새만금 사업지구의 연안해역에서 부영양화관리를 위한 생태계모델의 적용 -1. 해역의 수질 특성 및 저질의 용출 부하량 산정-

김종구,김양수,Kim Jong Gu,Kim Yang Soo 한국수산과학회 2002 한국수산과학회지 Vol.35 No.4

To know characteristics of water quality in Saemankeum area, we were investigated the water quality of surface layer from July of 1999 to June of 2000. The concentrations of COD and chlorophyll a were in the range of $0.64\~6.40$ (mean 1.96)mg/L, $1.95\~51.55$ (mean 11,07)$mg/m^3$, respectively. The annual mean concentrations of DIN, DIP were found to be 21.182 $\mu$g-at/L and 0,655 $\mu$g-at/L respectively, which were exceeding second grade of seawater quality standard. The nitrogen ratio to the phosphorus was lower than 1. Therefore, nitrogen was playing an important role in phytoplankton growth as limiting factor in study area. Mean values of eutrophication index were exceeding 1, which was the eutrophication criteria. Especially Mankyung and Dongjin estuary were shown over 10 as eutrophication index. Therefore, Saemankeum area could be evaluated to possibility area for eutrophication. Released rate for ammonia nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus from sediments were 62.92 ${\mu}g-at/m^3/hr$ and 6.71 ${\mu}g-at/m^3/hr$, respectively.

낙동강 부영양화와 수질환경요인의 통계적 분석

김미숙,정영륜,서의훈,송원섭,Kim, Mi-Suk,Chung, Young-Ryun,Suh, Euy-Hoon,Song, Won-Sup 한국조류학회(藻類) 2002 ALGAE Vol.17 No.2

Influences of vrious environmental factors on the eutrophication of Nakdong River were analyzed statistically using water samples collected from 1 January, 1999, to 30 September, 2001 at Namji area. The relationships between the concentration of chlorophyll α (eutrophication index) and environmental factors and were analyzed to develop a statistical model which can predict the status of eutrophication. The concentation of chlorophyll α ranged from 66.2 mg · $m^{-3}$ to 70.8 mg · $m^{-3}$ during dry winter season and the average concentration during this study period was 35.5 mg · $m^{-3}$ Namji area of Nakdong River was in the hypereutrohic stage in terms of water quality. Stephanodiscus sp. and Aulacoseria granulata var. angustissima were dominant species during the witnter to spring time and summer to autumn period, respectively. Based on the correlation analysis and the analysis of variance between chlorophyll α concentration and environmental factors, significantly high positive relationships were found in the order of BOD> pH> COD > KMnO₄ consumption > DO > conductivity > alkalinity. In contrast to these factors, significantly negrative relationships were found as in the order of $PO₄^{3-}-P$ >water level>the rate of Namgang-dam discharge > NH₃-N> the rate of Andong-dam discharge> the rate of Hapchoen-dam discharge. Based on the factors analysis of environmental factors on the concentration of chlorophyll α, we obtained five factors as follows. The first factor included water level, pH, turbiditiy, conductivity, alkalinity and the rate of Namgang-dam discharge. The second factor included water temperature DO, NH₄+-N, NO₃- -N. The third factor included KMnO₄ consumption COD and BOD. The fourth factor included the rate of Andong-dam discharge, the rate of Hapcheon-dam discharge, and the rate of Imha-dam discharge. The final factor included T-N T-P and $PO₄^{3-}-P$ > concentration. We derived two statistica models that can predict the occurrence of eutrophication based on the factors by factor analysis, using regression analysis. The first model is the stepwise regression model whose independent variables are the factors produced by factor analysis : chl α (mg · $m^{-3}$ = 42.923+(18.637 factor 3) + (-17.147 factor 1) + (-12.095 factor 5) + (-4.828 factor 4). The second model is the alternative stepwise regression model whose independent variables are the sums of the standardized main component variables:chl α (mg · $m^{-3}$ = 37.295+(7.326 Zfactor 3) + (-2.704 Zfactor 1)+(-2.341 Zfactor 5).

Eutrophication of Indonesian Lakes

Anugerah Nontji 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1992 環境硏究 Vol.9 No.-

Many of the Indonesian lakes and reservoirs have experienced enhanced (cultural) eutrophication. Trophic status of major Indonesian lakes are presented. The large, and deep tecco-volcanic lakes are generally oligotrophic while the shallow floodplain lakes are eutrophic. The source of eutrophication among others from domestic waste, agricultural fertilizer, erosion of tip soil, fish culture, industrial waste. Eutrophication may be manifested by extensive growth of aquatic plants, algal blooms, fish kills and degradation of water quality. Control of eutrophication is not easy as it involve a wide spectrum of problems and has to be faced holistically. Experience in eutrophication management is still growing.

