flowering time differences were largest (24 days) in Rhododendron mucronulatum and smallest (2 days) in P. padus. One can conclude that heat pollution in the urban center in Seoul severely changed phenology, and that sensitivity to that pollution differed among plant species.