새만금 사업지구의 연안해역에서 부영양화관리를 위한 생태계모델의 적용 -2. 오염부하의 정량적 관리-

김종구,김양수,조은일,Kim Jong Gu,Kim Yang Soo,Cho Eun Il 한국수산과학회 2002 한국수산과학회지 Vol.35 No.4

One of the most important factors that cause eutrophication is nutrient materials containing nitrogen and phosphorus which stem from excreation of terrestial sources and release from sediment. Therefore, to improve water quality, the reduction of these nutrients loads should be indispensible. At this study, the three-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic and ecosystem model, which was developed by Institute for Resources and Environment of Japan, were applied to analyze the processes affecting the eutrophication. The residual currents, which were obtained by integrating the simulated tidal currents over 1 tidal cycle, showed the presence of a typical counterclockwise eddies between Gyewha and Garyuk island. Density driven currents were generated westward at surface and eastward at the bottom in Saemankeum area where the fresh waters are flowing into, The ecosystem model was calibrated with the data surveyed in the field of the study area in annual average. The simulated results were fairly good coincided with the observed values within relative error of $30\%$. The simulations of DIN and DIP concentrations were performed using ecosystem model under the conditions of $40\~100\%$ pollution load reductions from pollution sources. In study area, concentration of DIN and DIP were reduced to $59\%$ and $28\%$ in case of the $80\%$ reduction of the input loads from fresh water respectively. But pollution loads from sediment had hardly affected DIN and DIP concentration, The $95\%$ input load abatement is necessary to meet the DIN and DIP concentration of second grade of ocean water quality criteria.

Decadal-scale variations of sedimentary dinoflagellate cyst records from the Yellow Sea over the last 400 years

Kim, So-Young,Roh, Youn Ho,Shin, Hyeon Ho,Huh, Sik,Kang, Sung-Ho,Lim, Dhongil Academic Press in association with the Estuarine a 2018 Estuarine, coastal and shelf science Vol.200 No.-

<P>In recent decades, the Yellow Sea has experienced severe environmental deterioration due to increasing input of anthropogenic pollutants and consequently accelerated eutrophication. Whilst there have been significant advances in documenting historical records of metal pollution in the Yellow Sea region, changes in phytoplankton community structures affected by eutrophication remain understudied. Here, we present a new record of dinoflagellate cyst-based signals in age-dated sediment cores from the Yellow Sea mud deposits to provide better insight into eutrophication history and identification of associated responses of the regional phytoplankton community. It is worthy of note that there were significant variations in abundances and community structures of dinoflagellate cysts in three historical stages in association with increasing anthropogenic activity over the last 400 years. Pervasive effects of human interference altering the Yellow Sea environments are recognized by: 1) an abrupt increase of organic matter, including the diatom-produced biogenic opal concentrations (similar to 1850); 2) a distinct shift in phytoplankton composition towards dinoflagellate dominance (similar to 1940), and 3) recent acceleration of dinoflagellate cyst accumulation (similar to 1990). Particularly in the central Yellow Sea shelf, the anomalously high deposition of dinoflagellate cysts (especially Alexandrium species) is suggested to be a potentially important source of inoculum cells serving as a seed population for localized and recurrent blooms in coastal areas around the Yellow Sea. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

The Interactive Effects of Elevated CO2 and Ammonium Enrichment on the Physiological Performances of Saccharina japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyta)

강진우,정익교 한국해양과학기술원 2018 Ocean science journal Vol.53 No.3

Environmental challenges such as ocean acidification and eutrophication influence the physiology of kelp species. We investigated their interactive effects on Saccharina japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) under two pH conditions [Low, 7.50; High (control), 8.10] and three NH 4 + concentrations (Low, 4; Medium, 60; High, 120 μM). The degree of variation of pH values in the culture medium and inhibition rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution by acetazolamide were affected by pH treatments. Relative growth rates, carbon, nitrogen, and the C:N ratio in tissue samples were influenced by higher concentrations of NH 4 + . Rates of photosynthetic oxygen evolution were enhanced under elevated CO2 or NH 4 + conditions, independently, but these two factors did not show an interactive effect. However, rates of NH 4 + uptake were influenced by the interactive effect of increased CO2 under elevated NH 4 + treatment. Although ocean acidification and eutrophication states had an impact on physiological performance, chlorophyll fluorescence was not affected by those conditions. Our results indicated that the physiological reactions by this alga were influenced to some extent by a rise in the levels of CO2 and NH 4 + . Therefore, we expect that the biomass accumulation of S. japonica may well increase under future scenarios of ocean acidification and eutrophication.

장생포항 해저퇴적물의 특성 및 오염정화·복원지수 산출 연구

손민석(Minseok Son),정병순(Byungsoon Jung),옥재승(Jae-seoung Ok) 한국연안방재학회 2015 한국연안방재학회지 Vol.2 No.3

To calculate the contamination-cleanup index in Marine sediments of Jangsaengpo port, taken samples to a depth of 60 cm using gravity core, and were measured eutrophication-related items for heavy metals and persistent toxic substances. Marine sediment pollution purification purify index of eutrophication index (EI index) was calculated as three items of eutrophication-related COD, AVS, IL, purification of hazardous chemicals, to restore index (CI index) heavy metals and persistent toxic substances 8 big-items, 21 detail-items (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: PAHs 16 items) was calculated by the analysis. Jangsaengpo port protest purifying contaminated sediment, to restore index calculation result EI index 6~15, CI index indicated a high value marine pollution, sediment purification, restoration standard of EI index of 6 or 1.01~9.79, CI index by more than 2 greater than most appeared. Items on the highest impact on the EI index is COD, CI index was analyzed that the biggest impact of the heavy metals of Ni. Jangsaengpo port appeared to restore vertical sediment remediation of index calculation results up to a depth of about 60cm in low-rise sediment restoration and purification needed in almost all area.

한국형 부영양화지수(TSIko)를 이용한 금강유역 중심의 수질 평가

안대현 ( Dae Hyun Ahn ),한성국 ( Seong Kuk Han ),조수준 ( Soo Jun Jo ),임묵 ( Mook Lim ) 한국수처리학회 2013 한국수처리학회지 Vol.21 No.3

The lake water quality class was used as the basis that Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) in Korea. Also, it was not the item that represents the density of the algae(Chl-a) does not contain a proper assessment of the eutrophication. The Geumgang river evaluate the achievement of water quality goal and trophic state was evaluated at four trophic levels using the Korean Trophic State Index(TSIko). For the evaluate achievement of water quality goal, we used water quality dataset of 2000 to 2009 in Geumgang river area which was obtained form the Ministry of Environment. As a result, achievement ratio was approximately 59.1%. Since 2007, the eutrophication degree assessment of Daecheong lake TSIko was increasing until the present. Especially, TSIko value was the highest in 2011. In conclusion, water quality assessment for Chungnam River Area(6basin)using the TSIko was that eutrophication of rivers is a serious. It is expected that the trophic state index resulted from this study can contribute toward long-term water quality improvement plans for Geumgang river area.

Phosphorus Release from Lake Sediments: Effects of pH,Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen

YunHai Wu,Yajun Wen,Jianxin Zhou,Yunying Wu 대한토목학회 2014 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.18 No.1

Sediments can release Phosphorus (P) into overlying water under certain environmental conditions, which may have a significant impact on water quality and result in continuous eutrophication. We used laboratory experiments to evaluate effects of pH,temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) on P release from Lake Xuanwu, China. The results demonstrate that effects of pH on P release from sediments were distinct; more P was released under alkaline conditions than acidic conditions, but the least amount of P was released under neutral pH. Increasing temperature resulted in more release of P and a longer time to achieve equilibrium between sediment P release and P in overlying water. Influences of DO supply levels on P release were also quite significant; anaerobic conditions were more conducive to the release of P than aerobic conditions. Orthogonal experiments show that the 3 significant factors on P release from sediments were, in descending order, DO, temperature, and pH. These findings have important management implications for Lake Xuanwu.

도시하수의 영양염류 원단위 산정 및 제어방안에 관한 연구

安勝燮,朴相鉉 慶一大學校 1999 論文集 Vol.16 No.6

Inorganic matters like nitrogen, phosphorus, and etc in sewage are not only essential nutrients which consist cells of every living thing but also important materials which control productivity in soil. Though as good as the productivity is high is soil, the excessive productivity in water system is undesirable because it may cause eutrophication. In this study, various factors which influence on the outbreak of nutrient salts are investigated, and a research on control devices for nutrient salts in domestic sewage is performed after load capacity calculation of them in "T" city which is one of many metropolitan cities. The results are as follows: 1. Night soil capacity of a person per day in our country is estimated 1ℓ, and the concern about purification treatment of nutrient salts especially like nitrogen and phosphorus is on first step but the former is 7,600㎎/capita·day, and the latter 1,500㎎/capita·day. 2. The load capacities of T-N and T-P in domestic sewage of "T" city are predicted as 10.3g/capita·day and 1.4g/capita·day in 2001, 12.3g/capita·day and 1.7g/capita·day in 2006, and 18.5g/capita·day and 2.5g/capita·day in the target year 2016, respectively. Therefore, it is thought that the high purification treatment for these nutrient salts is necessary to reuse the treated water of sewage and to maintain Keumho river and Nakdong river system steadily in future. 3. The priority management for suburban areas and dairy farmhouses which are lacking in laying sewer intercepting pipelines under ground is required as the aspect of nutrient salts control. 4. The removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus are about 10∼30% and about 30% respectively by existing active sludge method in case of "S" treatment field which locates in "T" city, therefore additional control facilities are required, and Phostrip method, P/L method, SBR method, and A2/O method can be utilized.